Psychotria hexandra hosakana Fosberg (1964:262)

Mann's balsamo

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Conservation Status

Missing (NatureServe, 2026) or Invalid (synonym of P. hexandra) (POWO, 2026)

Last record: 1933 (NatureServe, 2026)

Distribution & Habitat

Koolau Mountains, O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA

Anatomy & Morphology

Biology & Ecology

Hypodigm

Media

References

Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Kartesz, J. T. (1994). A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

NatureServe. (2026). Psychotria hexandra var. hosakana: Mann's Balsamo. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer [web application]. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available at: https://explorer.natureserve.org/ [Accessed on 19 September 2026]

Sohmer, S. H. (1977). Psychotria L. (Rubiaceae) in the Hawaiian Islands. Lyonia 1: 103-186.

POWO. (2026). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 19 September 2026]

Wagner, Warren L., Herbst, D. R. and Sohmer, S. H. (1990). Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Univ. Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1853 pp.

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Psychotria hexandra rockii Fosberg (1964:262)

Mann's balsamo

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Conservation Status

Missing (NatureServe, 2026) or Invalid (synonym of P. hexandra) (POWO, 2026)

Last record: 1961 (NatureServe, 2026)

Distribution & Habitat

O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA

Anatomy & Morphology

Biology & Ecology

Hypodigm

Media

References

Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Kartesz, J. T. (1994). A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

NatureServe. (2026). Psychotria hexandra var. rockii: Mann's Balsamo. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer [web application]. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available at: https://explorer.natureserve.org/ [Accessed on 19 September 2026]

Sohmer, S. H. (1977). Psychotria L. (Rubiaceae) in the Hawaiian Islands. Lyonia 1: 103-186.

POWO. (2026). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 19 September 2026]

Wagner, Warren L., Herbst, D. R. and Sohmer, S. H. (1990). Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Univ. Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1853 pp.

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Timonius salsedoi Fosberg & Sachet (1987:162)

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Conservation Status

Missing (Svensson & Kitalong, 2024)

Last record (disputed): 2012 (Costion et al., 2016); 2013 (Svensson & Kitalong, 2024)

IUCN RedList status: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct)

Distribution & Habitat

Malakal, Palau

Biology & Ecology

Hypodigm

Media

References

Costion, C. M., Kress, W. J. and Crayn, D. M. (2016). DNA barcodes confirm the taxonomic and conservation status of a species of tree on the brink of extinction in the Pacific. PLoS ONE 11(6): e0155118. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155118

Fräßdorf, Doreen. (n.d.). Liste ausgestorbener Pflanzen der Neuzeit / List of extinct plants in modern times. Available at: https://www.artensterben.de/liste-ausgestorbener-pflanzen/ [Accessed 27 September 2026]

Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Graner, Torun. (2026). A World Without Trees: An Analysis of Global Tree Extinction Rates, Geographical Distribution and Correlation to Socioeconomic Factors. Master’s Dissertation, School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University. 41 pp.

Svensson, M. S. and Kitalong, A. (2024). Timonius salsedoi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024: e.T178327329A178327350. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-1.RLTS.T178327329A178327350.en. Accessed on 12 September 2026.

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Psychotria tetragonoides Fosberg (1942:135)

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Conservation Status

Missing (Tuiwawa et al., 2024)

Last record: 1941 (Tuiwawa et al., 2024)

IUCN RedList status: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct)

Distribution & Habitat

Viti Levu, Fiji

Anatomy & Morphology

Biology & Ecology

Hypodigm

Media

References

Fräßdorf, Doreen. (n.d.). Liste ausgestorbener Pflanzen der Neuzeit / List of extinct plants in modern times. Available at: https://www.artensterben.de/liste-ausgestorbener-pflanzen/ [Accessed 27 September 2026]

Graner, Torun. (2026). A World Without Trees: An Analysis of Global Tree Extinction Rates, Geographical Distribution and Correlation to Socioeconomic Factors. Master’s Dissertation, School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University. 41 pp.

POWO. (2026). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 12 September 2026]

Smith, A. C. (1988). Flora Vitiensis Nova: a new Flora of Fiji, Vol. 4. Pacific Tropical Botanic Garden, Lawaii, Hawaii.

Tuiwawa, M., Vido, S., Naikatini, A., Navuso, J., Tubuitamana, P., Beech, E. and Tuiwawa, S. (2024). Psychotria tetragonoides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2024: e.T241275916A241275918. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T241275916A241275918.en. Accessed on 12 September 2026.

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