Equus fossilis von Meyer, 1832
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Extinct if valid
Distribution
Europe
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Dawkins, William Boyd. (1868). On the Pleistocene Mammals of Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire 4: 502-510.
Diedrich, Cajus G. (2021). Unicorn “holotype” skeleton from the Late Pleistocene spotted hyena den site Sewecken-Berge (Germany). Acta Zoologica. https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12392
Equus ferus latipes (Gromova, 1949)
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Equus caballus latipes Gromova, 1949; Equus caballus chosaricus Gromova, 1949; Equus taubachensis Vangenheim, 1966; Equus caballus orientalis Russanov, 1968; Equus remagensis Nobis, 1971; Equus germanicus Forstén, 1995; Equus (Equus) latipes Kuzmina, 1997
Whether E. germanicus is a distinct species remains unresolved.
Conservation Status
Extinct if valid
Last record: Holocene
Distribution
Europe
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Gromova, V. (1949). Istorija loshadej (roda Equus) v Starom Svete, Chast’ 2, Evoljutsija i klasifikatsija roda. Trudy paleontologicheskovo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 17: 1-162. (in Russian)
Other references:
Cirilli, Omar, Machado, H., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Barrón-Ortiz, C. I., Davis, E., Jass, C. N., Jukar, A. M., Landry, Z., Marín-Leyva, A. H., Pandolfi, L., Pushkina, D., Rook, L., Saarinen, J., Scott, E., Semprebon, G., Strani, F., Villavicencio, N. A., Kaya, F. and Bernor, R. L. (2022). Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene. Biology 11(9): 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091258
Demay, Laëtitia and Obadă, Theodor. (2021). Complementary analyses of the faunal remains of the lower level of Climăuţi II (Republic of Moldova). Arheologia Moldovei 44: 251-272.
Demeshkant, Vitalii. (2021). Tooth enamel morphology of selected Pleistocene-Holocene horses of Ukraine, pp. 22. In: Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kovalchuk O., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2021 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 119 pp.
Dzhebir, Gyulnas et al. (2018). Comparative genetic analysis of subfossil wild horses (from the Neolithic Age and Early Bronze Age) and present-day domestic horses from Bulgaria. Historia naturalis bulgarica 25: 3-10.
Forstén, A. and Ziegler, R. (1995). The horses (Mammalia, Equidae) from the early Wuermian of Villa Seckendorf, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, Germany. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Series B, Geologie und Paläontologie 224.
Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe and Antoine, Pierre-Olivier. (2014). La grotte de Fouvent, dit l’Abri Cuvier (Fouvent-le-Bas, Haute-Saône, France): analyse taphonomique d’un repaire d’hyènes du Pléistocène supérieur (OIS 3). PALEO 25: 79-99.
Kuzmina, I. E. (1997). Horses of North Eurasia from the Pliocene till the present time. Russian Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the Zoological Institute 273 (ed. N.K. Vereschagin), Saint-Petersburg. (in Russian with English summary)
Nobis, G. (1971). Vom Wildpferd zum Hauspferd, Studien zur Phylogenie pleistozäner Equiden Eurasiens und das Domestikationsproblem unserer Hauspferde. Fundamenta Reihe B, Band 6. Böhlau Verlag, Köln.
Russanov, B. S. (1968). Biostratigraphy of the Cenozoic sediments of southern Yakutia. Nauka, Moscow. [In Russian]
Vangenheim, E. A. (1966). Description of the remains of E. caballus cf. taubachensis from Upper Palaeolithic site Sungir, p. 118-139. In: Sukachev, V.N., Gromov, V.I. and Bader, O.N. (eds.), Upper Palaeolithic site Sungir. Trudy Geologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 162. [in Russian]
Equus ferus ferus Boddaert, 1785
Tarpan, Tarpon (Goodwin & Goodwin, 1973)
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Equus equiferus Pallas, 1811; Equus gmelini Antonius, 1912; Equus sylvestris Brincken, 1826; Equus silvaticus Vetulani, 1928; Equus tarpan Pidoplichko, 1951; Also see notes
The Tarpan is one of the most complex cases of extinction caused by humans because of its close taxonomic and genetic affinities with its domestic descendants (Equus (ferus) caballus). The taxonomic classification of the two forms is a subject of ongoing dispute. Because the domesticated horse was included in Linnaeus' 10th edition of Systema Naturae, some have argued that this takes precedence over the Tarpan which was described in 1785 by Boddaert. However, ICZ (2003) has recently retained the scientific name Equus ferus for the tarpan because it is the wild ancestor to its (presumed) domestic form.
Conservation Status
Extinct or invalid (domestic origin)
The genes of the Tarpan live on in domestic horses. However, there is uncertainty as to whether the last few "full blood" Tarpans were in fact a Tarpan x domestic horse hybrid. In either case, the latest anybody is suggesting that the Tarpan survived to is 1918-1919 (Groves, 1994; Maas, 2009) or "by 1920" (Groves & Grubb, 2011). However, a recent study found that the Tarpan is of domestic origin and not a true wild species (Librado et al., 2021)
Distribution
Europe
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Boddaert, Pieter. (1785). Elenchus Animalium, 1. C.R. Hake, Rotterdam, 174 pp.
Other references:
Anzidei, A. P. and Cerilli, E. (2001). The fauna of La Polledrara di Cecanibbio and Rebibbia-Casal de’ Pazzi (Rome, Italy) as an indicator for site formation processes in a fluvial environment, pp. 167-171. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]
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Boev, Zlatozar N. (2018). Fossil and subfossil record of vertebrate animals (Vertebrata J.-B. Lamarck, 1801) along the Western Black Sea Coast (Bulgaria). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, Suppl. 11: 105-110.
Boger, Ulf et al. (2014). New Insights Gained from the Faunal Material Recovered During the Latest Excavations at Vogelherd Cave. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte 23: 57-81.
Briatico, Giuseppe and Bocherens, Hervé. (2023). Middle Pleistocene ecology in central Italy. New isotopic insights from fauna tooth enamel of Casal de’ Pazzi (Rome, Italy). Journal of Mediterranean Earth Sciences. doi:10.13133/2280-6148/18031
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Demeshkant, Vitalii. (2021). Tooth enamel morphology of selected Pleistocene-Holocene horses of Ukraine, pp. 22. In: Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kovalchuk O., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2021 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 119 pp.
Demeshkant, Vitalii and Rekovets, Leonid. (2021). The ultrastructure of the tooth enamel of small Equus of the “tarpan” group and their possible phylogenetic connections. Fossil Imprint 77(1): 55-72.
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Dzhebir, Gyulnas et al. (2018). Comparative genetic analysis of subfossil wild horses (from the Neolithic Age and Early Bronze Age) and present-day domestic horses from Bulgaria. Historia naturalis bulgarica 25: 3-10.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpan
http://horsetalk.co.nz/2014/11/07/tarpan-repainting-ancient-picture/#axzz3IaOywgoq
http://extinctanimals.proboards.com/thread/7727/equus-ferus-tarpan-european-horse
Equus excelsus Leidy, 1858
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Allozebra excelsus Leidy, 1858
Conservation Status
Extinct if valid
Last record: Late Pleistocene?
Distribution
USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
J. Leidy. 1858. Notice of Remains of Extinct Vertebrata, from the Valley of the Niobrara River, Collected during the Exploring Expedition of 1857, in Nebraska, under the Command of Lieut. G. K. Warren, U. S. Top. Eng., by Dr. F. V. Hayden, Geologist to the Expedition. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 10:15-89
Other references:
Azzaroli, A. (1998). The genus Equus in North America: The Pleistocene species = Le genre Equus en Amérique du Nord - Les espèces du Pléistocène. Palaeontographia Italica 85: 1-60. [Abstract]
Bravo-Cuevas, Victor Manuel and Jiménez-Hidalgo, Eduardo. (2018). Advances on the Paleobiology of Late Pleistocene mammals from central and southern Mexico, pp. 277-313. In: Huard, Gaeten and Gareau, Jeannine (eds.). The Pleistocene: Geography, Geology, and Fauna. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Kirkland, Henry, Jr., Michael Davis, Janet Wood, Dustin Devine, and Kyle Giblet. (1997). Some Late Pleistocene Fossils from Washita Local Fauna. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 77: 113-115.
Equus dalianensis Xinxue, Yufeng, Qinqi & Yi, 1985
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Extinct if valid
Last record: Late Pleistocene
Distribution
China
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Zhow Xinxue, Sun Yufeng, Xu Qinqi & Li Yi. (1985). Note on a new Late Pleistocene Equus from Dalian. Journal? [Abstract]
Other references:
Cirilli, Omar, Machado, H., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Barrón-Ortiz, C. I., Davis, E., Jass, C. N., Jukar, A. M., Landry, Z., Marín-Leyva, A. H., Pandolfi, L., Pushkina, D., Rook, L., Saarinen, J., Scott, E., Semprebon, G., Strani, F., Villavicencio, N. A., Kaya, F. and Bernor, R. L. (2022). Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene. Biology 11(9): 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091258
Dong, Wei, Xu, Qinqi, Jin, Changzhu and Liu, Jinyi. (1999). Quaternary herbivore fauna in northeastern China: Evolution under climatic change. Chinese Science Bulletin 44(Suppl.): 129-132.
Dong, Wei and Zhang, Yingqi. (2022). Biochronologic sequences of the Pleistocene mammalian faunas in China and correlations with numeric dating. Quaternary Sciences 42(5): 1227-1246. https://doi.org/10.11928/j.issn.1001-7410.2022.05.01
Yuan, Junxia et al. (2020). Mitochondrial genomes of Late Pleistocene caballine horses from China belong to a separate clade. Quaternary Science Reviews 250: 106691. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106691 [Abstract]