Ophiorrhiza radicans Gardn.
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Last record: 28 November 1893 (Nayar & Sastry, 1988:227 [as 1893]; Joseph et al., 2013:20)
Rediscovered on 28 September 2012 (Joseph et al., 2013:20)
Was listed as Extinct by (WCMC, 1992:222).
Distribution & Habitat
Kerala, India (& Sri Lanka)
Reported from Sri Lanka by (Nayar & Sastry, 1988:227), but regarded as endemic to Kerala by (Joseph et al., 2013:20).
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Ginu, J., Hareesh, V. S., Sreekumar, V. B. and Hridheek, T. K. (2013). Rediscovery of Ophiorrhiza radicans Gardn. from Peninsular India. Rheedea 23(1): 19-21.
Humphreys, Aelys M., Govaerts, Rafaël, Ficinski, Sarah Z., Lughadha, Eimear Nic and Vorontsova, Maria S. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2 [Supplementary Dataset 1]
Joseph, G., Hareesh, V. S., Sreekumar, V. B. and Hrideek, T. K. (2013). Rediscovery of Ophiorrhiza radicans (Rubiaceae) from Western Ghats of peninsular India. Rheedea 23: 19-21.
Khoshoo, T. N. (1996). India needs a National Biodiversity Conservation Board. Current Science 71(7): 506-513.
Nair, Akhilesh Sasidharan Vasantha, Nair,Gangaprasad Appukuttan, Bahuleyan, Rameshkumar Koranappallil and Sukumaran, Santhosh Kumar Ettickal. (2022). Taxonomy and Lectotypification of Ophiorrhiza radicans (Rubiaceae). Annales Botanici Fennici 59(1): 61-65. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.059.0111
Nayar, M. P. and Sastry, A. R. K. (compilers). (1988, reprinted 2000). Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Volume 2. Calcutta: Botanical Survey of India. 268 pp. [p. 227-228]
Rao, C. Kameswara, Geetha, B. L. and Suresh, Geetha. (2003). Red List of Threatened Vascular Plant Species in India: Compiled from the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. ENVIS Centre on Floral Diversity, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. xxiv + 144 pp. [automatic download]
Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.
WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Centre). (1992). Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's living resources. London: Chapman & Hall. xx + 594 pp.
Ophiorrhiza pykarensis Gamble (1919:407)
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Last record: 1889 (Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2024); 24 May 1935
Rediscovered on: 15 May 2013 (Sreekumar et al., 2015)
Still listed as Extinct by (Humphreys et al., 2019; Albani Rocchetti et al., 2022; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2024).
Distribution
Mukurthi, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, Western Ghats, India
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Albani Rocchetti, Giulia, Carta, Angelino, Mondoni, Andrea, Godefroid, Sandrine, Davis, Charles C., Caneva, Giulia, Albrecht, Matthew A., Alvarado, Karla, Bijmoer, Roxali, Borosova, Renata, Bräuchler, Christian, Breman, Elinor, Briggs, Marie, Buord, Stephane, Cave, Lynette H., Da Silva, Nílber Gonçalves, Davey, Alexandra H., Davies, Rachael M., Dickie, John B., Fabillo, Melodina, Fleischmann, Andreas, Franks, Andrew, Hall, Geoffrey, Kantvilas, Gintaras, Klak, Cornelia, Liu, Udayangani, Medina, Leopoldo, Reinhammar, Lars Gunnar, Sebola, Ramagwai J., Schönberger, Ines, Sweeney, Patrick, Voglmayr, Hermann, White, Adam, Wieringa, Jan J., Zippel, Elke Zippel and Abeli, Thomas. (2022). Selecting the best candidates for resurrecting extinct-in-the-wild plants from herbaria. Nature Plants 8: 1385-1393. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-022-01296-7 [Supplementary Tables S1-S6]
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2024). Plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae045 [Appendix S1]
Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Hareesh, Vadakkoot Sankaran et al. (2020). Revisiting the taxonomy of Ophiorrhiza codyensis and lectotypification of O. pykarensis (Rubiaceae), two endemic taxa of the Western Ghats. Phytotaxa 452(2): 173-179. [Abstract]
Henry, A. N., Vivekananthan, K. and Nair, N. C. (1978). Rare and Threatened Flowering Plants of South India. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 75: 684-697 [690].
Humphreys, Aelys M., Govaerts, Rafaël, Ficinski, Sarah Z., Lughadha, Eimear Nic and Vorontsova, Maria S. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2 [Supplementary Dataset 1]
Mao, A. A. and Dash, S. S. (2020). Flowering Plants of India an Annotated Checklist (Dicotyledons) 1: 1-970. Botanical Survey of India.
Nayar, M. P. and Sastry, A. R. K. (compilers). (1987, reprinted 2000). Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Volume 1. Calcutta: Botanical Survey of India. xiii + 367 pp, 16 pls, figs. [pp. 339-340]
Noble, William A. (2004). The aftermath of the Pleistocene in the Upper Nilgiris of southern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 101(1): 29-63 [61].
POWO. (2024). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 3 November 2024]
Rao, C. Kameswara, Geetha, B. L. and Suresh, Geetha. (2003). Red List of Threatened Vascular Plant Species in India: Compiled from the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. ENVIS Centre on Floral Diversity, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. xxiv + 144 pp. [automatic download]
Sreekumar, V. B., Hareesh, V. S. and Sreejith, K. A. (2015). Rediscovery of Ophiorrhiza pykarensis Gamble (Gentianales: Rubiaceae) from the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats of India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7(5): 7186-7188. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3786.7186-8
Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.
https://vanishingflora.proboards.com/thread/3381/ophiorrhiza-pykarensis
https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forestry_threatened_plants_tamil_nadu.pdf
Ophiorrhiza caudata C.E.C.Fisch. (1938:125)
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Last record: May 1937 (Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025 [as 1937])
Rediscovered in: 2009
Was listed as Extinct by (WCMC, 1992:221).
Distribution & Habitat
Kerala & Tamil Nadu, Western Ghats, India
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2025). Plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 207(3): 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae045 [Appendix S1]
Ginu, Joseph and Joseph, P. Joy. (2009). Rediscovery of Ophiorrhiza caudata from the Western Ghats of Kerala. Rheedea 19(1&2): 45-46.
Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Humphreys, Aelys M., Govaerts, Rafaël, Ficinski, Sarah Z., Lughadha, Eimear Nic and Vorontsova, Maria S. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2 [Supplementary Dataset 1]
Khoshoo, T. N. (1996). India needs a National Biodiversity Conservation Board. Current Science 71(7): 506-513.
Mao, A. A. and Dash, S. S. (2020). Flowering Plants of India an Annotated Checklist (Dicotyledons) 1: 1-970. Botanical Survey of India.
Nayar, M. P. and Sastry, A. R. K. (compilers). (1987, reprinted 2000). Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Volume 1. Calcutta: Botanical Survey of India. xiii + 367 pp, 16 pls, figs. [pp. 335-336]
Nazarudeen, A. et al. (2017). Ophiorrhiza caudata C.E.C.Fischer (Rubiaceae) - A new record for Tamil Nadu, India. The Indian Forester 143: 614-615.
POWO. (2024). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 3 November 2024]
Rao, C. Kameswara, Geetha, B. L. and Suresh, Geetha. (2003). Red List of Threatened Vascular Plant Species in India: Compiled from the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. ENVIS Centre on Floral Diversity, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. xxiv + 144 pp. [automatic download]
Theresa, M., Sreekala, A. K. and Mohanlal, J. (2021). Reproductive biology of Ophiorrhiza caudata C.E.C.Fisch. (Rubiaceae), an endemic and endangered creeping perennial herb of the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(13): 20056-20065. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6741.13.13.20056-20065
Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.
WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Centre). (1992). Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's living resources. London: Chapman & Hall. xx + 594 pp.
Ophiorrhiza brunonis brunonis Wight & Arn. (1834)
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Ophiorrhiza brunonis hirsutior Wight ex Hook.f.
Conservation Status
Last record: 1952 (Nayar & Sastry, 1987:333)
Rediscovered in: 2002 or before [date unspecified] (Sasidharan, 2002); 2012/13 (https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/259313; fide Humphreys et al., 2019)
Was listed as Extinct by (WCMC, 1992:221).
Distribution & Habitat
India
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Humphreys, Aelys M., Govaerts, Rafaël, Ficinski, Sarah Z., Lughadha, Eimear Nic and Vorontsova, Maria S. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2 [Supplementary Dataset 1]
Khoshoo, T. N. (1996). India needs a National Biodiversity Conservation Board. Current Science 71(7): 506-513.
Nayar, M. P. and Sastry, A. R. K. (compilers). (1987, reprinted 2000). Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Volume 1. Calcutta: Botanical Survey of India. xiii + 367 pp, 16 pls, figs. [pp. 333-334]
Rao, C. Kameswara, Geetha, B. L. and Suresh, Geetha. (2003). Red List of Threatened Vascular Plant Species in India: Compiled from the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. ENVIS Centre on Floral Diversity, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. xxiv + 144 pp. [automatic download]
Sasidharan, N. (2002). Floristic studies in Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary. KFRI Research Report, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi.
Sivaraj, N., Venkateswaran, Kamala, Pandravada, S. R., Reddy, M. Thirupathi Reddy and Rajasekharan, P. E. (2020). Threatened Medicinal Plants of Eastern Ghats and Their ConservationThreatened Medicinal Plants of Eastern Ghats and Their Conservation, pp. 31-62. In: Rajasekharan, P. E. and Wani, Shabir Hussain (eds.). Conservation and Utilization of Threatened Medicinal Plants. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG. xviii + 565 pp.
Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.
WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Centre). (1992). Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's living resources. London: Chapman & Hall. xx + 594 pp.
https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/259313
https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/species/m---z/r/rubiaceae/ophiorrhiza/ophiorrhiza-brunonis
https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/forestry/forestry_threatened_plants_tamil_nadu.pdf
Ophiorrhiza barnesii C.E.C. Fisch.
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Last record: 1937 (Nayar & Sastry, 1987:331); 1939
Rediscovered in ?
Still listed as extinct by (Humphreys et al., 2019)
Distribution
India
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Fischer, C. E. C. (1939). New or little-known plants from southern India: X. Bulletin of the Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). 1939: 248-249.
Other references:
Henry, A. N., Vivekananthan, K. and Nair, N. C. (1978). Rare and Threatened Flowering Plants of South India. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 75: 684-697 [690].
Humphreys, Aelys M., Govaerts, Rafaël, Ficinski, Sarah Z., Lughadha, Eimear Nic and Vorontsova, Maria S. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2 [Supplementary Dataset 1]
Kumar, E.S.S., P.E. Roy & S.M. Shareef. (2013). Rediscovery of Ophiorrhiza barnesii C.E.C. Fisch. (Rubiaceae) from the southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(7): 4115-4117.
Nair, Akhilesh S. V. et al. (2023). The identity of Ophiorrhiza barnesii (Rubiaceae) – a critically endangered and endemic species of the southern Western Ghats, India. Rheedea 33(2): 87-91.
Nayar, M. P. and Sastry, A. R. K. (compilers). (1987, reprinted 2000). Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Volume 1. Calcutta: Botanical Survey of India. xiii + 367 pp, 16 pls, figs. [pp. 331-332]
Rao, C. Kameswara, Geetha, B. L. and Suresh, Geetha. (2003). Red List of Threatened Vascular Plant Species in India: Compiled from the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. ENVIS Centre on Floral Diversity, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. xxiv + 144 pp. [automatic download]
Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.