Most Recent Global Extinctions
The following tables are necessarily tentative. There are doubtless many (sub)species unknowingly omitted from consideration simply because they went extinct without ever having been documented (termed 'dark extinction'). While other (sub)species not included here probably survived longer than is recognised by science, and possibly still exist. Moreover, the "Last record" given for each (sub)species almost certainly does not represent the very last individual (termed 'endling') in almost all cases for obvious reasons. Nevertheless such an incomplete picture of recent (possible) extinctions is better than none at all. The lists are arbitrarily limited to extinctions that are believed to have taken place since 1 January 2000 in order to keep them manageable.
Table 1. Most recent global extinctions1,2,3,4,5. An asterisk ('*') denotes that the endling died in captivity/ex situ. There are currently 34 entries.
| Scientific name | Common name (type of organism) | Geographical range | Last record | References |
| *Achatinella apexfulva | (land snail) | Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 1 January 2019 | David Sischo |
| *Ecnomiohyla rabborum | Rabb’s fringe-limbed treefrog | Panama | 26 September 2016 | Platt, 2016 |
| *Microcolpia parreyssii parreyssii | Parreys' thermal snail, bordás homorcsa, etc. | Lake Pețea, northwestern Romania | very early June 2016 | Fehér, 2026 |
| *Partula faba faba | Captain Cook's bean snail | Raiatea, Society Islands | 21 February 2016 | Justin Gerlach's website |
| *Emoia nativitatis | Christmas Island forest skink | Christmas Island, Indian Ocean | 31 May 2014 | Woinarski et al., 2017 |
| *Megupsilon aporus | Catarina pupfish | México | 2014 | González et al., 2020 |
| *Chelonoidis abingdonii | Abingdon Island tortoise | Abingdon Island (=Pinta Island), Galápagos | 24 June 2012 | Jones, 2013 |
| Diceros bicornis longipes | Western black rhino[ceros] | West Africa | 2012 | Gippoliti et al., 2018 |
| Philydor novaesi | Alagoas foliage-gleaner (bird) | Alagoas State, Brazil | September 2011 | Lees et al., 2014; Pereira et al., 2014 |
| *Brachylagus idahoensis ssp. nov. | Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit | Columbia Basin, Washington, USA | 2011 or after | Becker & DeMay, 2016 |
| Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus | Vietnamese Javan rhino[ceros] | Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam | 29 April 2010 | Brook et al., 2011 |
| Pipistrellus murrayi | Christmas Island pipistrelle (bat) | Christmas Island, Indian Ocean | 27 August 2009 | Lumsden, 2009 |
| Melomys rubicola | Bramble Cay melomys (rodent) | Bramble Cay, Torres Strait | 2009 | Woinarski & Burbidge, 2016 |
| Tryonia oasiensis | (springsnail) | Caroline Spring, Texas, USA | 2009 | Hershler et al., 2011 |
| Cichlocolaptes mazarbarnetti | Cryptic treehunter (bird) | Alagoas State, Brazil | 2007 | Pereira et al., 2014 |
| Chirostoma bartoni | Alberca silverside (fish) | Alberca Caldera, Guanajuato, México | August 2006 | Jelks et al., 2008 |
| *Melamprosops phaeosoma | Po'ouli, Black-faced honeycreeper | Maui, Hawaiian Islands | 28 November 2004 | Song, 2004; Powell, 2008 |
| Senecio berteroi | (flowering plant) | Robinson Crusoe Island, Juan Fernández Islands, Chile | August 2004 | Danton & Perrier, 2005 |
| Patiriella littoralis | Derwent River seastar | Tasmania, Australia | 2004 | Department of the Environment, 2020 |
| *Psephurus gladius | Chinese paddlefish | China | 2004 | source |
| Mastigodiaptomus galapagoensis | El Junco Lake copepod | El Junco Lake, San Cristóbal Island, Galápagos Islands | 2004 | Missing: Elías-Gutiérrez et al., 2023 / Extinct: López et al., 2021; Suárez-Morales & Reid, 2025 |
| *Nesiota elliptica | St Helena olive | St Helena, Atlantic Ocean | December 2003 | Lambdon & Ellick, 2016 |
| *Lipotes vexillifer | Baiji, Yangtze River dolphin | Yangtze River, China | 2002 | Turvey, 2008 |
| *Partula labrusca | Vine tree-snail | Raiatea, Society Islands | 2002 | Coote, 2009 |
| Numenius tenuirostris | Slender-billed curlew (bird) | Northern Hemisphere | 15 April 2001 | Oláh & Pigniczki, 2010 |
| Atelopus sernai | (amphibian) | Antioquia Department, Colombia | 2001 | IUCN SSC ASG, 2017 |
| Labeobarbus reinii | Giant Atlas barbel | Morocco | 2001 | Freyhof & Ford, 2022 |
| Phyllostegia knudsenii | (flowering plant) | Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2001 | Missing: Clark, 2015; Wood, 2015; Wood et al., 2019 / Extinct: Humphreys et al., 2019; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025 |
| Hesperia meskei pinocayo | Rockland grass skipper butterfly | Florida, USA | 2000 | Mongabay; NatureServe |
| Eutamias atristriatus | Penasco least chipmunk | New Mexico, USA | 2000 | Suckling et al., 2004 |
| Solanum ruvu | (flowering plant) | Ruvu Coastal Forest, Morogoro District, Tanzania | 2000 | Missing: Knapp, 2021 / Extinct: Humphreys et al., 2019; Albani Rocchetti et al., 2022; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025; POWO, 2024) |
| Acaena exigua | (flowering plant) | Kaui & Maui, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2000 | Missing: Wood et al., 2019 / Extinct: Gon et al., 2016; Humphreys et al., 2019; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025 |
| Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica | Bucardo, Pyrenean Ibex | Pyrénées Mountains, Europe | 6 January 20006 | Folch et al., 2009 |
| Zosterops albogularis | White-chested white-eye (passerine bird) | Norfolk Island | 2000 | Low & Booth, 2023, 2024; BirdLife International, 2024 |
1 The epiphytic fern Adenophorus periens was formerly listed above, last recorded in 2014 from the Hawaiian Islands. However, it was rediscovered in 2021 (source: Rare Plant Program Highlights 2021).
2 The Cyprus grass snake (Natrix natrix cypriaca) was formerly listed above with a last record of >2007 (Baier & Wiedl, 2010) but has since been found again (Zotos et al., 2021).
3 Wellington's solitary coral (Rhizopsammia wellingtoni) was formerly listed above with a last record of 2000 (Hickman et al., 2007) but was rediscovered in January 2024 (Keith et al., 2025).
4 The Shortsnout robber frog (Eleutherodactylus brevirostris) was formerly listed above with a last record of 2006 (Hedges & Díaz, 2009) but it was recorded in 2020 (IUCN SSC ASG, 2022).
5 Popta's buntingi (Xenopoecilus poptae) was formerly listed above with a last record of March 2003 (Parenti & Soeroto, 2003), but it has been recorded since 2012 (Mokodongan, 2019; iNaturalist).
6 A cloned specimen was born on 30 July 2003, but died after several minutes (source).
References
Albani Rocchetti, Giulia, Carta, Angelino, Mondoni, Andrea, Godefroid, Sandrine, Davis, Charles C., Caneva, Giulia, Albrecht, Matthew A., Alvarado, Karla, Bijmoer, Roxali, Borosova, Renata, Bräuchler, Christian, Breman, Elinor, Briggs, Marie, Buord, Stephane, Cave, Lynette H., Da Silva, Nílber Gonçalves, Davey, Alexandra H., Davies, Rachael M., Dickie, John B., Fabillo, Melodina, Fleischmann, Andreas, Franks, Andrew, Hall, Geoffrey, Kantvilas, Gintaras, Klak, Cornelia, Liu, Udayangani, Medina, Leopoldo, Reinhammar, Lars Gunnar, Sebola, Ramagwai J., Schönberger, Ines, Sweeney, Patrick, Voglmayr, Hermann, White, Adam, Wieringa, Jan J., Zippel, Elke Zippel and Abeli, Thomas. (2022). Selecting the best candidates for resurrecting extinct-in-the-wild plants from herbaria. Nature Plants 8: 1385-1393. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-022-01296-7 [Supplementary Tables S1-S6]
Becker, Penny A. and DeMay, Stephanie M. (2016). Re-introduction of the Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit in central Washington, USA, pp. 195-199. In: Soorae, P. S. (ed.). Global Re-introduction Perspectives: 2016. Case-studies from around the globe. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Reintroduction Specialist Group and Abu Dhabi, UAE: Environment AgencyAbu Dhabi. xiv + 276 pp.
BirdLife International. (2024). Zosterops albogularis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024: e.T22714229A250085125. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22714229A250085125.en. Accessed on 10 July 2026.
Brook, Sara, Van Coeverden de Groot, Peter, Mahood, Simon and Long, Barney. (2011). Extinction of the Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) from Vietnam. WWF Report. 44 pp.
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2025). Plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 207(3): 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae045 [Appendix S1]
Clark, M. (2015). Phyllostegia knudsenii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T80174379A80174390. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T80174379A80174390.en. Downloaded on 24 February 2018.
Coote, Trevor. (2009). Partula labrusca. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T16290A5597584. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T16290A5597584.en. Downloaded on 24 February 2018.
Danton, P. and Perrier, C. (2005). Notes sur la disparition d’une espèce emblématique: Robinsonia berteroi (DC.) Sanders, Stuessy & Martic. (Asteraceae), dans l’île Robinson Crusoe, archipel Juan Fernández (Chili). J Bot Soc Bot France 31: 3-8.
Department of the Environment. (2020). Marginaster littoralis in Species Profile and Threats Database, Department of the Environment, Canberra. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/sprat. Accessed Fri, 31 Jul 2020 21:45:26 +1000.
Elías-Gutiérrez, Manuel, Steinitz-Kannan, Miriam, Suárez-Morales, Eduardo and López, Carlos. (2023). Mastigodiaptomus galapagoensis n. sp. (Crustacea: Copepoda: Diaptomidae), apossibly extinct copepod from a craterlake of the Galápagos archipelago. PeerJ 11: e15807. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15807
Fehér, Z. (2026). Microcolpia parreyssii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2026: e.T155737A72321631. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2026-1.RLTS.T155737A72321631.en. Accessed on 04 August 2026.
Folch, J., Cocero, M. J., Chesné, P., Alabart, J. L., Domínguez, V., Cognié, Y., Roche, A., Fernández-Árias, A., Martí, J. I., Sánchez, P., Echegoyen, E., Beckers, J. F., Sánchez Bonastre, A. and Vignon, X. (2009). First birth of an animal from an extinct subspecies (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) by cloning. Theriogenology 71(6): 1026-1034.
Freyhof, J. and Ford, M. (2022). Labeobarbus reinii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T60765A137272327. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T60765A137272327.en. Accessed on 11 December 2022.
Gippoliti, Spartaco, Cotterill, Fenton P. D., Zinner, Dietmar and Groves, Colin P. (2018). Impacts of taxonomic inertia for the conservation of African ungulate diversity: an overview. Biological Reviews 93(1): 115-130.
Gon, S.M., Keir, M., Kwon, J., Weisenberger, L., Sporck-Koehler, M. and Chau, M. (2016b). Acaena exigua (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T44072A101442020. Accessed on 09 September 2024.
González, Arcadio Valdés et al. (2020). The extinction of the Catarina pupfish Megupsilon aporus and the implications for the conservation of freshwater fish in Mexico. Oryx 54(2): 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531800056X
Hedges, S. Blair and Díaz, L. M. (2009). Amphibian conservation in the West Indies, [pagination?]. In: Heatwole, H. H. and Wilkenson, J. W. (eds.). Amphibian Biology: Conservation and Decline of Amphibians. Chipping Norton, Sydney: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping and Landye, J. Jerry. (2011). New species and records of springsnails (Caenogastropoda: Cochliopidae: Tryonia) from the Chihuahuan Desert (Mexico and United States), an imperiled biodiversity hotspot. Zootaxa 3001(1): 1-32.
Hickman, C., Edgar, G. and Chiriboga, A. (2007). Rhizopsammia wellingtoni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T63579A12683468. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63579A12683468.en. Downloaded on 24 February 2018.
Humphreys, Aelys M., Govaerts, Rafaël, Ficinski, Sarah Z., Lughadha, Eimear Nic and Vorontsova, Maria S. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2 [Supplementary Dataset 1]
IUCN SSC ASG. (2017). Atelopus sernai. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T54550A49537715. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T54550A49537715.en. Downloaded on 21 February 2018.
IUCN SSC ASG. (2022). Eleutherodactylus brevirostris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T56475A3040329. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T56475A3040329.en. Accessed on 08 July 2026.
Jelks, Howard L., Walsh, Stephen J., Burkhead, Noel M., Contreras-Balderas, Salvador, Díaz-Pardo, Edmundo, Hendrickson, Dean A., Lyons, J., Mandrak, Nicholas E., McCormick, Frank, Nelson, Joseph F., Platania, Steven P., Porter, Brady A., Renaud, Claude B., Schmitter-Soto, Juan Jacabo, Taylor, Eric B. and Warren, Melvin L. Jr. (2008). Conservation status of imperiled North American freshwater and diadromous fishes. Fisheries 33(8): 372-407.
Jones, Jen. (2013). Lonesome George: the legacy. Testudo 7(5): 69-78.
Keith, Inti, Gosliner, Terry and Albright, Rebecca. (2025). Rediscovery of Rhizopsammia wellingtoni in Galápagos after two decades. Marine Biology 172: 122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-025-04679-4
Knapp, S. (2021). Solanum ruvu. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T101529185A101529196. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T101529185A101529196.en. Accessed on 24 July 2022.
Lambdon, P. W. and Ellick, S. (2016). Nesiota elliptica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T37598A67372241. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T37598A67372241.en. Downloaded on 25 February 2018.
Lees, Alexander Charles et al. (2014). The end of hope for Alagoas Foliage-gleaner Philydor novaesi? Neotropical Birding 14: 20-28.
López, Carlos et al. (2021). Loss of a freshwater copepod species from El Junco Lake, Galápagos following the introduction and eradication of the Nile tilapia. Aquatic Conservation 31(12): 3651-3656. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3718
Low, Tim and Booth, Carol. (2023). GONE: Australian animals extinct since the 1960s. Invasive Species Council Inc.
Low, Tim and Booth, Carol. (2024). GONE: Australian animals extinct since 1960. Second edition. Invasive Species Council Inc.
Lumsden, Lindy. (2009). The extinction of the Christmas Island Pipistrelle. Australian Bat Society Newsletter 33: 21-25.
Mokodongan, D. F. (2019). Xenopoecilus poptae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T23122A90980908. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T23122A90980908.en. Accessed on 08 July 2026.
Oláh, J. and Pigniczki, C. (2010). New Hungarian record of Slender-billed Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris) in the Kiskunság (Hungary). Aquila 116-117: 49-53.
Pereira, Glauco Aves, Dantas, S. M., Silveira, L. B., Roda, S. A., Albano, C., Sonntag, F. A., Leal, S., Periquito, M. C., Malacco, G. B. and Lees, A. C. (2014). Status of the globally threatened forest birds of northeast Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 54(14): 177-194.
Platt, John R. (2016, September 28). The Rabbs' Tree Frog Just Went Extinct (blog post). Available at: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/rabbs-tree-frog-extinct/ [Accessed 21 February 2018]
Powell, Alvin. (2008). The Race to Save the World's Rarest Bird: The Discovery and Death of the Po'ouli. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. 280 pp.
POWO. (2024). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 16 November 2024]
Song, J. (2004). Bird may have been last of kind. Honolulu Advertiser, 1 December 2004.
Suárez-Morales, E. and Reid, J. W. (2025). Mastigodiaptomus galapagoensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025: e.T273147335A273147385. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-1.RLTS.T273147335A273147385.en. Accessed on 10 April 2025.
Suckling, Kieran, Slack, Rhiwena and Nowicki, Brian. (2004). Extinction and the Endangered Species Act. Centre For Biological Diversity. 63 pp.
Turvey, Samuel T. (2008). Witness to Extinction: How We Failed to Save the Yangtze River Dolphin. New York: Oxford University Press.
Woinarski, J. and Burbidge, A. A. (2016). Melomys rubicola. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T13132A97448475. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13132A97448475.en. Downloaded on 21 February 2018.
Woinarski, John C. Z., Garnett, Stephen T., Legge, Sarah M. and Lindenmayer, David B. (2017). The contribution of policy, law, management, research, and advocacy failings to the recent extinctions of three Australian vertebrate species. Conservation Biology 31(1): 13-23. [Abstract]
Wood, Kenneth R. (2015). Survey Results for Eight Possibly Extinct Plant Species from Kaua`i, Hawai`i. Prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS Agreement No. F12AC00737. 293 pp.
Wood, Kenneth R., Oppenheimer, Hank and Keir, Matthew. (2019). A checklist of endemic Hawaiian vascular plant taxa that are considered possibly extinct in the wild. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Technical Report #314.
Appendix 1: Collected pre-2000, but habitat disturbance/destruction post-2000 probably causing extinction
| Scientific name | Common name (type) | Distribution | Last record | Habitat destroyed |
| Lucihormetica luckae1 | Lucka's cockroach | Tungurahua volcanoe, Tungurahua Province, Ecuador | 1939 | 2010 |
| Tylomelania connectens2 | (snail) | Sulawesi, Indonesia | ? | 2004-2021 |
| Tylomelania neritiformis3 | (snail) | Sulawesi, Indonesia | ? | 2004-2021 |
1 Vršanský, P., Chorvát, D. A., Fritzsche, I., Hain, M. and Ševčík, R. (2012). Light-mimicking cockroaches indicate Tertiary origin of recent terrestrial luminescence. Naturwissenschaften 99(9): 739-749. [Abstract]
2 Rintelen, T. and Bandjolu, K. (2026). Tylomelania connectens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2026: e.T282198051A289634792. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2026-1.RLTS.T282198051A289634792.en. Accessed on 08 August 2026.
3 Rintelen, T. and Bandjolu, K. (2026). Tylomelania neritiformis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2026: e.T282198272A289634992. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2026-1.RLTS.T282198272A289634992.en. Accessed on 10 August 2026.
Appendix 2: May be extinct, but confirmation is lacking
NB: There are currently 100 entries.
| Scientific name | Common name (type) | Distribution | Last record | References |
| Pseudococcus markharveyi | Banksia montana mealybug | Stirling Range National Park (Bluff Knoll and Pyungorup Peak), Western Australia, Australia | November 2019 | Moir, 2021 |
| Drosera allantostigma | Geraldton sundew | Geraldton Sandplains, Western Australia, Australia | December 2018 | Cross, 2022 |
|
Saxicolella deniseae |
(plant) | Guinea | 27 January 2018 | Cheek et al., 2022a |
| Sitta insularis | Bahama nuthatch | Grand Bahama, the Bahamas | 2018 | |
| Microcambeva bendego | (catfish) | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 31 August 2016 | |
| Inversodicraea senei | (plant) | Memve’ele Falls, Ntem River, Cameroon | 2016 | Budden & Cheek, 2022 |
| Spathoglottis arunachalensis | (plant) | Arunachal Pradesh, India | 2016 | Tsering, 2022 |
| Mollinedia myriantha | (plant) | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 2015 | de Lirio et al., 2022 [preprint] |
| Aegiphila caymanensis | (plant) | Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands | 2015 | |
| Musa paramjitiana | (wild banana) |
Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
|
2013 | |
| Sulawesidrobia yunusi | (snail) | Sulawesi, Indonesia | 2013 | Rintelen, 2019a |
| Tylomelania zeamais | (snail) |
Sulawesi, Indonesia
|
2013 | Rintelen, 2019b |
| Ischnura solitaria | (dragonfly) | Colombia | 2013 | Bota-Sierra & Sandoval-H, 2021a |
| Eremospatha barendii | Rattan, Rattan palm | Cameroon | 2012 | Cosiaux et al., 2016 |
| Garra festai | Ammiq garra (fish) | Ammiq Marshes, Lebanon | 2011 | Freyhof et al., 2014 |
| Leiostyla elegans | Elegans chrysalis-snail, Caracol-crisálida elegante | Santa Maria, Azores, Macaronesia | 2011 | Teixeira et al., 2025 |
| Curcuma pygmaea | (plant) | Vietnam | 17 July 2010 | Leong-Škorničková & Tran, 2019 |
| Tsoukatosia evauemgei | (snail) | Peloponnesos, Greece | July 2010 | Reischütz, 2017 |
| Epigomphus wagneri | (dragonfly) | Costa Rica | 27 June 2010 | Bota-Sierra et al., 2021a |
| Epigomphus morrisoni | (dragonfly) | Costa Rica | 22 June 2010 | Bota-Sierra et al., 2021b |
| Craugastor fleischmanni | Fleischmann's robber frog | Costa Rica | 2 March 2010 | |
|
Maoridrilus felix felix |
(earthworm) | South Island, New Zealand | 2010 | |
|
Maoridrilus felix vallis |
(earthworm) | South Island, New Zealand | 2010 | |
| Phrynobatrachus njiomock | Lake Oku puddle frog | Mount Oku, Cameroon | 2010 | |
| Hypsolebias splendissimus | (fish) | Bahia, Brazil | 2010 | Lyons, 2021a |
| Alcelaphus buselaphus tora | Tora's hartebeest (mammal) | Nubia and W Ethiopia | 2010 | Gippoliti et al., 2018 |
| Manihot stellata | (plant) | Bolivia | 2009 | Fabriani, 2021 |
| Festuca molokaiensis | (grass) | Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2009 | Wood et al., 2019 |
| Atelopus pinangoi | Green and red harlequin toad | Venezuela | December 2008 | Pereira-Muñoz et al., 2015 |
| Asterropteryx gubbina1 | (goby fish) | Silhouette island, Seychelles | April 2008 | Gerlach, 2010 |
| Pseudophoxinus syriacus | Barada Spring minnow | Syria | 2008 | Freyhof et al., 2014 |
| Barbodes lindog | (fish) | Lake Lanao, Lanao Province, Mindanao Island, Philippines | 2008 | |
| Nun galilaeus | Galilean loach | Lake Muzayrib, Syria | 2008 | Freyhof, 2026 |
| Claravis geoffroyi | Purple-winged ground dove | Argentina, Brazil & Paraguay | November 2007 | Areta et al., 2009 |
| Telmatobius bolivianus | (frog) | Bolivia | 2007 | IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, 2020a |
| Barbodes sirang | (fish) | Lake Lanao, Lanao Province, Mindanao Island, Philippines | 2007 | |
| Telmatobius mendelsoni | (amphibian) | Peru | 2007 | De la Riva et al., 2012 |
| Plectostoma charasense | (snail) | Pahang state, Malaysia | 2007 | Thorseng, 2014 |
| Podarcis filfolensis kieselbachi | Selmunett lizard | Selmunett Island, Malta | 2007 | Sciberras & Schembri, 2008 |
| Bombus franklini | Franklin's bumble bee | California & Oregon, USA | 9 August 2006 | Kevan, 2008 |
| Artemisia kauaiensis | (plant) | Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2006 | Clark, 2016 |
| Ceratophysella sp. nov. 'HC' | (non-insect arthropod) | Viet Nam | 2006 | Deharveng & Bedos, 2016a |
| Heteragrion archon | (damselfly) | Venezuela | 2006 | Vivas Santeliz et al., 2021 |
| Musa yamiensis | (banana) | Taiwan | 2006 | Allen & Plummer, 2020 |
| Senna suarezensis | (plant) | Madagascar | 2006 | Ramanantsialonina, 2019 |
| Holcaspis brevicula | Eyrewell ground beetle | Canterbury Plains, South Island, New Zealand | 9 February 2005 | Brockerhoff et al., 2005 |
| Sulawesidrobia datar | (snail) | Sulawesi, Indonesia | 2005 | Rintelen, 2019c |
| Cynolebias elegans | (fish) | Bahia, Brazil | 2005 | Lyons, 2021b |
| Puccinellia gussonei | (grass) | Sicily, Italy | 2005 | Troìa & Peraza Zurita, 2018 |
| Nannophryne cophotis | Paramo toad | Peru | 2005 | IUCN SSC ASG, 2018 |
|
Chondrostoma orientale
|
Oriental nase, Kor nase (fish) | Kor River basin, Iran | 2005 | |
| Andinobates viridis | Green poison frog | Colombia | 2005 | IUCN SSC ASG, 2017a |
| Nymphargus truebae | Trueb's Cochran frog | Peru | 2005 | IUCN SSC ASG, 2017b |
| Dypsis brittiana | (palm tree) | Madagascar | 2005 | Rakotoarinivo & Dransfield, 2012 |
| Toxostoma guttatum | Cozumel thrasher (bird) | Cozumel, México | June 2004 | Curry et al., 2006 |
| Monanthotaxis bali | (plant) | Bali Ngemba, Cameroon | 11 April 2004 | Cheek et al., 2022b |
| Cyclophyllum tiebaghiense | (plant) | New Caledonia | 2004 | Barrabé et al., 2019 |
| Orionothemis felixorioni | (dragonfly) | Bahia, Brazil | 2004 | Bota-Sierra & Sandoval-H, 2021b |
| Delamarephorura tami | (non-insect arthropod) | Viet Nam | 2004 | Deharveng & Bedos, 2016b |
| Pyrgohydrobia jablanicensis | (snail) | North Macedonia | 2004 | Albrecht et al., 2010, 2026 |
| Churamiti maridadi | Beautiful metallic toad | Ukaguru Mountains, eastern Tanzania | January 2004 | Lyakurwa et al., 2025 |
| Glyceria drummondii | Nangetty grass | Western Australia, Australia | 2000-2004 | Threatened Species Week entry |
| Nectophrynoides poyntoni | (amphibian) | Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania | early 2003 | Menegon et al., 2004 |
| Telmatobius sibiricus | (frog) | Bolivia | 2003 | IUCN SSC ASG, 2020b |
| Plantago poranensis | (plant) | Mato Grosso do Sul, western Brazil | 2003 | Hassemer, 2026 |
| Kubaryia pilikia | (land snail) | Peleliu, Palau | 2003 | Rundell, 2012 |
| Atelopus farci | Forest stubfoot toad | Colombia | 2003 | IUCN SSC ASG, 2017c |
| Atelopus simulatus | Imitating stubfoot toad | Colombia | 2003 | IUCN SSC ASG 2015 |
| Altiphrynoides osgoodi | Osgood's Ethiopian toad | Ethiopia | 2003 | IUCN SSC ASG, 2014 |
| Cosmocampus balli | Ball's pipefish | Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2003 | Camins et al., 2026 |
| Tristaniopsis jaffrei | (plant) | New Caledonia | 2002 | Amice et al., 2020 |
| Psychotria torrenticola | (plant) | Cameroon | 2002 | Lovell & Cheek, 2021 |
| Notropis marhabatiensis | (fish) | Mexico | 2002 | Domínguez, 2019 |
| Cereus estevesii2 | (cactus) | Minas Gerais State, Brazil | 2002 | Braun & Taylor, 2013 |
| Tetramolopium capillare | pamakani (plant) | Maui, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2001 (Federal Register); 2006 (Wood et al.) | Federal Register 81(61); Wood et al., 2019 |
| Allobates mcdiarmidi | (frog) | Bolivia | 2001-2005 | IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, 2020c |
| Glaucidium mooreorum | Pernambuco pygmy owl | Pernambuco State, Brazil | November 2001 | BirdLife International, 2016 |
| Libythea collenettei | Marquesan snout butterfly | Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia | 28 August 2001 | Kawahara, 2003; Kawahara & Toussaint, 2018 |
| Kihansia lovettii | (plant) | Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania | 28 April 2001 | Cheek, 2004 "2003" |
| Kupea jonii | (plant) | Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania | 28 April 2001 | Cheek, 2004 "2003" |
| Allobates ranoides | Llanos rocket frog | Colombia | 2001 | IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, 2020d |
| Ochna braunii | (plant) | Tanzania | 2001 | Gereau et al., 2020 |
| Sorocephalus crassifolius | Flowerless clusterhead | Western Cape Province, South Africa | 2001 | Rebelo et al., 2020 |
| Oxalis hygrophila | (clover plant) | Western Cape Province, South Africa | 2001 | Dreyer et al., 2012 |
| Argynnis hyperbius inconstans | Australian fritillary (butterfly) | NSW & Queensl., Australia | 2001 | Lambkin, 2017 |
| Hyperolius ruvuensis | (amphibian) | Tanzania | 2001 | Barratt et al., 2017 |
| Actinella obserata | (snail) | west of Funchal, Madeira, Macaronesia | 2001 | Seddon, 2008; Teixeira & Seddon, 2025a |
| Atelopus angelito | Toad | Colombia | 2000 | |
| Craspedaria delphinuloides | (snail) | Madeira, Madeiran Archipelago, Macaronesia | 2000-2006 (fresh shells) | Teixeira & Seddon, 2025b |
| Ophthalmolebias perpendicularis | (fish) | Bahia, Brazil | 2000 | ICMBio, 2022 |
| Speonectes tiomanensis | (fish) | Gua Tankok Air cave, Gunung Kajang, Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia | 2000 | Ahmad, 2020 |
| Taudactylus rheophilus | Northern tinker frog | Queensland, Australia | 2000 | IUCN SSC ASG, 2022 |
| Gentiana wingecarribiensis | Wingecarribee gentian, Swamp gentian | New South Wales, Australia | 2000 | Silcock et al., 2021 |
| Conturbatia crenata | (land snail) | Fregate island, Seychelles | 2000 | Gerlach, 2009 |
| Samoana minuta | (land snail) | Fatu Hiva, Marquesas Islands | 2000 | Gerlach, 2016 |
| Euphorbia celastroides tomentella | (flowering plant) | Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2000 | Wood et al., 2019 |
| Pyrgulopsis torrida | (land snail) | Ventura County, California, USA | 2000 | Hershler et al., 2016 |
| Exostema salicifolium | (plant) | Cuba | 2000 | Gómez Hechavarría et al., 2025 |
| Peperomia subpetiolata | (flowering plant) | Maui, Hawaiian Islands, USA | c.2000 | Wood et al., 2019 |
| Wikstroemia skottsbergiana | Skottsberg's wikstroemia, Skottsberg's false ohelo, ‘Ākia | Hanalei Valley & Kauhao Valley, Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, USA | January 2000 | Wolkis, 2018 |
1 Considered a synonym of Asterropteryx semipunctata by (Parenti, 2021:96).
2 May not exist in cultivation, needs confirmation.
References
Ahmad, A. B. (2020). Speonectes tiomanensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T21168A89825048. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T21168A89825048.en. Accessed on 31 July 2022.
Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. and Schreiber, K. (2010). Pyrgohydrobia jablanicensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T155956A4873878. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T155956A4873878.en. Accessed on 10 August 2026.
Albrecht, C., Hauffe, T. and Schreiber, K. (2026). Pyrgohydrobia jablanicensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2026: e.T155956A222435104. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2026-1.RLTS.T155956A222435104.en. Accessed on 10 August 2026.
Allen, R. and Plummer, J. (2020). Musa yamiensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T123707256A123802066. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T123707256A123802066.en. Accessed on 24 July 2022.
Amice, R., Butin, J.-P., Fleurot, D., Garnier, D., Goxe, J., Hequet, V., Lannuzel, G., Suprin, B. and Veillon, J.-M. (2020). Tristaniopsis jaffrei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T171129478A171159426. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T171129478A171159426.en. Accessed on 10 July 2022.
Areta, J. I., Bodrati, A. and Cockle, K. (2009). Specialization on Guadua bamboo seeds by three bird species in the Atlantic forest of Argentina. Biotropica 41(1): 66-73.
Baier, F. and H.-J. Wiedl. (2010). The re-evaluated conservation status of the mountain populations of the highly endangered Cyprus Grass Snake, Natrix natrix cypriaca (Hecht, 1930), with miscellaneous natural history notes. Salamandra 46:16-23.
Barrabé, L., Amice, R., Bruy, D., Butin, J.-P., Fleurot, D., Garnier, D., Gâteblé, G., Goxe, J., Hequet, V., Lannuzel, G., Suprin, B. & Veillon, J.-M. (2019). Cyclophyllum tiebaghiense. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T158159683A158166500. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T158159683A158166500.en. Accessed on 08 July 2022.
Barratt, C. D., Lawson, L. P., Bittencourt-Silva, G. B., Doggart, N., Morgan-Brown, T., Nagel, P. and Loader, S. P. (2017). A new, narrowly distributed, and critically endangered species of spiny-throated reed frog (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from a highly threatened coastal forest reserve in Tanzania. Herpetological Journal 27: 13-24.
BirdLife International. (2016). Glaucidium mooreorum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22733081A95053803. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22733081A95053803.en. Downloaded on 21 February 2018.
Bota-Sierra, C.A., Novelo-Gutierrez, R., Sandoval-H, J. & Haber, W.A. (2021a). Epigomphus wagneri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T139164662A145943548. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T139164662A145943548.en. Accessed on 30 July 2022.
Bota-Sierra, C.A., Novelo-Gutierrez, R., Sandoval-H, J. & Haber, W.A. (2021b). Epigomphus morrisoni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T139164598A145943533. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T139164598A145943533.en. Accessed on 24 July 2022.
Bota-Sierra, C.A. & Sandoval-H, J. (2021a). Ischnura solitaria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T166483865A166693455. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T166483865A166693455.en. Accessed on 31 July 2022.
Bota-Sierra, C.A. & Sandoval-H, J. (2021b). Orionothemis felixorioni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T166496206A166693945. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T166496206A166693945.en. Accessed on 27 July 2022.
Braun, P. and Taylor, N. P. (2013). Cereus estevesii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T152271A617230. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T152271A617230.en. Downloaded on 24 February 2018.
Brockerhoff, E. G., Berndt, L. A. and Jactel, H. (2005). Role of exotic pine forests in the conservation of the critically endangered New Zealand ground beetle Holcaspis brevicula (Coleoptera: Carabidae). New Zealand Journal of Ecology 29(1): 37-43.
Budden, A. and Cheek, Martin. (2022). Inversodicraea senei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T183863983A184577316. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T183863983A184577316.en. Accessed on 24 July 2022.
Camins, E., Singh, S. and Pollom, R. (2026). Cosmocampus balli. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2026: e.T65365349A256266532. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2026-1.RLTS.T65365349A256266532.en. Accessed on 07 August 2026.
Cheek, Martin. (2004 "2003"). Kupeaeae, a new tribe of Triuridaceae from Africa. Kew Bulletin 58: 939-949. https://doi.org/10.2307/4111207
Cheek, Martin, Molmou, Denise, Magassouba, Sekou and Ghogue, Jean-Paul. (2022a). Taxonomic revision of Saxicolella (Podostemaceae), African waterfall plants highly threatened by Hydro-Electric projects. Kew Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-022-10019-2
Cheek, Martin Cheek, Darbyshire, Iain and Onana, Jean Michel. (2022b). Monanthotaxis bali (Annonaceae) a new Critically Endangered (possibly extinct) montane forest treelet from Bali Ngemba, Cameroon. bioRxiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.04.498636
Clark, M. (2016). Artemisia kauaiensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T91150858A91151192. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T91150858A91151192.en. Accessed on 09 July 2022.
Cosiaux, A., Gardiner, L.M. & Couvreur, T. (2016). Eremospatha barendii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T95316871A95316876. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T95316871A95316876.en. Accessed on 30 July 2022.
Cross, A. (2022). Drosera allantostigma (amended version of 2020 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T66434414A211864384. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T66434414A211864384.en. Accessed on 24 November 2023.
Curry, R. L., Martínez-Gómez, J. E., Hernández-Molina, E. and Chacón-Diaz, A. R. (2006). Conservation status of the critically endangered Cozumel Thrasher in relation to that of Cozumel's other endemic birds. Wings without borders: IV North American Ornithological Conference, October 3-7, 2006, Veracruz, Mexico, pp. 75. American Ornithologists' Union, Waco, TX, USA.
De la Riva, I., Trueb, L. and Duellman, W. E. (2012). A new species of Telmatobius (Anura: Telmatobiidae) from montane forests of southern Peru, with a review of osteological features of the genus. South American Journal of Herpetology 7(2): 91-109.
de Lirio, Elton John et al. (2022). Found and lost again: Rediscovery of Mollinedia myriantha (Monimiaceae) after 123 years and perspectives for conservation of the family in Brazil. Research Square preprint. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1355829/v1
Deharveng, L. and Bedos, A. (2016a). Ceratophysella sp. nov. 'HC'. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T89695701A89695779. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T89695701A89695779.en. Downloaded on 02 April 2019.
Deharveng, L. and Bedos, A. (2016b). Delamarephorura tami. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T89575347A89575531. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T89575347A89575531.en. Downloaded on 02 April 2019.
Domínguez, O. 2019. Notropis marhabatiensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T191287A1975233. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T191287A1975233.en. Accessed on 22 July 2022.
Dreyer, L. L., Oberlander, K. C. and Raimondo, D. (2012). Oxalis hygrophila Dreyer. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2017.1. Accessed on 2018/02/25
Fabriani, F. (2021). Manihot stellata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T128224881A128245708. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T128224881A128245708.en. Accessed on 08 July 2022.
Freyhof, Jörg. (2026). Oxynoemacheilus galilaeus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2026: e.T61277A135102124. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2026-1.RLTS.T61277A135102124.en. Accessed on 07 August 2026.
Freyhof, Jörg, Ekmekçi, F. Güler, Ali, Atheer, Khamees, Najim R., Özuluğ, Müfit, Hamidan, Nashat, Küçük, Fahrettin and Smith, Kevin G. (2014). Freshwater Fishes, pp. 19-42. In: Smith, K. G., Barrios, V., Darwall, W. R. T. and Numa, C. (eds.). The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in the Eastern Mediterranean. Cambridge, UK, Malaga, Spain and Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. xiv + 132 pp.
Gereau, R. E., Kabuye, C., Kalema, J., Kamau, P., Kindeketa, W., Luke, W. R. Q., Lyaruu, H. V. M., Malombe, I., Mboya, E.I., Mollel, N., Njau, E.-F., Schatz, G. E., Sitoni, D., Ssegawa, P. and Wabuyele, E. (2020). Ochna braunii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T158222A767182. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T158222A767182.en. Accessed on 22 July 2022.
Gerlach, Justin. (2009). Conturbatia crenata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009: e.T168141A6458885. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T168141A6458885.en. Downloaded on 24 February 2018.
Gerlach, Justin. (2010). Climate change, species extinctions and ecosystem collapse. Phelsuma 17A: 13-31.
Gerlach, Justin. (2016). Icons of Evolution: Pacific Island tree-snails of the family Partulidae. Phelsuma Press.
Gippoliti, Spartaco, Cotterill, Fenton P. D., Zinner, Dietmar and Groves, Colin P. (2018). Impacts of taxonomic inertia for the conservation of African ungulate diversity: an overview. Biological Reviews 93(1): 115-130.
Gómez Hechavarría, J. L., González-Oliva, L. and Acosta, Z. (2025). Exostema salicifolium. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025: e.T240913775A240917520. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-1.RLTS.T240913775A240917520.es. Accessed on 12 August 2026.
Hassemer, Gustavo. (2026). Plantago poranensis (Plantaginaceae): an overlooked, possibly already extinct new species from Mato Grosso do Sul, western Brazil. Phytotaxa 759(2): 153-164. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.759.2.4
Hedges, S. Blair and Díaz, L. M. (2009). Amphibian conservation in the West Indies, [pagination?]. In: Heatwole, H. H. and Wilkenson, J. W. (eds.). Amphibian Biology: Conservation and Decline of Amphibians. Chipping Norton, Sydney: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping, Babbitt, Caitlin, Kellogg, Michael G. and Howard, Jeanette. (2016). Three new species of western California springsnails previously confused with Pyrgulopsis stearnsiana (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae). Zookeys 601: 1-19.
Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping and Landye, J. Jerry. (2011). New species and records of springsnails (Caenogastropoda: Cochliopidae: Tryonia) from the Chihuahuan Desert (Mexico and United States), an imperiled biodiversity hotspot. Zootaxa 3001(1): 1-32.
Hickman, C., Edgar, G. and Chiriboga, A. (2007). Rhizopsammia wellingtoni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007: e.T63579A12683468. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63579A12683468.en. Downloaded on 24 February 2018.
Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio). (2022). Ophthalmolebias perpendicularis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T187104A1823179. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T187104A1823179.pt. Accessed on 24 July 2022.
IUCN SSC ASG. (2014). Altiphrynoides osgoodi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T54886A16948933. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T54886A16948933.en. Downloaded on 21 February 2018.
IUCN SSC ASG. (2015). Atelopus simulatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T54551A49537837. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T54551A49537837.en. Downloaded on 24 February 2018.
IUCN SSC ASG. (2017a). Andinobates viridis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T55210A85886455. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T55210A85886455.en. Accessed on 09 July 2022.
IUCN SSC ASG. (2017b). Nymphargus truebae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T54999A60338909. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T54999A60338909.en. Downloaded on 24 February 2018.
IUCN SSC ASG. (2017c). Atelopus farci. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T54510A49535647. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T54510A49535647.en. Downloaded on 21 February 2018.
IUCN SSC ASG. (2018). Nannophryne cophotis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T54615A89196913. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T54615A89196913.en. Accessed on 09 July 2022.
IUCN SSC ASG. (2020a). Telmatobius bolivianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T57326A154334258. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T57326A154334258.en. Accessed on 01 August 2022.
IUCN SSC ASG. (2020b). Telmatobius sibiricus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T57361A154335028. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T57361A154335028.en. Accessed on 01 August 2022.
IUCN SSC ASG. (2020c). Allobates mcdiarmidi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T55113A154120366. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T55113A154120366.en. Accessed on 01 August 2022.
IUCN SSC ASG. (2020d). Allobates ranoides (amended version of 2019 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T55141A175785182. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T55141A175785182.en. Accessed on 10 July 2022.
IUCN SSC ASG. (2022). Taudactylus rheophilus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T21534A78446538. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T21534A78446538.en. Accessed on 17 December 2022.
Kawahara, Akito Y. (2003). Rediscovery of Libythea collenettei Poulton & Riley (Nymphalidae: Libytheinae) in the Marquesas, and a description of the male. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 57(2): 81-85.
Kawahara, Akito Y. and Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A. (2018). Conservation Note on the Status of the Rare Endemic Marquesan Snout Butterfly, Libythea collenettei. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 50: 25-34.
Kevan, P. G. (2008). Bombus franklini. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T135295A4070259. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135295A4070259.en. Downloaded on 24 February 2018.
Kutschera, U., Pfeiffer, I. and Ebermann, E. (2007). The European land leech: biology and DNA-based taxonomy of a rare species that is threatened by climate warming. Naturwissenschaften 94: 967-974.
Lambkin, Trevor A. (2017). 'Argynnis hyperbius inconstans' Butler, 1873 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae): A review of its collection history and biology. The Australian Entomologist 44(4): 223-268. [Abstract]
Leong-Škorničková, J. and Tran, H. D. (2019). Curcuma pygmaea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T131774887A131774892. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T131774887A131774892.en. Accessed on 11 July 2022.
Lovell, R. and Cheek, Martin. (2021). Psychotria torrenticola. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T189122011A189378941. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T189122011A189378941.en. Accessed on 10 July 2022.
Lyakurwa, J. V., Mollel, P., Liedtke, H. C., Mwamgeni, A., Wilangali, Y., Christopher, J., Ngalason, W. and Loader, S. P. (2025). Churamiti maridadi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025: e.T54802A234376178. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T54802A234376178.en. Accessed on 07 August 2026.
Lyons, T. J. (2021a). Hypsolebias splendissimus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T173832388A173832397. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T173832388A173832397.en. Accessed on 10 July 2022.
Lyons, T. J. (2021b). Cynolebias elegans. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T173830260A173830275. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T173830260A173830275.en. Accessed on 01 August 2022.
Menegon, M., Salvidio, S. and Loader, S. P. (2004). Five new species of Nectophrynoides Noble 1926 (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Tropical Zoology 17(1): 97-121. [Abstract]
Moir, Melinda L. (2021). Coextinction of Pseudococcus markharveyi (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): a case study in the modern insect extinction crisis. Austral Entomology 60(1): 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12506
Parenti, Lynne R. and Soeroto, Bambang. (2003). Adrianichthys roseni and Oryzias nebulosus, two new ricefishes (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Adrianichthyidae) from Lake Poso, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ichthyological Research 51: 10-19.
Parenti, Paolo. (2021). A checklist of the gobioid fishes of the world (Percomorpha: Gobiiformes). Iran. J. Ichthyol. (June 2021), 8(Suppl. 1): 1-480.
Pereira-Muñoz, A., García-Pérez, J. E. y La Marca, E. (2015). Sapito verdirrojo de Piñango, Atelopus pinangoi. En: J.P. Rodríguez, A. García-Rawlins y F. Rojas-Suárez (eds.) Libro Rojo de la Fauna Venezolana. Cuarta edición. Provita y Fundación Empresas Polar, Caracas, Venezuela. Recuperado de: http://animalesamenazados.provita.org.ve/content/sapito-verdirrojo-de-pinango Sáb, 15/10/2016 - 04:34
Rakotoarinivo, M. and Dransfield, J. (2012). Dypsis brittiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T195972A2437994. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T195972A2437994.en. Downloaded on 25 February 2018.
Ramanantsialonina, R. N. (2019). Senna suarezensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T128114803A128115122. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T128114803A128115122.en. Accessed on 31 July 2022.
Rebelo, A. G., Mtshali, H., Raimondo, D. and Helme, N. A. (2020). Sorocephalus crassifolius. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T113240273A185551451. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113240273A185551451.en. Accessed on 10 July 2022.
Reischütz, A. (2017). Tsoukatosia evauemgei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T85588054A85589408. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T85588054A85589408.en. Accessed on 24 July 2022.
Rintelen, T. (2019a). Sulawesidrobia yunusi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T109725602A109725612. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T109725602A109725612.en. Accessed on 09 July 2022.
Rintelen, T. (2019b). Tylomelania zeamais. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T109723846A109723859. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T109723846A109723859.en. Accessed on 24 July 2022.
Rintelen, T. (2019c). Sulawesidrobia datar. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T109725584A109725588. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T109725584A109725588.en. Accessed on 31 July 2022.
Rundell, R. J. (2012). Kubaryia pilikia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T11058A500479. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T11058A500479.en. Downloaded on 24 February 2018.
Sciberras, Arnold and Schembri, Patrick J. (2008). Conservation Status of St Paul's Island Wall Lizard (Podarcis filfolensis kieselbachi). Herpetological Bulletin 105: 28-34.
Seddon, M. B. (2008). An illustrated compendium of the landsnails and slugs of the Madeiran archipelago. Studies in Biodiversity and Systematics of Terrestrial Organisms from the National Museum of Wales. BIOTIR Reports 2. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.
Silcock, Jen L., Collingwood, Teghan, Llorens, Tanya and Fensham, Rod. (2021). Action Plan for Australia's Imperilled Plants. NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Brisbane. 342 pp.
Teixeira, D., de Frias Martins, A. M. and Allen, D. J. (2025). Leiostyla elegans. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025: e.T254576428A254576431. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T254576428A254576431.en. Accessed on 09 August 2026.
Teixeira, D. and Seddon, M. B. (2025a). Actinella obserata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025: e.T507A220146472. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T507A220146472.en. Accessed on 08 August 2026.
Teixeira, D. and Seddon, M. B. (2025b). Craspedaria delphinuloides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025: e.T9053A220169058. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T9053A220169058.en. Accessed on 08 August 2026.
Thorseng, L. (2014). Plectostoma charasense. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T58600547A58628611. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58600547A58628611.en. Downloaded on 24 February 2018.
Troìa, A. and Peraza Zurita, M. D. (2018). Puccinellia gussonei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T18009886A18613175. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T18009886A18613175.en. Accessed on 09 July 2022.
Tsering, J. (2022). Spathoglottis arunachalensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T186303279A186805869. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T186303279A186805869.en. Accessed on 24 July 2022.
Vivas Santeliz, J. J., De Marmels, J., Sandoval-H, J. and Bota-Sierra, C. A. (2021). Heteragrion archon. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T111006503A111006505. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T111006503A111006505.en. Accessed on 24 July 2022.
Wolkis, D. (2018). Wikstroemia skottsbergiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30971A83806043. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T30971A83806043.en. Accessed on 07 July 2022.
Wood, Kenneth R., Oppenheimer, Hank and Keir, Matthew. (2019). A checklist of endemic Hawaiian vascular plant taxa that are considered possibly extinct in the wild. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Technical Report #314.
Zotos, Savvas et al. (2021). New Evidence on the Distribution of the Highly Endangered Natrix natrix cypriaca and Implications for Its Conservation. Animals 11(4): 1077. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041077
Appendix 3: Most likely extinctions in the near future1,2
| Scientific name | Common name/type | Geographical range | Number of individuals | References |
| Merulaxis stresemanni | Stresemann’s bristlefront | Bahia, Brazil | 1 female | source |
| Bubalus quarlesi | Mountain anoa | Sulawesi, Indonesia | 1 male | source |
| Hyophorbe amaricaulis | Loneliest palm | Mauritius | 1 plant | source |
| Ceratotherium simum cottoni | Northern white rhino | East and Central Africa | 2 females | source |
| Rafetus swinhoei | Yangtze giant softshell turtle | China | 2 males, 1 sex unknown | source |
| Phocoena sinus | Vaquita porpoise | Gulf of California, Mexico | Unknown | source |
1 The Sehuencas water frog (Telmatobius yuracare) was formerly listed here, as there was only a single individual known ('Romeo'). The species had not been seen in the wild for 10 years or more. In late 2018 or early 2019 five further specimens were located in the wild.
2 The Rufous-fronted laughingthrush was formerly listed here, but it has since been rediscovered in the wild.
Appendix 4: Extinct in the Wild since 2000 [in progress]
* = tentative
| Scientific name | Common name/type | Distribution | Last record |
| Telmatobius dankoi* | Loa water frog | El Loa province, Chile | June 2019 |
| Schiedea haakoaensis | (plant) | near Laupāhoehoe, Hawaiʻi (=Big Island), Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2019 |
| Phyllostegia pilosa | (plant) | Maui & Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2018 |
| Phyllostegia helleri | (plant) | Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2018 |
| Cyanea truncata | (plant) | Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2018 |
| Gracula religiosa miotera | Simeulue Hill myna (bird) | Sumatra, Indonesia | 2017-2018 |
| Phyllostegia bracteata | (plant) | Maui, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2017 |
| Phyllostegia mannii | (plant) | Molokai & Maui, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2016 |
| Phyllostegia brevidens | (plant) | Hawai'i & Maui, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2016 |
| Deparia kaalaana | (plant) | Hawai'i, Kauai & Maui, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2016 |
| Clianthus puniceus | Kaka beak, kākābeak, Kōwhai Ngutu-kākā (plant) | North Island (=Te Ika-a-Māui), New Zealand | 2015 |
| Delissea rhytidosperma | (plant) | Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2014 |
| Dendroseris gigantea | (plant) | Alejandro Selkirk Island, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile | March 2014 |
| Esmaeilius persicus | Maharlo killifish, Farsi tooth-carp | Maharlo Lake basin, Iran | 2013 |
| Stenogyne kanehoana | (plant) | Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2013 |
| Stenogyne bifida | (plant) | Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2013 |
| Kanaloa kahoolawensis | (plant) | Kaho'olawe, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2013 |
| Caridina dennerli | (shrimp) | Sulawesi, Indonesia | 2013 |
| Phyllostegia parviflora glabriuscula | (plant) | Hawai'i, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2012 |
| Lachanodes arborea | (plant) | St Helena | 2012 |
| Commersonia erythrogyna | Trigwell's rulingia (plant) | south-western Western Australia, Australia | 2012 |
| Copsychus stricklandii barbouri | (passerine bird) | Maratua island, Borneo | 2011 |
| Phyllostegia parviflora lydgatei | (plant) | Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2010 |
| Cyanea grimesiana grimesiana | (plant) | Moloka'i & Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2010 |
| Schiedea jacobii | (plant) | Hawai'i, USA | 2009 or 2010 |
|
Atelopus zeteki
|
Panamanian golden toad | Panama | late 200X's |
| Stenogyne campanulata | (plant) | Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2008 |
| Phyllostegia kaalaensis | (plant) | Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2008 |
| Cyanea grimesiana grimesiana | (plant) | Koʻolau Mountains, Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2008 |
| Magnolia wolfii | (plant) | Risaralda Department, Colombia | August 2006 |
| Musa zaifui | (banana) | Yunnan Province, China | 2006 |
| Aphanius sirhani | (fish) | Azraq Oasis, Wadi Sirhan valley, Syrian desert, Jordan | 2004-2006 |
| Apricaphanius saourensis | (fish) | Oued Saoura Basin, Sahara desert, Algeria | 2004 |
| Encephalartos brevifoliolatus | (cycad) | Limpopo Province, South Africa | 2004 |
| Costus vinosus | (plant) | Panama (central) | 2004 |
| Nectophrynoides asperginis | Kihansi spray toad | Kihansi Falls, Kihansi Gorge, Udzungwa Mountains, eastern Tanzania | 2004 |
| Apricaphanius saourensis | Sahara killifish | Oued (River) Saoura River, western Algeria | 2003 or 2004 |
| Cyanea superba superba | (plant) | Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2003 |
| Cyanea pinnatifida | (plant) | Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2001 |
| Anaxyrus baxteri | Wyoming toad | Laramie Basin, Wyoming, USA | 2000's |
| Clermontia peleana peleana | (plant) | Hawaii (=Big Island) & Maui, Hawaiian Islands, USA | 2000 |
Source for Hawaiian plants: Wood et al., 2019 (excluding Clermontia peleana peleana and Schiedea haakoaensis). Delissea argutidentata was formerly listed here (last wild record 2002) before its rediscovery in the wild in early March 2021.
Acknowledgements
I thank Jonathan Oliver for pointing out that I had failed to remove the Sehuencas water frog (Telmatobius yuracare) from Appendix 3.