Rhinoceros philippinensis von Koenig(s)wald, 1956

Philippine rhinoceros

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Conservation Status

Extinct

Last record: Late Pleistocene

Subfossil remains of Late Pleistocene age were uncovered from Cagayan, in the north-east corner of the island of Luzon, in the Philippines.

Distribution

Luzon, Philippines

Biology & Ecology

Hypodigm

Type locality: Laya, Cagayan, Luzon, Philippines.

A molar of R. philippensis can be seen here.

The text which accompanies the photograph, translated using Google Translator, is as follows:

"The specimen is part of the upper part of the right maxillary molar with two intact and a cracked molar rhinoceros. The rhinoceros is a mammal and a three foot thick nails. It has a massive body, large head and have one or two horns on the snout. The specimen has a length of 12.7 centimeters, a width of 6.87 centimeters, 9.47 centimeters with a thickness and weight 800 grams.

Mr. de Asis is discovered it on the 13th of May, 1965 fortress of Bonifacio. It was unearthed in the sediment fraction of thick deposits of volcanic ash called Guadalupe Formation."

Media

References

Original scientific description:

von Koenigwald, G. H. R. (1956). Fossil mammals from the Philippines. Proceedings of the Pacific Science Congress 1956: 339-361.

or,

Koenigswald, G. H. R. von. (1956). Fossil mammals from the Philippines. Proc. Fourth Far-eastern Prehistory Congress, Quezon City 1: 339-362.

Other references:

Ingicco, T. et al. (2018). Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago. Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 [Abstract]

Lemoine, Rhys Taylor, Buitenwerf, Robert, Faurby, Sören and Svenning, Jens-Christian. (2025). Phylogenetic Evidence Supports the Effect of Traits on Late-Quaternary Megafauna Extinction in the Context of Human Activity. Global Ecology and Biogeography 34(7): e70078. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70078 [Supporting Information: Data S1]

http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=164277

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Rhinoceros kagavena Deraniyagala, 1956

Sri Lankan rhinoceros

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Conservation Status

Extinct

Distribution

Sri Lanka

Biology & Ecology

Hypodigm

Media

References

Chauhan, Parth R. (2008). Large mammal fossil occurrences and associated archaeological evidence in Pleistocene contexts of peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Quaternary International 192: 20-42, 7 figs, 3 tabs.

Lemoine, Rhys Taylor, Buitenwerf, Robert, Faurby, Sören and Svenning, Jens-Christian. (2025). Phylogenetic Evidence Supports the Effect of Traits on Late-Quaternary Megafauna Extinction in the Context of Human Activity. Global Ecology and Biogeography 34(7): e70078. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70078 [Supporting Information: Data S1]

<< Back to the Perissodactyla (Odd-toed Ungulates) database

Elasmotherium sibiricum Fisher von Valdgeim, 1808

Forehead-crested rhinoceros, Giant rhinoceros

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Conservation Status

Extinct

Last record: 26,038 ± 356 BP (Shpansky et al., 2016)

Distribution

Eurasia

Biology & Ecology

Hypodigm

Media

References

Cerdeño, E. (1998). Diversity and evolutionary trends of the Family Rhinocerotidae (Perissodactyla). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 141(1-2): 13-34.

Hagstrum J., Firestone R., West A. (2009). Beringian megafaunal extinctions at ~ 37 ka BP: Do micrometeorites embedded in fossil tusks and skulls indicate an extraterrestial precursor to the Younger Dryas event? In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts (p. 1385.

Lemoine, Rhys Taylor, Buitenwerf, Robert, Faurby, Sören and Svenning, Jens-Christian. (2025). Phylogenetic Evidence Supports the Effect of Traits on Late-Quaternary Megafauna Extinction in the Context of Human Activity. Global Ecology and Biogeography 34(7): e70078. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70078 [Supporting Information: Data S1]

Rivals, Florent et al. (2020). Dramatic change in the diet of a late Pleistocene Elasmotherium population during its last days of life: Implications for its catastrophic mortality in the Saratov region of Russia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 556: 109898. [Abstract]

Shpansky, Andrei Valerievich, Valentina Nurmagаmbetovna, Aliyassova and Ilyina, Svetlana Anatolievna. (2016). The Quaternary Mammals from Kozhamzhar Locality (Pavlodar Region, Kazakhstan). American Journal of Applied Sciences 13(2): 189-199.

Terjaev, V. A. (1948). Geological position of the forehaed-crested rhinoceros (Elasmotherium). Sovetskaya geologiya 34: 81-87. [in Russian]

Titov, Vadim V., Baigusheva, Vera S. and Uchytel’, Roman S. (2021). The experience in reconstructing of the head of Elasmotherium (Rhinocerotidae). Russian J. Theriol. 20(2): 173-182.

Titov V.V., Tesakov A.S. 2010 Quaternary stratigraphy and paleontology of the southern Russia: connections between Europe, Africa and Asia.  (p. 78. Rostov-on-Don, International Union for Quaternary Research, Section on European Quaternary Stratigraphy, Southern Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences Geological Institute.

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/mar/29/siberian-unicorn-extinct-humans-fossil-kazakhstan

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46358789?

http://extinctanimals.proboards.com/thread/8563/elasmotherium-sibiricum

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Diceros bicornis longipes Zukowsky, 1949

Western black rhinoceros

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Conservation Status

Missing

Last record: after 2000; 2012 (Gippoliti et al., 2017)

IUCN RedList status: Extinct

Distribution

West Africa

Biology & Ecology

Hypodigm

Media

References

Original scientific description:

Zukowsky, L. (1949). Eine neue Nashornrasse aus dem Schari-Tschadgebiet. Arche Noah (Hagenbeck, Hamburg), 1: 16.

Other references:

Anonymous. (2011). Western black rhino extinct. Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series 48(11): 19072-19073.

Canavan, Susan, Doyle, David M., Kane, Adam, Nolan, Grace and Healy, Kevin. (2024). Trending extinctions: online interest in recently extinct animals. Animal Conservation. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12997

Emslie, R. 2020. Diceros bicornis ssp. longipes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T39319A45814470. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T39319A45814470.en. Accessed on 04 July 2022.

Gippoliti, Spartaco, Cotterill, Fenton P. D., Zinner, Dietmar and Groves, Colin P. (2017). Impacts of taxonomic inertia for the conservation of African ungulate diversity:an overview. Biological Reviews. doi: 10.1111/brv.12335

Groves, Colin P. (1971). Species characters in rhinoceros horns. 2.J Sciugetierkunde 36: 238-252.

Hillman-Smith, A. K. K. and Groves, Colin P. (1994). Diceros bicornis. Mammalian Species 455: 1-8.

IUCN SSC African Rhino Specialist Group. (2008). Diceros bicornis ssp. longipes. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1. (http://www.iucnredlist.org). Downloaded on 09 September 2011.

Lalonde, Emily and Mahoney, Hannah. (2019). Diceros bicornis longipes as a tool to test species de-extinction using somatic cell nuclear transfer. The iScientist 4(1): 36-46.

Lemoine, Rhys Taylor, Buitenwerf, Robert, Faurby, Sören and Svenning, Jens-Christian. (2025). Phylogenetic Evidence Supports the Effect of Traits on Late-Quaternary Megafauna Extinction in the Context of Human Activity. Global Ecology and Biogeography 34(7): e70078. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70078 [Supporting Information: Data S1]

Moodley, Y., Russo, I.-R.M., Dalton, D., Kotzé, A., Muya, Sh., Haubensak, P., Bálint, B., Munimanda, G.K., Deimel, C., Setzer, A., Dicks, K., Herzig-Straschil, B., Kalthoff, D.C., Siegismund, H.R., Robovsky, J., O’Donoghue, P. and Bruford, M.W. 2017. Extinctions, genetic erosion and conservation options for the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). Scientific Reports 7: 41417. DOI: 10.1038/srep41417): 1-16.

Rookmaaker, L. C. (2004). Historical distribution of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in West Africa. African Zoology 39 (1): 63-70.

http://triplehelixblog.com/2012/02/another-rhino-species-poached-out-of-existence/

http://extinctanimals.proboards.com/thread/7762/diceros-bicornis-longipes-western-black

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