Banara wilsonii Alain (1953:7)

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Conservation Status

Extinct (Berazaín, 2009; González Torres et al., 2016:133; Humphreys et al., 2019; Gonzalez-Oliva, 2020; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025)

Last record: before 1938 (Gonzalez-Oliva, 2020; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025)

IUCN RedList status: Extinct

Distribution & Habitat

Cuba

Biology & Ecology

Hypodigm

Media

References

Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro and Strong, Mark T. (2012). Catalogue of Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: xxv + 1192 pages, 3 maps, 4 tables.

Berazaín, R. (2009). The extinct Flora of Cuba. Bissea 3(2): 1.

Berazaín Iturralde, R., Areces Berazaín, F., Lazcano Lara, J. C. and González Torres, L. R. (2005). Lista roja de la flora vascular de Cubana. Documentos del Jardín Botánico Atlántico (Gijón) 4: 1-86.

Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2025). Plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 207(3): 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae045 [Appendix S1]

Fräßdorf, Doreen. (n.d.). Liste ausgestorbener Pflanzen der Neuzeit / List of extinct plants in modern times. Available at: https://www.artensterben.de/liste-ausgestorbener-pflanzen/ [Accessed 27 September 2026]

Gonzalez-Oliva, L. (2020). Banara wilsonii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T35254A149816104. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T35254A149816104.en. Accessed on 02 July 2022.

González Torres, L. R., Palmarola, A., González Oliva, L., Bécquer, E. R., Testé, E. and Barrios, D. (eds.). (2016). Lista roja de la flora de Cuba. Bissea 10 (número especial 1): 1-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24056.65288

Govaerts, R. (1996). World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2): 1-492. MIM, Deurne.

Grupo de Especialistas en Plantas Cubanas. 2015. Banara wilsonii. Bissea 9(número especial 4): 342.

Gutiérrez Amaro, J. (2000). Flacourtiaceae. Flora de la República de Cuba, Serie A, Plantas Vasculares. Fasc. 5(1): 1-76.

Humphreys, Aelys M., Govaerts, Rafaël, Ficinski, Sarah Z., Lughadha, Eimear Nic and Vorontsova, Maria S. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2 [Supplementary Dataset 1]

León, F. (1946). Flora de Cuba. Havana; León, F. & H. Alain, 1951–1957. Flora de Cuba. Havana.

POWO. (2024). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 15 June 2024]

Sleumer, H. O. (1980). Flacourtiaceae. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 22: 1-500.

WCSP (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/

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Amperea xiphoclada pedicellata R.J.F.Hend. (1992:24)

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Conservation Status

Extinct (Henderson, 1992; Keith et al., 1997:64; Department of the Environment, 2014; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2024)

Last (and only) record: 1892 (Department of the Environment, 2014; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2024)

"Amperea xiphoclada var. pedicellata is known only from the type specimen, collected in 1892, from the ‘head of Double Bay’ in Sydney, NSW. The variety has not been observed since and is presumed to be extinct (Henderson, 1992). The variety is distinguished by its long (to 13 mm) pedicels (flower stalks). Other A. xiphoclada varieties have pedicels no longer than 0.5 mm (Henderson, 1992).

Nothing is known of the ecology of A. x. var. pedicellosa, but given the collection locality of the type (and only) specimen, it is likely to have occurred in somewhat swampy habitat (Henderson, 1992). The variety is presumed to have become extinct due to the expansion of Sydney. The type locality near Double Bay is now an inner suburb and little, if any, truly remnant vegetation persists there (Walsh, 2014, pers. comm.)."

(Department of the Environment, 2014)

Distribution

Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Biology & Ecology

Hypodigm

Media

References

Original scientific description:

Henderson, R. J. F. (1992). Studies in Euphorbiaceae A.L. Juss., sens. lat. I. A Revision of Amperea Adr. Juss. (Acalyphoideae Ascherson, Ampereae Muell. Arg.). Australian Systematic Botany 5(1): 1-27. [Abstract]

Other references:

Anderson Environmental. (2018). Flora and fauna assessment for a proposed development at 45-65 Greenacre Drive, Tahmoor (Lot 11, DP:825465) Wollondilly Shire Council Local Government Area. Unpublished report.

Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2024). Plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae045 [Appendix S1]

Department of the Environment. (2014). Consultation Document on Listing Eligibility and Conservation Actions: Amperea xiphoclada var. pedicellata. Unpublished report. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/806c3c2d-8ff4-4886-9b29-258980fb641d/files/amperea-xiphoclada-var-pedicellata-consultation.pdf

Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 1-529. MIM, Deurne.

Govaerts, R., Frodin, D. G. and Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Keith, David A., Chalson, Jane M. and Auld, Tony D. (1997). Assessing the status of threatened plants: A new methodology and an application to the vascular flora of New South Wales. Project No. 450, Endangered Species Program. Canberra: Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia.

POWO. (2024). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 14 September 2024]

Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.

https://vanishingflora.proboards.com/thread/1307/amperea-xiphoclada-var-pedicellata

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Acalypha wilderi Merr. (1931:64)

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

A. wilderi is likely synonymous with both A. raivavensis and A. tubuaiensis, and as it is the oldest name and the other two taxa are extant, it would be taxonomically rediscovered if even one of the latter two are synonymised under A. wilderi (see de Lange et al., 2014).

Conservation Status

Extinct (de Lange et al., 2014; Humphreys et al., 2019; Albani Rocchetti et al., 2022; POWO, 2024; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025) (but see above)

Last record: 1929 (de Lange et al., 2014; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025)

IUCN RedList status: Extinct

This species has been identified as one of the 50 best candidates for de-extinction, ranking 39/50 (Albani Rocchetti et al., 2022). However, it is likely to be taxonomically rediscovered in the future (de Lange et al., 2014).

Distribution & Habitat

Rarotonga, Cook Islands

Biology & Ecology

Hypodigm

Media

References

Original scientific description:

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015023272019;view=1up;seq=68

Other references:

Albani Rocchetti, Giulia, Carta, Angelino, Mondoni, Andrea, Godefroid, Sandrine, Davis, Charles C., Caneva, Giulia, Albrecht, Matthew A., Alvarado, Karla, Bijmoer, Roxali, Borosova, Renata, Bräuchler, Christian, Breman, Elinor, Briggs, Marie, Buord, Stephane, Cave, Lynette H., Da Silva, Nílber Gonçalves, Davey, Alexandra H., Davies, Rachael M., Dickie, John B., Fabillo, Melodina, Fleischmann, Andreas, Franks, Andrew, Hall, Geoffrey, Kantvilas, Gintaras, Klak, Cornelia, Liu, Udayangani, Medina, Leopoldo, Reinhammar, Lars Gunnar, Sebola, Ramagwai J., Schönberger, Ines, Sweeney, Patrick, Voglmayr, Hermann, White, Adam, Wieringa, Jan J., Zippel, Elke Zippel and Abeli, Thomas. (2022). Selecting the best candidates for resurrecting extinct-in-the-wild plants from herbaria. Nature Plants 8: 1385-1393. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-022-01296-7 [Supplementary Tables S1-S6]

Cheeseman, T. F. (1903). The flora of Rarotonga. Transactions of the Linnaean Society, London, Second Series, Botany 6: 161-213.

Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2023). Uitgestorven. Op plantenjacht rond de wereld: 1-511. Sterck & De Vreese.

Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2025). Plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 207(3): 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae045 [Appendix S1]

de Lange, P., Martin, T. and McCormack, G. (2014). Acalypha wilderi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T199821A2612719. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T199821A2612719.en. Downloaded on 16 November 2016.

Florence, J. (1997). Flore de la Polynésie Française. Vol. 1. Cannbaceae, Cecropiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Piperaceae, Ulmaceae, Urticaceae. Collection Faune et Flora tropicales 34. Editions de l’Orstom, Paris.

Fräßdorf, Doreen. (n.d.). Liste ausgestorbener Pflanzen der Neuzeit / List of extinct plants in modern times. Available at: https://www.artensterben.de/liste-ausgestorbener-pflanzen/ [Accessed 27 September 2026]

Govaerts, R., Frodin, D. G. and Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Humphreys, Aelys M., Govaerts, Rafaël, Ficinski, Sarah Z., Lughadha, Eimear Nic and Vorontsova, Maria S. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2 [Supplementary Dataset 1]

POWO. (2024). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 9 September 2024]

Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.

Whistler, W. A. (1988). The Unique flowers of Polynesia: The Cook Islands. Pacific Tropical Garden Bulletin 18(4): 89-95.

Wilder, G. P. (1931). Flora of Rarotonga. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 86: 1-113.

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Acalypha sp. nov. 'Rapa Nui'

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Conservation Status

Extinct

Distribution

Rapa Nui (=Easter Island)

Biology & Ecology

Hypodigm

Media

References

Rull, Valentí. (2020). The deforestation of Easter island. Biological Reviews 95(1): 124-141. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12556

http://vanishingflora.proboards.com/thread/1291/subfossil-plants-pacific-islands

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