Equus laurentius Hay, 1913
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Invalid (Scott et al., 2010).
Conservation Status
Invalid (synonym)
Distribution
Kansas, USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Hay, Oliver P. (1913). Notes on some fossil horses, with descriptions of four new species. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 44(1969): 569-594.
Other references:
Hay, Oliver P. (1927). On the type skull of Equus laurentius Hay. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 17(1): 5-7.
Kurten, B. and Anderson, E. (1980). Pleistocene mammals of North America 1-442
Scott, E., Graham, R. W., Stafford, T. W. Jnr. and Martin, L. D. (2003). On the validity of Equus laurentius Hay, 1913. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(suppl. to no. 3): 95A.
Scott, E., Stafford, T. W. Jnr., Graham, R. W. and Martin, L. D. (2010). Morphology and metrics, isotopes and dates: determining the validity of Equus laurentius Hay, 1913. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30(6): 1840-1847. [Abstract]
Winans, M. C. (1989). A quantitative study of the North American fossil species of the genus Equus. The evolution of perissodactyls 262-297
Equus lambei Hay, 1917
Yukon horse, Yukon wild horse
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Extinct if valid
Last record: c.8,000 BC
Distribution
North America
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Irena Axmanová, Jan Robovský, Lubomír Tichý, Jiří Danihelka, Elena Troeva, Albert Protopopov and Milan Chytrý. (2020). Habitats of Pleistocene megaherbivores reconstructed from the frozen fauna remains. Ecography 43: 1-11.
Azzaroli, A. (1998). The genus Equus in North America: The Pleistocene species = Le genre Equus en Amérique du Nord - Les espèces du Pléistocène. Palaeontographia Italica 85: 1-60. [Abstract]
Ann Forstén, 1992. Mitochondrial-DNA timetable and the evolution of Equus: Comparison of molecular and paleontological evidence. Ann. Zool. Fennici 28: 301-309.
Cirilli, Omar, Machado, H., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Barrón-Ortiz, C. I., Davis, E., Jass, C. N., Jukar, A. M., Landry, Z., Marín-Leyva, A. H., Pandolfi, L., Pushkina, D., Rook, L., Saarinen, J., Scott, E., Semprebon, G., Strani, F., Villavicencio, N. A., Kaya, F. and Bernor, R. L. (2022). Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene. Biology 11(9): 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091258
Harington, C. R. (1977). Pleistocene mammals of the Yukon Territory. Ph.D. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton. 1060 pp.
Jackson, Lionel E. Jnr. et al. (1991). Middle Wisconsinan mammals, stratigraphy, and sedimentology at the Ketza River site, Yukon Territory. Geographie physique et Quaternaire 45(1): 69-77.
Renders, E. and Vincelette, A. (2023). Methodology for the determination of modern and fossil horse gaits from trackways. Journal of Paleontological Techniques 27: 1-25.
Equus hydruntinus Regàlia, 1907
European wild ass, Encebra, Steppe ass, Otrantine ass, and various other names
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Extinct
Last record: Holocene (1500's?)
Distribution
Europe
Biology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Antunes MT (2006) The [i]Zebro[/i] (Equidae) and its extinction in Portugal, with an Appendix on the noun [i]zebro[/i] and the modern zebra. In: Equids in Time and Space (ed. Mashkour M). Oxbow Books, Oxford.
Arbuckle, Benjamin S. and Ötzan, Aliye. (2018). Horse and hemione hunting at Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic Köşk Höyük, central Turkey, pp. 41-58. In: Çakirlar, C. Chahoud, J., Berthon, R. and Birch, S. Pilaar. (2018). Archaeozoology of the Near East XII. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium of the ICAZ Archaeozoology of Southwest Asia and Adjacent Areas Working Group, Groningen Institute of Archzeology, June 14-15 2015, University of Groningen, the Netherlands. Groningen: Barkhuis Publishing & University of Groningen.
Bedetti C., Pavia M., Sardella R. (2004) - Nuovi dati sull'associazione a vertebrati fossili del Pleistocene superiore di San Sidero, Maglie (Puglia, SE Italia). IV giornate di Paleontologia (2004), 21-23 maggio 2004, Bolzano, 12.
Bochenski, Zbigniew M. et al. (2017). Who ate the birds: the taphonomy of Sarakenos Cave, Greece. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. DOI: 10.1007/s12520-017-0488-3
Boev, Zlatozar N. (2018). Fossil and subfossil record of vertebrate animals (Vertebrata J.-B. Lamarck, 1801) along the Western Black Sea Coast (Bulgaria). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, Suppl. 11: 105-110.
Bologna P., Di Stefano G., Manzi G., Petronio C., Sardella R., Squazzini E. (1994) - Late Pleistocene mammals from the Melpignano (LE) «Ventarole»: preliminary analysis and correlations. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 33(2), 265-274.
Bonfiglio, Laura, Mangano, Gabriella, Marra, Antonella Cinzia and Masini, Federico. (2001). A new late Pleistocene vertebrate faunal complex from Sicily (S. Tedoro Cave, North-Eastern Sicily, Italy). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 40(2): 149-158.
Bonfiglio, L., Mangano, G., Marra, A.C., Masini, F., Pavia, M., Petruso, D. (2002). Pleistocene Calabrian and Sicilian bioprovinces. Geobios (Special Memoires) 24: 29-39.
Bonifay, M.-F. (1991). Equus hydruntinus Regalia minor n.ssp. from the caves of Lunel-Viel (Hérault, France). In: Meadow, R. H. and Uerpmann, H.-P. (eds.). Equids in the ancient world, volume 2. Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe A (Naturwisschenshaften), Beih. 19(2): 178-216.
Boulbes, N. (2009). Etude comparée de la denture d’Equus hydruntinus (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) dans le Sud-Est de la France. Implic biogéographiques biostratigraphiques. Quaternaire 20(4): 449-465.
Boulbes, N. et al. (2019). Biostratigraphy and Palaeoecology of European Equus. Front. Ecol. Evol. 7: 301. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00301
Burke, A., Eisenmann, Vera and Ambler, Graeme K. (2003). The systematic position of [i]Equus hydruntinus[/i], an extinct species of Pleistocene equid. Quaternary Research 59(3): 459-469. [Abstract]
Cardini L. (1958) - Prime determinazioni delle ventarole ossifere di S. Isidoro e Melpignano, Maglie. Quaternaria, 5, 315-318.
Cardoso, J. L. (1995). Presença de Equus hydruntinus Regàlia, 1905 no Würm recente de Portugal. Comunicações Instituto Geológico e Mineiro. Lisboa. 81: 97-108.
Catalano, Giulio et al. (2020). A mitogenome sequence of an Equus hydruntinus specimen from Late Quaternary site of San Teodoro Cave (Sicily, Italy). Quaternary Science Reviews 236: 106280. [Abstract]
Cirilli, Omar, Machado, H., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Barrón-Ortiz, C. I., Davis, E., Jass, C. N., Jukar, A. M., Landry, Z., Marín-Leyva, A. H., Pandolfi, L., Pushkina, D., Rook, L., Saarinen, J., Scott, E., Semprebon, G., Strani, F., Villavicencio, N. A., Kaya, F. and Bernor, R. L. (2022). Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene. Biology 11(9): 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091258
Crees, Jennifer J. and Turvey, Samuel T. (2014). Holocene extinction dynamics of Equus hydruntinus, a late-surviving European megafaunal mammal. Quaternary Science Reviews 91: 16-29.
Daschek, Éva J. and Mester, Zsolt. (2020). A site with mixed occupation: Neanderthals and carnivores at Érd (Hungary). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29: 102116.
Davis, Simon J. M. (1980). Late Pleistocene and Holocene equid remains from Israel. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 70(3): 289-312.
Davis, Simon J. M. (2002). The mammals and birds from the Gruta do Caldeirâo, Portugal. Revista Portuguesa de Arqueologia 5(2): 29-98.
Demeshkant, Vitalii. (2021). Tooth enamel morphology of selected Pleistocene-Holocene horses of Ukraine, pp. 22. In: Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kovalchuk O., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2021 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 119 pp.
Demeshkant, Vitalii and Rekovets, Leonid. (2021). The ultrastructure of the tooth enamel of small Equus of the “tarpan” group and their possible phylogenetic connections. Fossil Imprint 77(1): 55-72.
Derevianko A.P., Grichan Yu.V., Dergacheva M.I., Zenin A.N., Laukhin S.A., Levkovskaya G.M., Maloletko A.M., Markin S.V., Molodin V.I., Ovodov N.D., Petrin V.T.& Shun’kov M.V. 1990. [Archaeology and paleoecology of the Paleolithic of the Altai Mountains]. Guidebook to International INQUA symposium “Chronostratigraphy of the Paleolithic of Northern, Central, Eastern Asia and America”. Novosibirsk. P.127–133 [in Russian].
Derevianko A.P., Shun’kov M.V., Agadzhanayn A.K., Baryshnikov G.F., Malaeva E.M., Ul’yanov V.A., Kulik N.A., Postnov A.V. & Anoikin A.A. 2003. [Environment and human in the Paleolithic of the Altai Mountains]. Novosibirsk: IAET SB RAS. P.214–219 [in Russian].
Eisenmann, Vera and Barychnikov, G. (1994). Equus cf. taubachensis et E. hydruntinus de la grotte de Prolom 2 (Crimée, Ukraine). Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4ème sér., sect. C., 16(2-4): 329-347.
Eisenmann, Vera and Mashkour, M. (1999). The small equids of Binagady (Azerbaidjan) and Qazvin (Iran) : E. hemionus binagadensis nov. subsp., and E. hydruntinus. Géobios, 32(1): 105-122, 18 figs., 10 tabl.
Falci, Danielle C. (2023). Paleoenvironments in Late Pleistocene Sicily. Honors Scholar Theses. 938. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses/938
Farina, Simone. (2016). Catalogue of the late Pleistocene-Holocene fossil mammalian collection from “Canale delle Acque Alte (Canale Mussolini)” (Natural History Museum, University of Pisa). Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat., Mem., Serie A, 123: 47-53, 3 figs.
Foronova I.V. 1990. [Fossil horses from Kuznetsk basin]. Novosibirsk: Institut geologii i geografii SO AN SSSR. 131 p. [in Russian]
Gatta, Maurizio et al. (2022). The faunal assemblage from La Sassa cave (Latium, Italy): Environmental perspective of a Late Pleistocene cave hyena – Brown bear den. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 46: 103691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103691
Geigl, E-M. and Grange, T. (2012). Eurasian wild asses in time and space: Morphological versus genetic diversity, Annals of Anatomy 194: 88-102.
Geraads, D. (1997). La grande faune associé aux derniers Néandertaliens de Zafarraya (Andalousie, Espagne): systématique et essai d’interprétation. Comptes-Rendus de l’ Académie des Sciences. Paris. 325: 725-731.
De Giuli C. (1983) - Le faune pleistoceniche del Salento. 1. La fauna di San Sidero 3. Quaderni del Museo Comunale di Paleontologia di Maglie, 1, 45-84.
Oleksandr Kovalchuk, Leonid Rekovets, Aleksander Tsvelykh, Vadym Yanenko, Valery Manko & Svetlana Tajkova (2020). Living in a time of change: Late Pleistocene/Holocene transitional vertebrate fauna of Grot Skeliastyi (Crimea, Ukraine), Historical Biology. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1769094
La Rosa, M., Mazza, P. and Rustioni, M. (2001). The elephant remains from the Agro Pontino, Latina, Central Italy, pp. 205-208. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]
Marom, Nimrod et al. (2022). The Late Middle Pleistocene mammalian fauna of Oumm Qatafa Cave, Judean Desert: taxonomy, taphonomy and palaeoenvironment. Journal of Quaternary Science. DOI: 10.1002/jqs.3414
Mirigliano G. (1941) - Avanzi di vertebrati quaternari di Melpignano (Lecce). Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze fisiche e matematiche di Napoli, S. III, 2 (4), 1-46.
Moigne, Anne-Marie, Valensi, Patricia, Auguste, Patrick, García-Solano, José, Tuffreau, Alain, Lamotte, Agnès, Barroso, Cecilio and Moncel, Marie-Hélène. (2016). Bone retouchers from Lower Palaeolithic sites: Terra Amata, Orgnac 3, Cagny-l'Epinette and Cueva del Angel. Quaternary International 409: 195-212.
Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (2001). Human/carnivore interaction in the Middle Pleistocene of Latium (Central Italy): an open question, pp. 67-75. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]
Nacarino-Meneses, Carmen, Jordana, Xavier, Orlandi-Oliveras, Guillem and Köhler, Meike. (2017). Reconstructing molar growth from enamel histology in extant and extinct Equus. Scientific Reports 7: 15965.
Nagel, Doris et al. (2018). Subtropical steppe inhabitants in the Late Pleistocene cave faunas of eastern Middle Europe. Slovenský Kras Acta Carsologica Slovaca 56(1): 99-110.
Nores, Carlos et al. (2015). The Iberian zebro: What kind of a beast was it? Anthropozoologica 50(1): 21-32.
Orlando, Ludovic, Mashkour, Marjan, Burke, Ariane, Douady, Christophe J., Eisenmann, Véra and Hänni, Catherine. (2006). Geographic distribution of an extinct equid (Equus hydruntinus: Mammalia, Equidae) revealed by morphological and genetical analyses of fossils. Molecular Ecology 15(8): 2083-2093.
Orlando, Ludovic, Metcalf, J.L., Alberdi, M.T., Telles-Antunes, M., Bonjean, D., Otte, M., Martin, F., Eisenmann, V., Mashkour, M., Morello, F., Prado, J.L., Salas-Gismondi, R., Shockey, B.J., Wrinn, P.J., Vasil’ev, S.K., Ovodov, N.D., Cherry, M.I., Hopwood, B., Male, D., Austin, J.J., Hänni, C. & Cooper, A. (2009). Revising the recent evolutionary history of equids using ancient DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106: 21754-21759.
Özkan, Mustafa. (2023). Archaeogenomics of Anatolian wild ass. PhD thesis, Middle East Technical University.
Andrea Pereswiet-Soltan, Ewa Stworzewicz, Zbigniew Szyndlar, Adrian Marciszak, Lembi Lõugas. (2016). Faunal record and environmental changes during Holocene and Late Pleistocene, pp. 63-80. In: Kaczanowska, Małgorzata, Kozłowski, Janusz K. and Sampson, Adamantios (eds.). The Sarakenos Cave at Akraephnion, Boeotia, Greece. Vol. II. The Early Neolithic, the Mesolithic and the Final Palaeolithic (Excavations in Trench A). Kraków: The Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. 161 pp. [>161 pp.?]
Piskoulis, P., Tsiourlini, I. and Tsoukala, E. (2022). The Late Pleistocene micromammalian fauna from Agios Georgios Cave (Kilkis, Central Macedonia, Greece). Preliminary results, pp. 70-71. Proceedings of the Conference “Paleontology and Stratigraphy in Greece in the 21s t century” of the Hellenic Committee for Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Geological Society of Greece.
Plasteeva, N. A. et al. (2020). Holocene Distribution and Extinction of Ungulates in Northern Eurasia. Biology Bulletin 47: 981-995. [Abstract]
Popov, R. (1936). Fosilni I subfosilni zhivotinski ostanki v izsledvanite do sega peshteri na Balgariya (Fossil and subfossil animal remains in the explored until now caves of Bulgaria). Izvestiya na Balgarskoto peshterno druzhestvo (Bulletin of the Bulgarian Speleological Society). Sofia, Vol. I: 1-12. (In Bulgarian).
E. Pucher: Erstnachweis des Europäischen Wildesels (Equus hydruntinus, Regalia, 1907) im Holozän Österreichs. 1991.
Regàlia, E. (1907). Sull’Equus (Asinus) hydruntinus Regalia della grotta di Romanelli (Castro, Lecce). Archivio per l’Antropologia e l’Etnologia. Firenze. 37: 375-390.
Rustioni M., Mazza P., Abbazzi L., Delfino M., Rook L., Petrucci S., Vianello F. (1994) - The würmian fauna from Sternatia (Lecce, Apulia, Italy). Bolletino Società Palentologica Italiana 33: 279-288.
Sánchez-Hernández, Carlos et al. (2020b). High-resolution Neanderthal settlements in mediterranean Iberian Peninsula: A matter of altitude? Quaternary Science Reviews 247: 106523. [Abstract]
Sanz-Royo, Alicia, Sanz, M. and Daura, J. (2019). Dentition analysis of the Pleistocene equids (Equus ferus and Equus hydruntinus) from the Terrasses de la Riera Dels Canyars site (Barcelona, NE Iberian Peninsula). XV Reunión Nacional Cuaternario, Bilbao 2019.
Sanz-Royo, Alicia, Sanz, M. and Daura, J. (2020). Upper Pleistocene equids from Terrasses de la Riera dels Canyars (NE Iberian Peninsula): The presence of Equus ferus and Equus hydruntinus based on dental criteria and their implications for palaeontological identification and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Quaternary International 566-567: 78-90.
Sauqué V, Rabal-Garcés R, Sola-Almagro C, Cuenca-Bescós G. (2014). Bone Accumulation by Leopards in the Late Pleistocene in the Moncayo Massif (Zaragoza, NE Spain). PLoS ONE 9(3): e92144.
Spassov, N. (1982). Fosili ot alpiyskiya kozirog I gigantskiya elen v Balgariya I rolyata na rogata pri gigantskiya elen (Fossils of the Alpine Ibex and the Irish Elk in Bulgaria and the role of the antler of the Irish Elk). Priroda, BAN (Nature, BAS). 5: 21-27. (In Bulgarian).
Stehlin, H. G. and Graziosi, P. (1935). Ricerche sugli Asinidi fossili d’Europa. Mémoires de la Société Paléontologique Suisse. Genève. 56: 1-73.
Turvey, Samuel T. (2009a). In the shadow of the megafauna: prehistoric mammal and bird extinctions across the Holocene, pp. 17-39. In: Turvey, Samuel T. (ed.). Holocene Extinctions. New York: Oxford University Press.
Turvey, Samuel T. (2009b). Holocene mammal extinctions, pp. 41-61. In: Turvey, Samuel T. (ed.). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford, UK & New York, USA: Oxford University Press. xii + 352 pp.
Turvey, Samuel T. and Fritz, Susanne A. (2011). The ghosts of mammals past: biological and geographical patterns of global mammalian extinction across the Holocene. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 366(1577): 2564-2576. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0020 [Supplementary Information]
Eline N. van Asperen, Krzysztof Stefaniak, Iurii Proskurnyak, and Bogdan Ridush. (2012). Equids from the Emine-Bair-Khosar Cave (Crimea, Ukraine): co-occurrence of the stenoid Equus hydruntinus and the caballoid E. ferus latipes on skull and postcranial remains. Palaeontologia Electronica 15(1): 5A. [Abstract]
Vasiliev S.K., Derevianko A.P. & Markin S.V. 2006a. [Large mammal fauna from northwestern Altai in the end of Sartan glacial (on material from Kaminnaya cave)] // Archaeology, ethnography and anthropology of Eurasia. Vol.2. No.26. P.2–22 [in Russian].
Vasiliev S.K. & Orlova L.A. 2006. [A question about the age of Taradanovo site of large mammal fauna] // Problems of archaeology, ethnography and anthropology of Siberia and adjacent territories. Vol.12. P.29–32 [in Russian].
Vasiliev S.K., Ovodov N.D. & Martynovich N.V. 2006b. [New paleoteriological investigation of Hyena cave (northwestern Altai)] // Problems of archaeology, ethnography and anthropology of Siberia and adjacent territories. Vol.12. P.43–49 [in Russian].
Vasiliev S.K., Zenin A.N., Serdyuk N.V. & Ul’yanov V.A. 2008. [New data on Hyena cave (northwestern Altai)] // Problems of archaeology, ethnography and anthropology of Siberia and adjacent territories. Vol.14. P.21–31 [in Russian].
Vila E (2006) Data on equids from late fourth and third millenium sites in northern Syria. In Mashkour M, ed., Equids in Time and Space, pp. 101–123. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
Jarosław Wilczyński, Teresa Tomek, Adam Nadachowski, Barbara Miękina, Barbara Rzebik-Kowalska,
Wilms, C. (1989). Zum Aussterben des europäischen Wildesels. Germania 67: 143-148.
Zilio, Leandro et al. (2021). Examining Neanderthal and carnivore occupations of Teixoneres Cave (Moià, Barcelona, Spain) using archaeostratigraphic and intra-site spatial analysis. Sci Rep. 11: 4339.
http://extinctanimals.proboards.com/thread/7723/equus-hydruntinus-european-ass
Equus hemionus hemippus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1855
Syrian wild ass, Syrian onager, Assyrian onager, Hemippe, Achdari
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Equus hemippus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1855 (original combination); Equus onager hemippus Saint-Hilaire, 1855; Equus hemionus syriacus Milne-Edwards, 1869
Conservation Status
Extinct
Last record: 1927 or 1928 (see Notes)
IUCN RedList status: Extinct
The smallest of the equids, adults stood roughly 1m at the withers (i.e. shoulders). It's extinction was caused largely due to excessive hunting of its herds. It has been hypothesised that motor vehicles may have become available to local hunters before its disappearance and that this may have been a "factor", and the last nail in the coffin of the species (Harper, 1945).
The last known wild individual was shot at the Al Ghams oasis, Lake Azrak, northern Arabia in 1927. An individual in the Vienna zoo died later that year. However, (Antonius, 1928) states that an individual survived in the Vienna zoo until 1928. This means that either the individual which died in 1927 in the same zoo did not in fact die until 1928. Or perhaps there were two individuals, one each dying in the years 1927 and 1928 respectively.
Lots of extra information, photographs and links can be found here (ProBoards Forums account required).
Distribution
"[from] Syria south into the Arabian Peninsula"
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
MCZ 6345
2 specimens are in the British Museum
Media
Photographs
Above: London Zoo, photograph by Frederick York c.1872.
Above: London Zoo (Syrian wild ass on the right), photograph by Frederick York c.1870.
Above: Berlin Zoo, c. 1924.
Above: Berlin Zoo, c. 1905.
Above: Tiergarten Schönbrunn (Vienna), c. 1924.
Above: Tiergarten Schönbrunn (Vienna), c. 1924.
Above: Tiergarten Schönbrunn (Vienna), c. 1924.
References
Original scientific description:
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. (1855). Sur deux Chevaux d'une espèce nouvelle (Equus hemippus) donnés par S.M. l'Impératrice à la Ménagerie du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle. C.R. Acad. Sc., Paris 41: 1214-1219.
Other references:
Aharoni, J. (1930). Die Säugetiere Palästinas. Zeitschr. f. Säugetierkunde 5: 327-343.
Anonymous. (1964). A preliminary list of rare mammals including those believed to be rare but concerning which detailed information is still lacking. IUCN Bulletin 11(Special Supplement): 4 pp.
Antonius, Otto. (1928*). Beobachtungen an Einhufern in Schonbrunn. I. Der syrische Halbesel (Equus hemionus hemippus I. Geoffr.). Der Zoologische Garten 1(1-2): 19-25.
Antonius, Otto. (1938). On the geographical distribution, in former times and to-day, of the Recent Equidae. Proc. Zool. Soc. London B107: 557-564. [Abstract]
Antonius, Otto. (1939). Zur Frage der Zähmung des Onager bei den alten Sumeren. Bijd. Dierkunde 27: 477-484.
Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (eds). 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. pp. 378. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Blyth, Edward. (1860). XXXI. On the different animals known as wild Asses. Journal of Natural History Series 3, 6(34): 233-254. [Abstract]
Bodenheimer, F. S. (1935). Animal life in Palestine. Jerusalem.
Bourdelle, E. (1933a). Notes ostéologiques et ostéométriques sur l'Hémippe de Syrie. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 6: 435-442.
Bourdelle, E. (1933b). La position zoologique de l'Hémippe de Syrie parmi les Equidés, principalement par rapport à l'Hémione et au Cheval de Prjewalski, d'après les caractères du squelette. Congrès. Soc. Sav. 66?: 193-199.
Carruthers, Douglas. (1935). Arabian adventure to the Great Nafud in quest of the Oryx. London.
Clark, Bill. (1983). Israel restores Asiatic wild ass. Oryx 17: 113 [Abstract]
Clark, Bill and Duncan, P. (1992). Asian Wild Asses - Hemiones and Kiangs (E. hemionus Pallas and E. kiang Moorcroft). In: P. Duncan (ed.) Zebras, Asses, and Horses. An Action Plan for the Conservation of Wild Equids. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. pp. 17-21.
Day, David. (1981). The Doomsday Book of Animals, Ebury Press, London.
Day, David. (1981). The Doomsday Book of Animals: A Natural History of Vanished Species. New York, N.Y.: The Viking Press.
Dorst, J. (1952). Notice sur les spécimens naturalisés de Mammifères éteints existant dans les collections du Muséum. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 23: 63-78.
Eisenmann, Vera and Tranier, Michel. (1985). Découverte d'un crâne non répertorié d'hémippe Equus hemionus hemippus (Perissodactyla, Equidae) (=Discovery of an unrecorded skull of Equus hemionus hemippus (Perissodactyla, Equidae)). Mammalia 49(2): 285-288.
Goodwin, Harry A. and Goodwin, J. M. (1973). List of mammals which have become extinct or are possibly extinct since 1600. Int. Union Conserv. Nat. Occas. Pap. 8: 1-20.
Groombridge, B. (ed.). 1994. 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Groves, Colin P. (1974). Horses, Asses and Zebras in the Wild. Hollywood, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books.
Groves, Colin P. (1986). The taxonomy, distribution, and adaptations of recent equids. Pp. 11–65 in: Equids in the Ancient World (eds. R.H. Meadow and H-P. Uerpmann). Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
Grubb, P. 2005. Order Perissodactyla. In: D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (eds), Mammal Species of the World, pp. 629-636. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Harper, Francis. (1945). Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Old World. Special Publication No. 12, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, New York Zoological Park, New York 60, N.Y.
Harrison, D. L. (1968). The mammals of Arabia, Vol. 2. London: Ernest Benn.
IUCN. 1990. IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1986. 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1988. IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Maas, Peter. (2008). Equus hemionus hemippus. Available online: http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/syrianwildass.htm [Accessed 1 January, 2013]
Mendessohn, H. (1993). Introductions and reintroductions of ungulates in Israel. International Zoo Yearbook 32(1): 144-147. [Abstract]
Milne-Edwards, H. (1869). Note sur un métis d'Hémione et de Jument, sur l'Hémippe ou Hémione de Syrie et sur l'Onagre d'Abyssinie. Nlles Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 5: 37-42.
Moehlman, Patricia D. (ed.). (2002). Equids: Zebras, Asses and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix + 190 pp.
Moehlman, P.D. & Feh, C. 2015. Equus hemionus ssp. hemippus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T7962A3144566. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T7962A3144566.en. Downloaded on 19 March 2017.
Nowak, R.M. (ed.) 1999. Walkers Mammals of the World. Sixth edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.
Renders, E. and Vincelette, A. (2023). Methodology for the determination of modern and fossil horse gaits from trackways. Journal of Paleontological Techniques 27: 1-25.
Scott, Peter (ed.). (1965). Preliminary List of Rare Mammals and Birds, pp. 155-237. In: The Launching of a New Ark. First Report of the President and Trustees of the World Wildlife Fund. An International Foundation for saving the world's wildlife and wild places 1961-1964. London: Collins.
Tristram, H. B. (1884). The fauna and flora of Palenstine. London.
Turnbull, P.F. 1986. Measurements of Equus hemionus from Palegawra Cave (Zarzian, Iraq). Pp. 319–365 in: Equids in the Ancient World (eds. R.H. Meadow and H-P. Uerpmann). Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
http://extinctanimals.proboards.com/thread/7725/equus-hemionus-hemippus-syrian-wild
* 1929?
Equus hemionus finschi Matschie in Futterer, 1911:24
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Invalid (synonym)
IUCN RedList status: synonym of Equus hemionus
Distribution
Kazakhstan
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Matschie P. 1911. Über einige von Herrn Holderer in der südlichen Gobi und in Tibet gesammelte Säugetiere, in Futterer K. Durch Asien 3. V. Zoologie (Nachtrag).
Other references:
Bannikov A.G. 1981. Le Kulan. Ed. "Lesnaja promyshlennost'", 119pp, 22 fig., Moscou. (available in English: The Asiatic Wild Ass, translated by M. Proutkina, Zoological Society of San Diego).
Denzau G., Denzau H.1999. Wildesel. Tübingen, Jan Thorbecke-Verlag.
Kaczensky, P., Lkhagvasuren, B., Pereladova, O., Hemami, M. & Bouskila, A. 2015. Equus hemionus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T7951A45171204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T7951A45171204.en. Downloaded on 19 March 2017.
Kuzmina I.E., 1997 – Loshadi Severnoj Evrazii ot Pliotsena do Sovremennosti. rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Zoologicheskij Institut, 273: 221 pp.
Moehlman, Patricia D. (ed.). (2002). Equids: Zebras, Asses and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix + 190 pp.
Solomatin A.O. 1973. Kulan. Ed. Nauka, 145 pp., 42 fig., 28 tabl., Moskva. (In Russian)
http://www.vera-eisenmann.com/IMG/pdf/127.Pluriquest_OK.pdf
http://www.equids.org/docs/Moehlman_02_Hi.pdf