Equus niobrarensis Hay, 1913
Niobrara horse
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Extinct if valid
Last record: Late Pleistocene
Distribution
USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Harris, Arthur H. and Porter, Linda S. W. (1980). Late Pleistocene horses of Dry Cave, Eddy County, New Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy 61(1): 46-65.
Stephens, John J. (1960). Stratigraphy and Paleontology of a Late Pleistocene Basin, Harper County, Oklahoma. Geological Society of America Bulletin 71: 1675-1702.
Equus namadicus Falconer & Cautley, 1849
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Extinct
Last record: Late Pleistocene
Distribution
India
Biology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Cirilli, Omar, Machado, H., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Barrón-Ortiz, C. I., Davis, E., Jass, C. N., Jukar, A. M., Landry, Z., Marín-Leyva, A. H., Pandolfi, L., Pushkina, D., Rook, L., Saarinen, J., Scott, E., Semprebon, G., Strani, F., Villavicencio, N. A., Kaya, F. and Bernor, R. L. (2022). Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene. Biology 11(9): 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091258
Joshi, R. V. et al. (1978). Fresh data on the Quaternary animal fossils and Stone Age cultures from the Central Narmada Valley, India. Asian Perspectives 21(2): 164-181.
Jukar, A. M., Lyons, S. K., Wagner, P. J. and Uhen, M. D. (2020). Late Quaternary extinctions in the Indian Subcontinent. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. doi: 110137 DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110137 [Abstract]
Lemoine, Rhys Taylor, Buitenwerf, Robert, Faurby, Sören and Svenning, Jens-Christian. (2025). Phylogenetic Evidence Supports the Effect of Traits on Late-Quaternary Megafauna Extinction in the Context of Human Activity. Global Ecology and Biogeography 34(7): e70078. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70078 [Supporting Information: Data S1]
Zedda, Marco et al. (2020). A first comparison of bone histomorphometry in extant domestic horses (Equus caballus ) and a Pleistocene Indian wild horse (Equus namadicus). Integrative Zoology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12444 [Abstract]
Equus midlandensis Quinn 1957
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym of Equus mexicanus
Conservation Status
Invalid (synonym)
Distribution
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Quinn, J. H. (1957). Pleistocene Equidae of Texas. Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas Report of Investigations 33: 1-47.
Other references:
Harris, Arthur H. and Porter, Linda S. W. (1980). Late Pleistocene Horses of Dry Cave, Eddy County, New Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy 61(1): 46-65.
http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=46288
Equus mexicanus Hibbard, 1955
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Equus midlandensis Quinn 1957; Onager oviedoi Mooser 1959
Conservation Status
Extinct if valid
Last record: Late Pleistocene
Distribution
Mexico & New Mexico, USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Hibbard, C. W. (1955). Pleistocene vertebrates from the upper Becerra (Becerra Superior) Formation, Valley of Tequixquiac, Mexico, with notes on others Pleistocene forms: Museum of Paleontology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 12(5): 47-96.
Other references:
Alberdi, María Teresa, Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín, Marín-Leyva, Alejandro H. and Polaco, Oscar J. (2014). Study of Cedral Horses and their place in the Mexican Quaternary. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 31(2): 221-237.
Azzaroli, A. (1998). The genus Equus in North America: The Pleistocene species = Le genre Equus en Amérique du Nord - Les espèces du Pléistocène. Palaeontographia Italica 85: 1-60. [Abstract]
Bravo-Cuevas, Victor Manuel and Jiménez-Hidalgo, Eduardo. (2018). Advances on the Paleobiology of Late Pleistocene mammals from central and southern Mexico, pp. 277-313. In: Huard, Gaeten and Gareau, Jeannine (eds.). The Pleistocene: Geography, Geology, and Fauna. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Cirilli, Omar, Machado, H., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Barrón-Ortiz, C. I., Davis, E., Jass, C. N., Jukar, A. M., Landry, Z., Marín-Leyva, A. H., Pandolfi, L., Pushkina, D., Rook, L., Saarinen, J., Scott, E., Semprebon, G., Strani, F., Villavicencio, N. A., Kaya, F. and Bernor, R. L. (2022). Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene. Biology 11(9): 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091258
Gidley, J.W., 1900, A new species of Pleistocene Horse from the Staked Plains of Texas: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 13, 111-116.
Leidy, J., 1865, Bones and teeth of horses from California and Oregon: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 17, 94.
Leidy, J., 1868, Notice of some remains of Horses: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 20, 195.
Miller, Wade et al. (2022). Post-Pleistocene horses (Equus) from México. The Texas Journal of Science 74(1): 5. https://doi.org/10.32011/txjsci_74_1_Article5
O. Mooser and W. W. Dalquest. (1975). Pleistocene mammals from Aguascalientes, central Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy 56(4): 781-820.
Pérez-Crespo, Víctor Adrián et al. (2022). Feeding habits and mobility of Equus conversidens and E. mexicanus from La Presita Blanca, State of San Luis Potosí, México. Historical Biology 34(2): 216-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.1909008
Equus melkiensis Bagtache, Hadjouis & Eisenmann, 1984
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Extinct if valid
Last record: Late Pleistocene
Distribution
Algeria & Morocco
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Bagtache, B., Hadjouis, D., Eisenmann, V., 1984. Présence d'un Equus caballin (E. algericus n. sp.) et d'une autre espèce nouvelle d'Equus (E. melkiensis n. sp.) dans l'Atérien des Allobroges, Algérie. C. R. Acad. Sci. 14: 609-612.
Other references:
Cirilli, Omar, Machado, H., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Barrón-Ortiz, C. I., Davis, E., Jass, C. N., Jukar, A. M., Landry, Z., Marín-Leyva, A. H., Pandolfi, L., Pushkina, D., Rook, L., Saarinen, J., Scott, E., Semprebon, G., Strani, F., Villavicencio, N. A., Kaya, F. and Bernor, R. L. (2022). Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene. Biology 11(9): 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091258
Eisenmann, V., 2006. Pliocene and Pleistocene equids: paleontology versus molecular biology. In: Kahlke, R.-D., Maul, L.C., Mazza, P. (Eds.), Late Neogene and Quaternary Biodiversity and Evolution: Regional Developments and Interregional Correlations. Courier Forschungsinstitut, Senckenberg, pp. 71-89.
Faith, J. Tyler. (2014). Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa. Earth-Science Reviews 128: 105-121.
Marom, Nimrod et al. (2022). The Late Middle Pleistocene mammalian fauna of Oumm Qatafa Cave, Judean Desert: taxonomy, taphonomy and palaeoenvironment. Journal of Quaternary Science. DOI: 10.1002/jqs.3414
Wrinn, P.J., Rink, W.J., 2003. ESR dating of tooth enamel from Aterian levels at Mugharet el 'Aliya (Tangier, Morocco). J. Archaeol. Sci. 30, 123-133.