Pachycarpus rostratus N.E.Br.
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Missing
Distribution
Nkandla district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Hilton-Taylor, C. 1996. Red data list of southern African plants. Strelitzia 4. South African National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
Le Roux, Johannes J., Hui, C., Castillo, M. L., Iriondo, J. M., Keet, J.-H., Khapugin, A. A., Médail, F., Rejmánek, M., Theron, G. Yannelli, F. A. and Hirsch, H. (2019). Recent Anthropogenic Plant Extinctions Differ in Biodiversity Hotspots and Coldspots. Current Biology 29(17): 2912-2918.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.063
Nicholas, A. 1999. A taxonomic reassessment of the subtribe Asclepiadinae (Asclepiaceae) in Southern Africa. Unpublished Ph.D., University of Durban-Westville, Durban.
Nicholas, A. & von Staden, L. 2015. Pachycarpus rostratus N.E.Br. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2017.1. Accessed on 2017/06/08.
Raimondo, D., von Staden, L., Foden, W., Victor, J.E., Helme, N.A., Turner, R.C., Kamundi, D.A. and Manyama, P.A. 2009. Red List of South African Plants. Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
Scott-Shaw, C.R. 1999. Rare and threatened plants of KwaZulu-Natal and neighbouring regions. KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Service, Pietermaritzburg.
Smith, D.M.N. 1988. A revision of the genus Pachycarpus in southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany 54(5):399-439.
Opercularia acolytantha Diels (1905:547)
Esperance dog weed
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Last (and only) record: 1901 (Silcock et al., 2019:SM:19 [sole record; plus date]; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025 [date only])
Rediscovered in: 1968 (Silcock et al., 2019:SM:19)
Was listed as Extinct by (WCMC, 1992:221). Still listed as Extinct by (Humphreys et al., 2019; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025)
Distribution & Habitat
near Esperance, Western Australia, Australia
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Diels, F. L. E. & E. Pritzel (1904). Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae occidentalis: Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Pflanzen Westaustraliens, ihrer Verbreitung und ihrer Lebensverhaltnisse. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik. 35: ??-??.
Other references:
Brown, A., C. Thomson-Dans & N. Marchant, eds. (1998). Western Australia's Threatened Flora. Como, Western Australia: Department of Conservation and Land Management.
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2025). Plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 207(3): 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae045 [Appendix S1]
Craig, Gillian F. and Coates, David J. (2001). Declared Rare and Poorly Known Flora in the Esperance District. Western Australian Wildlife Management Program No. 21. Bentley: Department of Conservation and Land Management.
Department of the Environment. (2015). Opercularia acolytantha in Species Profile and Threats Database, Department of the Environment, Canberra. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/sprat. Accessed Sat, 7 Feb 2015 13:38:43 +1100.
Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Hearn, Roger W., Meissner, Rachel, Brown, Andrew P., Macfarlane, Terry D. and Annels, Tony R. (2006). Declared Rare and Poorly Known Flora in the Warren Region. Western Australian Wildlife Management Program No. 40. Jointly published by Australian Government Department of Environment and Heritage (Canberra) & Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management (Bentley DC). x + 305 pp.
Hnatiuk, R. J. (1990). Census of Australian vascular plants. Australian Flora and Fauna Series 11: 1-650.
Humphreys, Aelys M., Govaerts, Rafaël, Ficinski, Sarah Z., Lughadha, Eimear Nic and Vorontsova, Maria S. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2 [Supplementary Dataset 1]
Markey, A. S. (2018). By their fruit you will recognise them: species notes and typifications in Western Australian species of Opercularia (Rubiaceae: Anthosperminae). Nuytsia 29: 119-140. https://doi.org/10.58828/nuy00866
Silcock, Jen L., Field, Ashley R., Walsh, Neville G. and Fensham, Roderick J. (2019). To name those lost: assessing extinction likelihood in the Australian vascular flora. Oryx 54(2): 167-177. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605318001357 [Supplementary Material]
Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.
WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Centre). (1992). Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's living resources. London: Chapman & Hall. xx + 594 pp.
Oldenlandia sieberi sieberi Baker
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Extinct (WCMC, 1992:221) or Rediscovered
Distribution & Habitat
Mauritius, Mascarene Islands
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Bosser, J. & al. (eds.) (1976-). Flore des Mascareignes. IRD Éditions, MSIRI, RBG-Kew, Paris.
Humphreys, Aelys M., Govaerts, Rafaël, Ficinski, Sarah Z., Lughadha, Eimear Nic and Vorontsova, Maria S. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2 [Supplementary Dataset 1]
Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.
WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Centre). (1992). Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's living resources. London: Chapman & Hall. xx + 594 pp.
http://www.lemauricien.org/weekend/070902/mg.htm
http://vanishingflora.proboards.com/thread/1977/oldenlandia-sieberi-var
Oldenlandia adscensionis (DC.) Cronk (1980:207)
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Hedyotis adscensionis DC. in Prodr. 4: 419 (1830); Oldenlandia adscenionis (DC.) Cronk in Biol. Conservation 17: 207 (1980) [orth. error]; Sherardia fruticosa L. in Sp. Pl.: 103 (1753)
Conservation Status
Extinct (Cronk, 1980:211; WCMC, 1992:221; Baillie & Butcher, 2012:88; Lambdon et al., 2012b; Humphreys et al., 2019; Albani Rocchetti et al., 2022; POWO, 2024; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025)
Last record: 1889 (Cronk, 1980:211; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025); "1985?" (Lambdon et al., 2012b)
IUCN RedList status: Extinct
Probably first noticed by Dampier (1709) according to (Cronk, 1980:211).
Distribution & Habitat
St Helena
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Albani Rocchetti, Giulia, Carta, Angelino, Mondoni, Andrea, Godefroid, Sandrine, Davis, Charles C., Caneva, Giulia, Albrecht, Matthew A., Alvarado, Karla, Bijmoer, Roxali, Borosova, Renata, Bräuchler, Christian, Breman, Elinor, Briggs, Marie, Buord, Stephane, Cave, Lynette H., Da Silva, Nílber Gonçalves, Davey, Alexandra H., Davies, Rachael M., Dickie, John B., Fabillo, Melodina, Fleischmann, Andreas, Franks, Andrew, Hall, Geoffrey, Kantvilas, Gintaras, Klak, Cornelia, Liu, Udayangani, Medina, Leopoldo, Reinhammar, Lars Gunnar, Sebola, Ramagwai J., Schönberger, Ines, Sweeney, Patrick, Voglmayr, Hermann, White, Adam, Wieringa, Jan J., Zippel, Elke Zippel and Abeli, Thomas. (2022). Selecting the best candidates for resurrecting extinct-in-the-wild plants from herbaria. Nature Plants 8: 1385-1393. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-022-01296-7 [Supplementary Tables S1-S6]
Ascension Environmental Information Operations Utility. (2010). Annual plant census data. Georgetown, Ascension Island.
Ashmole, P. and Ashmole, M. (2000). St Helena and Ascension Island: a natural history. Anthony Nelson, Oswestry, U.K.
Baillie, Jonathan E. M. and Butcher, Ellen R. (2012). Priceless or Worthless? The world’s most threatened species. London, UK: Zoological Society of London.
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2023). Uitgestorven. Op plantenjacht rond de wereld: 1-511. Sterck & De Vreese.
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2025). Plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 207(3): 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae045 [Appendix S1]
Cronk, Quentin. C. B. (1980). Extinction and survival in the endemic flora of Ascension Island. Biological Conservation 17(3): 207-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(80)90056-7
Dampier, W. (1709). A continuation of a voyage to New Holland, &c. m the year 1699. London, James Knapton.
Duffey, E. (1964). The terrestrial ecology of Ascension Island. Journal of Applied Ecology 1: 219-251.
Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Gray, A., Gardner, S., Kirk, L., Robinson, P., Smölka, Z. and Webster, L. (2000). The status and distribution of the endemic vascular flora of Ascension Island. Unpublished Report.
Gray, A., Pelembe, T. and Stroud, S. (2005). The conservation of the endemic vascular flora of Ascension Island and the threats from alien species. Oryx 39(4): 1-6.
Hemsley, W. B. (1885). Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76. Botany - Vol. 1. H.M. Stationary Office, London.
Humphreys, Aelys M., Govaerts, Rafaël, Ficinski, Sarah Z., Lughadha, Eimear Nic and Vorontsova, Maria S. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2 [Supplementary Dataset 1]
Lambdon, P. W., Stroud, S., Gray, A., Niissalo, M. and Renshaw, O. (2012a). Oldenlandia adscensionis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. (http://www.iucnredlist.org). Downloaded on 08 May 2015.
Lambdon, P. W., Stroud, S., Gray, A., Niissalo, M. and Renshaw, O. (2012b). Oldenlandia adscensionis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T43923A2990410. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T43923A2990410.en. Downloaded on 23 June 2021.
Packer, J. E. (2002). A concise guide to Ascension Island. South Atlantic Ascension Heritage Society, Georgetown.
POWO. (2018). Plants of the World online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://e-monocot.org/.
POWO. (2024). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 16 June 2024]
Vojtek, Ján. (2020). Refining extinction estimations for plants of the UK Overseas Territories (UKOTs). MSc dissertation, Queen Mary, University of London. https://doi.org/10.34885/185
Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.
WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Centre). (1992). Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's living resources. London: Chapman & Hall. xx + 594 pp.
https://vanishingflora.proboards.com/thread/96/oldenlandia-adscenionis
Ochrosia kilaueaensis H.St.John (1978:214)
Hōlei
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Ochrosia konaensis H.St.John in Adansonia, n.s., 18: 216 (1978)
Conservation Status
Missing (Wood et al., 2019:11) or Extinct (Wagner et al., 1999:16; Keir, 2020; Albani Rocchetti et al., 2022; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2024)
Last record: 1927 (Wood et al., 2019:11; Keir, 2020; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2024)
IUCN RedList status: Extinct
Distribution
Puuwaawaa & Kipuka Puaulu, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Albani Rocchetti, Giulia, Carta, Angelino, Mondoni, Andrea, Godefroid, Sandrine, Davis, Charles C., Caneva, Giulia, Albrecht, Matthew A., Alvarado, Karla, Bijmoer, Roxali, Borosova, Renata, Bräuchler, Christian, Breman, Elinor, Briggs, Marie, Buord, Stephane, Cave, Lynette H., Da Silva, Nílber Gonçalves, Davey, Alexandra H., Davies, Rachael M., Dickie, John B., Fabillo, Melodina, Fleischmann, Andreas, Franks, Andrew, Hall, Geoffrey, Kantvilas, Gintaras, Klak, Cornelia, Liu, Udayangani, Medina, Leopoldo, Reinhammar, Lars Gunnar, Sebola, Ramagwai J., Schönberger, Ines, Sweeney, Patrick, Voglmayr, Hermann, White, Adam, Wieringa, Jan J., Zippel, Elke Zippel and Abeli, Thomas. (2022). Selecting the best candidates for resurrecting extinct-in-the-wild plants from herbaria. Nature Plants 8: 1385-1393. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-022-01296-7 [Supplementary Tables S1-S6]
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2024). Plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae045 [Appendix S1]
Fortini, L., Price, J., Jacobi, J., Vorsino, A., Burgett, J., Brinck, K., Amidon, F., Miller, S., Gon II, S., Koob, G. and Paxton, E. 2013. A landscape-based assessment of climate change vulnerability for all native Hawaiian plants. Technical report HCSU-044. Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hawaii.
Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Keir, M. (2020). Ochrosia kilaueaensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T33562A83804687. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T33562A83804687.en. Accessed on 02 July 2022.
Oldfield, Sara, Lusty, Charlotte and MacKinven, Amy (compilers). (1998). The World List of Threatened Trees. Cambridge, U.K.: World Conservation Press. 650 pp.
POWO. (2024). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 25 August 2024]
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1996). Recovery plan for the Big Island plant cluster. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2003. Endangered and Threatened Widlife and plants; proposed designation of critical habitat for three threatened mussels and eight endangered mussels in the Mobile River basin; proposed rule. Federal Register, 68 (58). USFWS.
USFWS. (2012). Ochrosia kilaueaensis (Holei): 5-Year Review, Summary and Evaluation.
Wagner, W., Herbst, D. and Sohmer, S. (1990). Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.
Wagner, Warren L., Bruegmann, Marie M., Herbst, Derral M. and Lau, Joel Q. C. (1999). Hawaiian Vascular Plants at Risk: 1999. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 60: 1-58.
Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.
Wood, Kenneth R., Oppenheimer, Hank and Keir, Matthew. (2019). A checklist of endemic Hawaiian vascular plant taxa that are considered possibly extinct in the wild. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Technical Report #314.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre. (1998). Ochrosia kilaueaensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T33562A9786858. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33562A9786858.en. Downloaded on 18 November 2016.