Thylacinus cynocephalus (Harris, 1808:174)

Thylacine, Tasmanian tiger, Marsupial wolf, etc.

NB: The Thylacine Archive contains far more information than is presented here. Please also note that this page is currently being rewritten and greatly expanded, and until this warning is removed the information presented here has not been fully vetted.

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Homotypic synonyms:

Didelphis cynocephala Harris, 1808:174 (basionym); Didelphis cynocephalus Harris, 1808:174 (first used by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810; given as 'Geoffrey' by Guiler & Godard, 1998:15); Dasyurus cynocephalus Harris, 1808 [Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810); Dasyrus cynocephalus Harris, 1808:174 [orth. error by Saint-Hilaire, 1810:301]; Thylacynus cynocephala Harris, 1808 [unwarranted emendation by Temminck, 1827]; Thylocinus cynocephalus Harris, 1808:174 (orth. error by Anon., 1868:6); Thylouinus Cynocephalus Harris, 1808:174 (orth. error used by "Our Own Reporter"., 1875:3); Mylacinos cynocepholus Harris, 1808:174 (orth. error by Anonymous, 1880); Thylacina (used by Anon., 1886); Peracyon Gray, 1825:340 or 344; Peracyon cynocephalus Harris, 1808 [Gray, 1843:xxii,212]; Paracyon Griffith, Smith & Pidgeon, 1827b:192; Paracyon cynocephalus Harris, 1808 [Gray, 1843:97]; Peralöpex Gloger, 1842:xxx,82; Bidelphus cynocephala Harris, 1808:174 [orthographic error by Lord & Scott, 1924:264]; Lycaon Wagler, 1830 [Mahoney & Ride, 1988:11 state "non Lycaon Gray, 1825", should read "non Lycaon Brook[e]s, 1827"]; Thylacinus cyanocephalus (Harris, 1808:174) [orth. error used by Witter, 2007:23; Abbott, 2008:3,102; Cosgrove et al., 2014:179]

Heterotypic synonyms:

Thylacinus Harrisii Temminck, 1824:23-24 [Thylacynus Harisii Temminck, 1824 (orth. error used by McCulloch, 1849:217); Thylacinus Harrissii (orth error used by 'Author? (1830)'); Thylacinus harrisi Temminck, 1824 (orth. error used by Thomas, 1888:256)]; Thylacynus striatus Burnett, 1830:351 [the corrected Thylacinus striatus Burnett, 1830 first used by Warlow, 1833:97]; Dasyurus Lucocephalus Grant, 1831:177 [Dasyurus leucocephalus Grant, 1831 (orth. error used by Gray, 1843:97)]; Thylacinus spelaeus Owen, 1845:335; Thylacinus communis Anonymous, 1859:147; Thylacinus breviceps Krefft, 1868:296; Thylacinus major Owen, 1877:106,107; Thylacinus rostralis De Vis, 1893:v

Was the thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) monotypic, or were there subspecies?

It has been noted that thylacine fossils from south-west WA are much smaller than those from Tasmania (Ride, 1964; Lowry, 1972), while specimens from New Guinea are "usually smaller than many Australian specimens (L. Dawson, pers. comm.)" (Mountain, 2023:39) and have, historically at least, been suggested to differ in their dentition too (van Deusen, 1963; Ride, 1964). While in eastern Australia, Richard Owen described T. spelaeus from the Wellington Caves (Middle–Late Pleistocene) as larger than T. cynocephalus (Owen, 1845; Ride, 1964), and decades later T. major, also from the Wellington Caves (Owen, 1877), but probably inadvertently (Lydekker, 1887:264), and therefore was likely the same as his earlier T. spelaeus and therefore invalid but it could not be proven (Mahoney & Ride, 1975:36). And De Vis (1893) described T. rostralis as fundamentally differing in its proportions from T. cynocephalus so that it could not have been the same as Owen's T. spelaeus which was merely larger than T. cynocephalus (Ride, 1964). De Vis' T. rostralis material is likely from the Darling Downs (Pleistocene) not Chinchilla Sands (Pliocene) as he reported (contra Ride, 1964; see Mackness et al., 2002:238).

Given this mix of known and claimed variation in size and proportions of Thylacinus spp. (sub)fossils from the Pleistocene of mainland Australia, several workers from the 1960's-1980's examined this fossil material from the mainland and subjected it to analyses to see whether it warranted erecting a new taxon (given that the locus typicus (type locality) is in Tasmania), and to test the validity of the other described Pleistocene thylacinids mentioned above (viz. Ride, 1964; Lowry, 1972; Dawson, 1982). The former two authorities (Ride, 1964; Lowry, 1972) looked at small thylacines from the western half of the continent, which seems to reflect that they were genetically distinct relative to the 'eastern population' (eastern mainland and Tasmania) (White et al., 2018a), but found no justification for erecting a new taxon.

Ride (1964) found even less difference between eastern mainland thylacines and those from Tasmania, and considered Owen's T. spelaeus to be a junior synonym of T. cynocephalus (Ibid., 105), but considered the status of T. rostralis as unresolved (Ibid., 108). Dawson (1982) also synonymised Owen's T. spelaeus with T. cynocephalus, and was the first to formally synonymise both T. major and T. rostralis with T. cynocephalus. And when Mahoney & Ride (1988:12) formally synonymised the long overlooked T. communis with T. cynocephalus, there was now only a single formally described species of Thylacinus known from the Pleistocene (see Table 1 below). However, a more recent consideration of the hypothesis of taxonomically significant variation in Pleistocene Thylacinus material indicated that a new taxon may need to be described in the future (Helgen & Veatch, 2015).

Table 1: Heterotypic synonyms of the thylacine, their authors and earliest formal synonymisations. It follows the taxonomic treatment of (Jackson & Groves, 2015:77), except for their "Thylacinus striatus Warlow, 1833: 97" due to two discoveries relating to that taxon made by myself (Branden Holmes) since publication of the cited volume, which have subsequently been accepted by Dr. Stephen Jackson and will appear in any second edition should it appear (S. Jackson, pers. comm. 28 March 2020). They have Thylacinus striatus as being authored by (Warlow, 1833), and first synonymised with T. cynocephalus by (Thomas, 1888:256). Whereas I have discovered that the taxon was actually introduced as Thylacynus (sic) striatus by (Burnett, 1830) three years earlier, and first synonymised by (Blyth, 1863:180) 25 years earlier.

Scientific Name	Recent or fossil	Authority	First synonymised by
Thylacinus Harrisii	Recent	Temminck, Coenraad Jacob. (1824 [1824-1827]). Sur le genre Sarigue - Didelphis (Linn.), pp. 21-54, pls. 5-6. In: Monographies de Mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de mammifères dont les espèces ont été observées dans lens différens musées de l'Europe. Ouvrage accompagné de planches d'Ostéologie, pouvant servir de suite et de complément aux notices sur les animaux vivans, publiées par M. le Baron G. Cuvier, dans ses recherches sur les ossemens fossiles. Paris: G. Dufour et E. D'Ocagne. Tome 1. [pp. 23-24].	Waterhouse, George Robert. (1841). Marsupialia, or Pouched Animals (Mammalia, vol. XI). In: Jardine, William (ser. ed.). The Naturalist's Library (vol. XXIV). Edinburgh: W.H. Lizars / London: Henry G. Bohn. xvi + 324 pp. [p. 123]

Thylacynus striatus	Recent	Burnett, Gilbert Thomas. (1830). Illustrations of the Quadrupeda, or Quadrupeds, being the arrangement of the true four-footed Beasts indicated in outline. Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and Art 28: 336-353. [p. 351]	Blyth, Edward. (1863). Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum Asiatic Society. Calcutta: Savielle & Cranenburgh. [p. 180]

Dasyurus Lucocephalus	Recent	Grant, J. E. (1831). Notice of the Van Diemen's Land tiger. Gleanings in Science 3(30): 175-177. [p. 177]	Thomas, Oldfield. (1888). Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History). London: British Museum (Natural History). xiii + 401 pp. [p. 256]

Thylacinus spelaeus	Fossil	Owen, Richard. (1845). Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Fossil Organic Remains of Mammalia and Aves Contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. London: Richard and John E. Taylor. viii+ 391 pp, 10 pls. [p. 335]	Lydekker, Richard. (1887). Catalogue of the fossil Mammalia in the British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Road, S. W. Part 5. Containing the Group Tillodontia, the Orders Sirenia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata, and supplement. London, the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), xxxv, 345 pp. [p. 264]

Thylacinus communis	Recent	Anonymous. (1859). "Genus Thylacinus, Temm.". In: Anonymous. Descriptive Catalogue of the Specimens of Natural History in Spirit Contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Vertebrata: Pisces, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia. London: Taylor and Francis. xxii + 148 pp. [p. 147]	Mahoney, J. A. and Ride, W. D. L. (1988). Thylacinidae, pp. 11-13. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 5. Mammalia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. [p. 12]

Thylacinus breviceps	Recent	Krefft, Gerard. (1868). Description of a new species of thylacine (Thylacinus breviceps). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 2: 296-297. [p. 296]	Thomas, Oldfield. (1888). Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History). London: British Museum (Natural History). xiii + 401 pp. [p. 256]

Thylacinus major	Fossil	Owen, Richard. (1877). Researches on the Fossil Remains of the Extinct Mammals of Australia; with a notice of the extinct marsupials of England. (pp. 297-299 Phascolomys) Vol. 1. J. Erxleben: London. 522 pp. [p. 106,107]	Dawson, Lyndall. (1982). Taxonomic status of fossil thylacines (Thylacinus, Thylacinidae, Marsupialia) from late Quaternary deposits in eastern Australia, pp 517-525. In: Archer, Michael (ed.). Carnivorous Marsupials. Mosman, N.S.W.: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. [p. 527,534]

Thylacinus rostralis	Fossil	De Vis, Charles W. (1893). A thylacine of the earlier nototherian period in Queensland. In Anonymous. Abstracts of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 29 November 1893. p. v.	Dawson, Lyndall. (1982). Taxonomic status of fossil thylacines (Thylacinus, Thylacinidae, Marsupialia) from late Quaternary deposits in eastern Australia, pp 517-525. In: Archer, Michael (ed.). Carnivorous Marsupials. Mosman, N.S.W.: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. [p. 527,534]

Non-scientific names for the thylacine

Overview

The individual indigenous names given here have in many cases been transcribed by English-speaking authors from Aboriginal spoken word, and therefore may not perfectly reflect the original tongue in which they were spoken.

Palawa (Tasmanian Aboriginal) names:

cab.ber.rone.nen.er, cab.berr.one.nen.er, can.nen.ner, clin.ner, corrina, crimererrar, crīmerērrar, cri'mĕrērrăr, ka-nuna, ka-nunnah, kan.nen.ner, kān.nĕn.nĕr, kaparunina, kul.len.ner, lagunta, lagūnta, laoonana, larn.ter, launana, loarina, loarinna [orthographic error for 'loarinnah'?], loarinnah, lon.er.nin.er, lon.er.nine.er, lone.nin, low.er.nin.ner, lowe.nin, lowerina, lowerinna, lowewinna, mar.mer.ner, poi.drer.wun.ne, roun, war.ter.noon.nen.er, war.ter.noon.ner, wāthĕrrūngĭnnă

Mainland Aboriginal names:

djanggerrk, djanjerrg, djankerrk, djarnkerrk, djarnkelk, nawolbbolya, ngaliwan, wanambanangarri

English names:

Bulldog-tiger, cat tyger, dog-faced dasyuris, dog-faced dasyurus, dog-faced opossum, dog-faced wolf, Dog-head Thylacinus, Dog-headed Dasyure, Dog-headed Dasyurus, Dogheaded Opossum, dog-headed opossum, dog-headed opossum wolf, Dog-Headed Thylacine, Dog-headed Thylacinus, dog-tiger, Harris's opossum, Hyæna, Hyæna Opossum, Hyæna oppossum, Hyena, Hyena Opossum, hyena tiger, Hyœna opossum, marsupial tiger, marsupial wolf, native dog, Native hyæna, native Hyena, Native tiger, Native Tyger, native wolf, New Holland Dog, New South Wales Wolf (erroneous?), opossum, Opossum hyæna, Opposum-Hyena, pouched dog, Pouched Hyæna, Pouched Wolf, Short-headed thylacine, striped hyena, Striped wolf, Tasmanian dingo, Tasmanian Hyæna, Tasmanian Hyena, Tasmanian marsupial wolf, Tasmanian native tiger, Tasmanian Pouched Wolf, Tasmanian tiger, Tasmanian tiger-wolf, Tasmanian wolf, Tasmanian wolf thylacine, Tasmanian zebra wolf, Thylacine, thylacine wolf, tiger, Tiger Dog, Tiger wolf, Tiger-wolf, Tyger, Van Diemen land tiger (V.D.L. tiger), Van Diemen's Land Hyena, Van Diemen's Land Tiger, Van Diemonian tiger, Wolf Kangaroo, Zebra Opossum, Zebra Wolf, Zebra-Thylacyne, Zebrine Dasyurus

Palawa (Tasmanian Aboriginal)

Table 2. Palawa (Tasmanian aboriginal) names for the thylacine, with orthographic variations separated out.

NB: The names given here were transcribed by English-speaking authors from Palawa spoken word and therefore are not perfectly accurate.

Name	Tribe	Location	Reference/s
cab.ber.rone.nen.er	(unknown)	east coast	Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311]

cab.berr.one.nen.er	(unknown)	east coast	George Augustus Robinson's journal entry for 31 August 1833. Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1966). Friendly Mission: The Journals of George Augustus Robinson 1829-1834. Hobart: Tasmanian Historical Research Association. [p. 786] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (2008). Friendly Mission: The Journals of George Augustus Robinson 1829-1834 (second edition). Hobart: Quintus Publishing / Launceston: Tasmanian Historical Research Association. xviii + 1162 pp. [p. 822]

can.nen.ner	Brune (Bruny)	Bruny Island (south-east)	George Augustus Robinson's journal entry for 31 August 1833. Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1966). Friendly Mission: The Journals of George Augustus Robinson 1829-1834. Hobart: Tasmanian Historical Research Association. [p. 786] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (2008). Friendly Mission: The Journals of George Augustus Robinson 1829-1834 (second edition). Hobart: Quintus Publishing / Launceston: Tasmanian Historical Research Association. xviii + 1162 pp. [p. 822]

clin.ner	(unknown)	north coast	George Augustus Robinson's journal entry for 31 August 1833. Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1966). Friendly Mission: The Journals of George Augustus Robinson 1829-1834. Hobart: Tasmanian Historical Research Association. [p. 786] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (2008). Friendly Mission: The Journals of George Augustus Robinson 1829-1834 (second edition). Hobart: Quintus Publishing / Launceston: Tasmanian Historical Research Association. xviii + 1162 pp. [p. 822]

corrina		north-east	Freeman, Carol J. (2005b). Figuring extinction: Visualizing the thylacine in zoological and natural history works 1808-1936, 2 volumes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Tasmania: Hobart, Australia. [p. 13 of volume 1]

crimererrar	(unknown)	(unknown)	Norman, Rev. James. (1910). Aborigines of Tasmania - the Norman vocabulary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania [1910]: 333-342. [p. 341]

crīmerērrar			Norman, Rev. James. (1890). Appendix A: Norman's Vocabulary, pp. i-vii. In: Roth, H. Ling. The Aborigines of Tasmania. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. [p. v] Norman, Rev. James. (1899). Appendix A: Norman's Vocabulary, pp. i-vii. In: Roth, H. Ling. The Aborigines of Tasmania, second edition. Halifax, England: F. King & Sons. [p. v or 294/403]

cri'mĕrērrăr			Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311]

ka-nuna			Roth, H. Ling. (1899). Appendix F: Tasmanian-English Vocabulary, pp. lii-lxxxiii. The Aborigines of Tasmania, second edition. Halifax, England: F. King & Sons. [p. liv or 343/403]

ka-nunnah	(unknown)	southern or south-eastern	Milligan, Joseph. (1859). Vocabulary of dialects of the Aboriginal tribes of Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 3: 239-274. [p. 263 'Tiger, V.D.L., (Thylacinus cynocephalus)'] Milligan, Joseph. (1890). Appendix C, pp. xxi-lxvi. In: Roth, H. Ling. The Aborigines of Tasmania. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. [p. liii] Milligan, Joseph. (1899). Appendix C, pp. xix-xlvii. In: Roth, H. Ling. The Aborigines of Tasmania, second edition. Halifax, England: F. King & Sons. [p. xxxviii or 327/403] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311]

kan.nen.ner			Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311]

kān.nĕn.nĕr			Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311]

kaparunina	not applicable (see next column)	Island wide. This is the name used in the composite language pawala kani used throughout lutruwita (Tasmania)	http://tacinc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Three-Capes-Welcome.pdf

kul.len.ner			Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311]

lagunta			Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311]

lagūnta	"Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pitwater"	"Tribes from Oyster Bay to Pitwater"	Milligan, Joseph. (1859). Vocabulary of dialects of the Aboriginal tribes of Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 3: 239-274. [p. 263 'Tiger, V.D.L., (Thylacinus cynocephalus)'] Milligan, Joseph. (1890). Appendix C, pp. xxi-lxvi. In: Roth, H. Ling. The Aborigines of Tasmania. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. [p. liii] Milligan, Joseph. (1899). Appendix C, pp. xix-xlvii. In: Roth, H. Ling. The Aborigines of Tasmania, second edition. Halifax, England: F. King & Sons. [p. xxxviii or 327/403] Roth, H. Ling. (1899). Appendix F: Tasmanian-English Vocabulary, pp. lii-lxxxiii. The Aborigines of Tasmania, second edition. Halifax, England: F. King & Sons. [p. lvi or 345/403] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311]

?langunta			Likely an orthographic error, used at the start of editions of the journal Kanunnah, e.g. volume 3 (1 October 2008): https://www.tmag.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/128567/KANUNNAH3.pdf

laoonana	(unknown)	southern or south-eastern	Milligan, Joseph. (1859). Vocabulary of dialects of the Aboriginal tribes of Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 3: 239-274. [p. 263 'Tiger, V.D.L., (Thylacinus cynocephalus)'] Milligan, Joseph. (1890). Appendix C, pp. xxi-lxvi. In: Roth, H. Ling. The Aborigines of Tasmania. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. [p. liii] Milligan, Joseph. (1899). Appendix C, pp. xix-xlvii. In: Roth, H. Ling. The Aborigines of Tasmania, second edition. Halifax, England: F. King & Sons. [p. xxxviii or 327/403] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311]

larn.ter	(unknown)	Oyster Bay (east coast)	George Augustus Robinson's journal entry for 31 August 1833. Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1966). Friendly Mission: The Journals of George Augustus Robinson 1829-1834. Hobart: Tasmanian Historical Research Association. [p. 786] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (2008). Friendly Mission: The Journals of George Augustus Robinson 1829-1834 (second edition). Hobart: Quintus Publishing / Launceston: Tasmanian Historical Research Association. xviii + 1162 pp. [p. 822]

launana			Roth, H. Ling. (1899). Appendix F: Tasmanian-English Vocabulary, pp. lii-lxxxiii. The Aborigines of Tasmania, second edition. Halifax, England: F. King & Sons. [p. lvii or 346/403]

?legunta			An orthographic error for lagūnta (Milligan, 1859) used by (Paddle, 2000:153,167, 2002:153,167): Paddle, Robert N. (2000). The Last Tasmanian Tiger: the History and Extinction of the Thylacine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [hardback] Paddle, Robert N. (2002). The Last Tasmanian Tiger: The History and Extinction of the Thylacine. Oakleigh, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. [paperback]

loarina			Roth, H. Ling. (1899). Appendix F: Tasmanian-English Vocabulary, pp. lii-lxxxiii. The Aborigines of Tasmania, second edition. Halifax, England: F. King & Sons. [p. lix or 348/403]

?loarinna			Orthographic error for 'loarinnah'? No known reference apart from recent online sources that either give no reference, or the reference cited only uses 'loarinnah'.

loarinnah	(unknown)	north-western or western	Milligan, Joseph. (1859). Vocabulary of dialects of the Aboriginal tribes of Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 3: 239-274. [p. 263 'Tiger, V.D.L., (Thylacinus cynocephalus)'] Milligan, Joseph. (1890). Appendix C, pp. xxi-lxvi. In: Roth, H. Ling. The Aborigines of Tasmania. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. [p. liii] Milligan, Joseph. (1899). Appendix C, pp. xix-xlvii. In: Roth, H. Ling. The Aborigines of Tasmania, second edition. Halifax, England: F. King & Sons. [p. xxxviii or 327/403] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311]

lon.er.nin.er			Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311]

lon.er.nine.er			Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311]

lone.nin			Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 312]

low.er.nin.ner			Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 311]

lowe.nin	(unknown)	Cape Grim (north-west)	George Augustus Robinson's journal entry for 31 August 1833. Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1966). Friendly Mission: The Journals of George Augustus Robinson 1829-1834. Hobart: Tasmanian Historical Research Association. [p. 786] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 312] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (2008). Friendly Mission: The Journals of George Augustus Robinson 1829-1834 (second edition). Hobart: Quintus Publishing / Launceston: Tasmanian Historical Research Association. xviii + 1162 pp. [p. 822]

lowerina			Roth, H. Ling. (1899). Appendix F: Tasmanian-English Vocabulary, pp. lii-lxxxiii. The Aborigines of Tasmania, second edition. Halifax, England: F. King & Sons. [p. lx or 349/403]

lowerinna	(unknown)	northern	Anonymous. (1842). Aboriginal languages of Tasmania. Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science, Agriculture, Statistics, &c. 1(4): 308-318. [p. 318] Roth, H. Ling. (1899). Appendix B: Vocabularies, pp. vii-xviii. In: The Aborigines of Tasmania, second edition. Halifax, England: F. King & Sons. [pp. xvii or 306/403] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 312]

lowewinna			Roth, H. Ling. (1890). Appendix B: Vocabularies, pp. viii-xix. In: The Aborigines of Tasmania. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. [p. xviii] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 312]

mar.mer.ner			Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 312]

poi.drer.wun.ne			Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 312]

roun			Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 312]

war.ter.noon.nen.er			Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 312]

war.ter.noon.ner	(unknown)	Cape Portland (north-east)	George Augustus Robinson's journal entry for 31 August 1833. Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1966). Friendly Mission: The Journals of George Augustus Robinson 1829-1834. Hobart: Tasmanian Historical Research Association. [p. 786] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (1976). A Word-list of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Languages. Launceston: Author in association with the Government of Tasmania. [p. 312] Plomley, Norman James Brian. (2008). Friendly Mission: The Journals of George Augustus Robinson 1829-1834 (second edition). Hobart: Quintus Publishing / Launceston: Tasmanian Historical Research Association. xviii + 1162 pp. [p. 822]

wāthĕrrūngĭnnă	"various Tribes"	(unknown)	The journal entry (for 15 October 1832?) of George Washington Walker. Walker, George Washington and Walker, James Backhouse. (1898). Notes on the aborigines of Tasmania, extracted from the manuscript journals of George Washington Walker, with an introduction by James B. Walker, F.R.G.S. Papers & Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1897: 145-175. Walker, George Washington. (1899). Appendix E, pp. xlix-lii. In: Roth, H. Ling. The Aborigines of Tasmania, second edition. Halifax, England: F. King & Sons. [p. li or 340/403] Walker, James Backhouse. (1902). Early Tasmania: Papers read before the Royal Society of Tasmania during the years 1888 to 1899. Hobart, Tasmania: John Vail, Government Printer. [the son of George Washington Walker]

Mainland Aboriginal

Table 3¹. Mainland Aboriginal names for the thylacine. See (Glaskin, 2021, 2023 and references therein) for detailed discussions of mainland aboriginal beliefs and names.

NB: The individual names given here may have been transcribed by English-speaking authors from Aboriginal spoken word and therefore may not be perfectly accurate.

Name	Tribe	Location	Reference/s
?akngwelye	Arrernte	Alice springs and surrounding areas, Northern Territory	Although traditionally interpreted as relating to the dingo, some Arrernte people have recently (post-2010) interpreted the name to refer to the thylacine. See Glaskin (2021) for a discussion of this, including the possibility that it may have originally referred to the thylacine before its extinction caused its replacement by the dingo in the story of a fight between akngwelye and a 'stranger dog', as happened to other extinct species in the Flinders Ranges (Tunbridge, 1991; Glaskin, 2021). Glaskin, Katie. (2021). Extinction, inscription and the Dreaming: Exploring a thylacine connection. Anthropological Forum 31(2): 165-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2021.1937513

djanggerrk	Kunwinjku	Western Arhem Land, Northern Territory	Chaloupka, George. (1993). Journey in Time. Chatswood: Reed. [p. 50]

djanjerrg	Kunwinjku	Western Arhem Land, Northern Territory	Chaloupka, George and Murray, Peter. (1986). Dreamtime or reality? Reply to Lewis. Archaeology in Oceania 21(2): 145-147. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.1986.tb00136.x [p. 146]

djankerrk	Kunwinjku	Western Arhem Land, Northern Territory	Nabarlambarl, S. P., Nabarlambarl, E. D. and Dangbunala, B. (2018). Djankerrk. Thylacine Story. Darwin: Warddeken Land Management. https://www.johnmawurndjul.com/resources/glossary/

djarnkerrk	Kunwinjku	Western Arhem Land, Northern Territory	Garde, Murray. (2011). Bininj Kunwok Lexicon (unpublished ms). Glaskin, Katie. (2021). Extinction, inscription and the Dreaming: Exploring a thylacine connection. Anthropological Forum 31(2): 165-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2021.1937513

djarnkelk	Kunwinjku	Western Arhem Land, Northern Territory	Garde, Murray. (1997). Bawinanga Rock Art Recording Project: 1997 Field Season Report. MS3700, AIATSIS. Maningrida: Maningrida Arts and Culture.

?marrakurli	Adnyamathanha	northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia	An orthographic error for marrukurli used by (Glaskin, 2021): Glaskin, Katie. (2021). Extinction, inscription and the Dreaming: Exploring a thylacine connection. Anthropological Forum 31(2): 165-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2021.1937513

?marrukurli	Adnyamathanha	northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia	"There is no certainty that the term marrukurli refers to the striped carnivorous mammal, the Thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger), but we place the two together here because several Adnyamathanha elders have believed them to be identical, and we think there is nothing to be lost by considering the possibility." (Tunbridge, 1991:48) "Tunbridge hypothesises that the physical description of the mammals in the second marrakurli (sic) story may have come to resemble dingoes following the thylacine’s disappearance, as it was described to successive generations ‘in terms of the Dingo’, raising the possibility that through such ‘mythologising’, knowledge of an extinct animal can be ‘retained in the corporate memory’ (1991, 48)." (Glaskin, 2021) Tunbridge, Dorothy. (1991). The Story of the Flinders Ranges Mammals. Kenthurst: Kangaroo Press. 96 pp. Glaskin, Katie. (2021). Extinction, inscription and the Dreaming: Exploring a thylacine connection. Anthropological Forum 31(2): 165-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/00664677.2021.1937513

?mawolbbolya	?Kunwinjku	Western Arhem Land, Northern Territory	An orthographic error for nawolbbolya used by (Glaskin, 2023): Glaskin, Katie. (2023). Extinction, inscription and Dreamings: some mainland thylacine connections, pp. 54-55. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmania. Clayton South, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp. NB: as a co-editor of the volume in which the chapter was published, and having supplied the author with the films (Grose & Hohnen, 2014a,b) in which the name appears, I take full responsibility for the error.

nawolbbolya	?Kunwinjku	Western Arhem Land, Northern Territory	Grose, Mark and Hohnen, Michael (producers). (2014a). Thylacine & Red Kangaroo (Kunwinjku version), motion picture. Directed by Paul Williams, written and narrated by Terrah Guymala. Skinnyfish Music. Grose, Mark and Hohnen, Michael (producers). (2014b). Thylacine & Red Kangaroo (English version), motion picture. Directed by Paul Williams, written and narrated by Terrah Guymala. Skinnyfish Music.

ngaliwan	Wunambal Gaambera	Kimberley region, Western Australia	Mangglamarra, Geoffrey, Burbidge, Andrew A. and Fuller, Phil J. (1991). Wunambal words for rainforest and other Kimberley plants and animals, pp. 413-421. In: McKenzie, N. L., Johnston, R. B. and Kendrick, P. G. (eds.). Kimberley Rainforests of Australia. Sydney: Surrey Beatty and Sons. Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corporation. (2010). Wunambal Gaambera Healthy Country Plan – Looking after Wunambal Gaambera Country 2010 – 2020. Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corporation. [p. 52] Burbidge, Andrew. (2023). Aboriginal knowledge of rare and extinct mammals, including of the thylacine in the Kimberley, pp. 57-58. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmania. Clayton South, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp.

wanambanangarri	Wunambal Gaambera	Kimberley region, Western Australia	Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corporation. (2010). Wunambal Gaambera Healthy Country Plan – Looking after Wunambal Gaambera Country 2010 – 2020. Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corporation. [p. 52]

¹ No indigenous names for the species are known from south-west WA (fide Abbott, 2008).

European (English)

Table 4¹. List of European non-scientific names in English for the thylacine, including those of its taxonomic synonyms. Entries are organised by first recorded instance of each name currently known to the present author, somewhat following (Guiler & Godard, 1998:15). Further searching of Trove and other sources will undoubtedly uncover earlier usages of, and further, common names.

NB: Where no scientific name is mentioned in the text, it is regarded by default as referring to T. cynocephalus. This is especially true of Knopwood's 18 June 1805 journal entry, which predates the original scientific description of the species. There are also possible pre-1805 records of the species that are not included at present; I'm currently conducting research on the early thylacine literature.

Year	Name	Species	Reference/s
1805	Tyger	[T. cynocephalus]	Rev. Robert Knopwood's diary entry for 18 June 1805 Lord, Clive Errol. (1927). Notes on the Diary of the Reverend Robert Knopwood, 1805-1808. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 61: 78-154. Knopwood, Robert (1946). The diary of the Rev. Robert Knopwood, 1805-1808. pt.1. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania [1946]: 51-125. Nicholls, Mary (ed.). (1977). The Diary of the Reverend Robert Knopwood, 1803-1838: First Chaplain of Van Diemen's Land. Hobart: Tasmanian Historical Research Association.

1808	Zebra Opossum	T. cynocephalus [Didelphis cynocephala]	Harris, George Prideaux. (1808). Description of two new species of Didelphis from Van Diemen's Land. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 1(9): 174-178.

1808	Zebra Wolf	T. cynocephalus [Didelphis cynocephala]	Harris, George Prideaux. (1808). Description of two new species of Didelphis from Van Diemen's Land. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 1(9): 174-178.

1810	Hyæna Opossum	T. cynocephalus	Oxley, John. (1810). Account of the settlement of Port Dalrymple, 1810, pp. 758-773. In: Watson, F. (ed.). Historical Records of Australia, Series III. Despatches and Papers Relating to the Settlement of the States. Volume 1. (1921). Sydney: Library Committee of the Commonwealth Parliament.

1817	dog-tiger	[T. cynocephalus]	Anonymous. (1817a). [No title]. The Hobart Town Gazette and Southern Reporter (Tas. : 1816 - 1821) Saturday 6 December, p. 2. Anonymous. (1817b). [No title]. The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 - 1842) Saturday 20 December, p. 2. [reprinted from Hobart Town Gazette, December 6, pp. 2] Note: Not listed by Guiler & Godard (1998:15) in their list of common names for the thylacine. It's absence from said list was discovered by myself.

1819	cat tyger	?	Anonymous. (1819). [Untitled]. The Hobart Town Gazette and Southern Reporter, Saturday, 24 July, p. 1. [thylacine killed by dogs after returning to its kill at Kangaroo Point]

1820	Hyæna	?	Jeffreys, C. H. (1820). Geographical and Descriptive Delineations of the Island of Van Diemen's Land. London: Richardson.

1820	Hyena Opossum	[T. cynocephalus]	Anonymous. (1820). ["A young female Hyena Opossum"]. The Hobart Town Gazette and Southern Reporter, Saturday, 24 June. p. 2. Anonymous. (1820). ["A young female hyena opossum"]. The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, Saturday, 15 July, p. 2. [reprinted from Hobart Town Gazette and Southern Reporter, 24 June, pp. 2]

1821	Hyena	[T. cynocephalus]	Anonymous. (1821). ["A very large Hyena"]. Supplement to the Hobart Town Gazette. Hobart Town Gazette and Van Diemen's Land Advertiser, Saturday, 27 January, p. 2.

1821	Native Tyger	[T. cynocephalus]	Anonymous. (1821). Native Tyger, or Hyena. Hobart Town Gazette and Van Diemen’s Land Advertiser, Saturday, 3 November, p. 2.

1822	Opossum hyæna	?	Evans, George William. (1822). A Geographical, Historical, and Topographical Description of Van Diemen's Land, with Important Hints to Emigrants, and Useful Information Respecting the Application for Grants of Land ; Together with a List of the Most Necessary Articles for Persons to Take Out. Embellished by a Correct View of Hobart Town ; also, a Large Chart of the Island, Thirty Inches by twenty-four, with the Soundings of the Harbours and RIvers, and in which the Various Grants of Land are Accurately Laid Down. London: John Souter.

1822	Opposum-Hyena	?	Map of Van Diemen's Land published in London by Belch and Phelps on March 11, 1822.

1823	hyena tiger	[T. cynocephalus]	Anonymous. (1823). ["A few nights ago, a hyena tiger"]. Hobart Town Gazette and Van Diemen's Land Advertiser, Saturday, 2 August, p. 2.

1824	Thylacine	[T. Harrisii]	Temminck, Coenraad J. (1824-1827). Monographies de Mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de mammifères dont les espèces ont été observées dans lens différens musées de l'Europe. Ouvrage accompagné de planches d'Ostéologie, pouvant servir de suite et de complément aux notices sur les animaux vivans, publiées par M. le Baron G. Cuvier, dans ses recherches sur les ossemens fossiles. Paris: G. Dufour et E. D'Ocagne Tom. 1 Note: Guiler & Godard (1998:15) give the earliest usage of thylacine as (Krefft, 1868). However, the term was clearly used by Coenraad Temminck in one of the very earliest of all thylacine publications.

1826	Hyœna opossum	Thylacinus cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1826). A Glossary of the most common Productions in the Natural History of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, Saturday, 28 January, p. 3.

1826	tiger	[T. cynocephalus]	Letter from Adam Amos (Oyster Bay), dated 20 April 1826. Quoted in (Barrett, 1944): Barrett, Charles. (1944). Isle of Mountains: Roaming Through Tasmania. Melbourne: Cassell & Company. [p. 132] Earliest published source is (Widowson, 1829): Widowson, Henry. (1829). Present State of Van Diemen's Land: Comprising an Account of its Agricultural Capabilities With Observations on the Present State of Farming, &c. &c. London: S. Robinson, W. Joy, J. Cross and J. Birdsall.

1827	dog-faced dasyurus	?	Cunningham, P. (1827). Two Years in New South Wales; a Series of Letters, comprising Sketches of the actual State of Society in that Colony; of its peculiar Advantages to Emigrants; of its Topography, Natural History, &c. &c., pp. 219-244. In: The Westminster Review. Volume VIII. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. [p. 229]

1827	Dog-headed Dasyurus	T. cynocephalus	Griffith, Edward, Smith, Charles Hamilton and Pidgeon, Edward. (1827). The Animal Kingdom...Volume II. The Class Mammalia. London: Geo B. Whittaker. [p. 67]

1829	dog-faced dasyuris	?	Mudie, R. (1829). The picture of Australia: exhibiting New Holland, Van Diemen’s Land and all the settlements from the first at Sydney to the last at Swan River. London: Whittaker, Treacher. 370 pp.

1829	Harris's opossum	Thylacinus cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1829). Catalogue of the Animals Preserved in the Museum of the Zoological Society, September 1829. London: Richard Taylor. 40 pp. [p. 11]

1829	Zebrine Dasyurus	?	Cuvier, Georges [Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, Baron Cuvier]. (1829). The Animal Kingdom... vol. 3. London: Geo B. Whittaker. [pp. 36-37]

1830	Van Diemen's Land Tiger	T. cynocephalus	Letter from John Henderson to Colonel Dumaresq (Private Secretary to the Governor, Sydney), dated 1 July 1830. Published in: Henderson, John. (1832). Observations on the Colonies of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press. [pp. 109-126; figs. between pp. 112-133]

1830	Native hyæna, native Hyena	?	Ross, J. (1830). The Hobart Town Almanack. Hobart: Self published. Note: First name listed in Guiler & Godard, 1998:15. Second name, presumably from the same volume, quoted by Grant, 1831 (see directly below). Also, second name incorrectly attributed by G&G to first use as Launceston Advertiser, 23 May, 1844, because even if Grant's (1831) quotation is wrong (i.e. not really in preceding Hobart Town Almanack), the name therefore first appears in (Grant) 1831.

1830	Native tiger	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1830). [No title]. The Hobart Town Courier, Saturday, 17 April, p. 2.

1830	Zebra-Thylacyne	Thylacinus striatus	Burnett, Gilbert Thomas. (1830). Illustrations of the Quadrupeda, or Quadrupeds, being the arrangement of the true four-footed Beasts indicated in outline. Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and Art 28: 336-353. [p. 351]

1831	Van Diemen's Land Hyena	Thylacinus Lucocephalus [as Dasyurus Lucocephalus]	Grant, J. E. (1831). Notice of the Van Diemen's Land tiger. Gleanings in Science 3(30): 175-177.

1832	Hyæna oppossum	Thylacinus cynocephalus	Goodrige, Charles Medyett. (1832). Narrative of a Voyage to the South Seas,... London: Hamilton and Adams. [p. 291]

1832	opossum	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1832). ['On the 23rd July,...']. The Hobart Town Courier, Friday, 14 December, p. 2.

1832	Van Diemen land tiger (V.D.L. tiger)	?	Henderson, John. (1832). Observations on the Colonies of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press. Note: accepted by Guiler & Godard, 1998. However, probably subsumable under Henderson's 1830 name.

1834	dog-faced opossum	?	Swainson, W. (1834). The dog-faced opossum. In: Murray, H., Wallace, W., Jameson, R., Hooker, W. J. and Swainson, W. An Encyclopædia of Geography... London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman. Note: Not listed by Guiler & Godard (1998:15) in their list of common names for the thylacine. It's absence from said list was discovered by myself.

c.1835	New South Wales Wolf	-	Bicknell, William I. (c.1835). The natural history of the sacred scriptures, and Guide to general zoology, volume 1. London: John Tallis. This entry is largely erroneous as the illustration depicts a hybrid between a dingo and a thylacine, and the accompanying text clearly refers to a dingo.

1838	Dog-headed Thylacinus	T. cynocephalus	Waterhouse, George Robert. (1838). Catalogue of the Mammalia Preserved in the Museum of the Zoological Society of London, 2nd edition. London. [p. 64]

1840	native dog	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1840). Lecture on the natural history of South Australia [summarises 'Dr.' Litchfield's lecture]. South Australian Record and Australasian Chronicle, Saturday, 21 March, pp. 4-5. The only other usage of this name known to the present author is more than a century later: "Peregrine" [Sharland, Michael S. R.]. (1943). Tasmanian Tiger Still Roams Mountain Wilderness (Peregrine's Nature Notes). The Mercury, Saturday, 9 October, p. 13.

1842	dog-headed opossum	T. cynocephalus	Owen, Richard. (1842). Account of a Thylacinus, the great dog-headed opossum, one of the rarest and largest of the Marsupiate family of animals. Report of the Eleventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; held at Plymouth in July 1841. London: John Murray.

1843	Tasmanian tiger	?	Backhouse, James. (1843). A Narrative of a Visit to the Australian Colonies. London: Hamilton, Adams.

1843	Tasmanian wolf	T. cynocephalus	Gray, John Edward. (1843). List of the specimens of Mammalia in the collection of the British Museum. London: The Trustees, British Museum. xxviii + 216 pp. Note: Guiler & Godard (1995:15) give the first use of 'Tasmanian wolf' as 'Anderson 1905'. However, in the course of normal research I discovered that (Gray, 1843) predates this by more than 60 years.

1845	Dogheaded Opossum	T. cynocephalus	Owen, Richard. (1845). Odontography; or, A treatise on the comparative anatomy of the teeth; their physiological relations, mode of development, and microscopic structure, in the vertebrate animals. London: H. Baillière. [p. 373]

1845	Dog-headed Dasyure	T. cynocephalus	South, J. F. (1845). Dasyurus, pp. 569. In: Smedley, Edward, Rose, Hugh James and Rose, Henry John (eds.). Encyclopædia Metropolitana; or, Universal Dictionary of Knowledge... Vol. 17. London: [various]. NB: this is probably a rather late usage.

1849	Dog-head Thylacinus	T. cynocephalus	Knight, Charles. (1849). Sketches in Natural History: History of the Mammalia. Vol. 1. Order—Carnivora: Families—Felidæ and Ursidæ. Order: Marsupialia. London: C. Cox.

1851	Dog-Headed Thylacine	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1851). Reports of the council and auditors of the Zoological Society of London. London. [p. 18]

1853	Pouched Hyæna	T. cynocephalus	Owen, Richard. (1853). Descriptive Catalogue of the Osteological Series Contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Volume 1. Pisces, Reptilia, Aves, Marsupialia. London: Taylor and Francis.

1854	Tasmanian Hyæna	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1854). Report of the Government Botanist. Geelong Advertiser and Intelligencer, Tuesday, 31 October, p. 7.

1855	Tiger-wolf	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1855). The Tiger-wolf. (Thylacinus cynocephalus.). Excelsior: Helps to Progress in Religion, Science, and Literature, Volume 3: 246-249.

1856	Pouched Wolf	T. cynocephalus	The Circle of the Sciences: A Cyclopaedia of Experimental, Chemical, Mathematical & Mechanical Philosophy, and Natural History, Volume 8

1859	Tasmanian marsupial wolf	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1859). The university museums. The Age, Tuesday, 15 February, p. 5. Anonymous. (1859). Museums. The Argus, Tuesday 15 February 1859, p. 5.

1859	New Holland Dog	T. communis	Anonymous. (1859). "Genus Thylacinus, Temm.", p. 147. In: Anonymous. Descriptive Catalogue of the Specimens of Natural History in Spirit Contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Vertebrata: Pisces, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia. London: Taylor and Francis. xxii + 148 pp.

1862	Tiger wolf	?	Angas, G. F. (1862). Narrative of Australia: a popular account. London: Society for Promotion of Christian Knowledge.

1862	Van Diemonian tiger	?	Lloyd, George Thomas. (1862). Thirty-three years in Tasmania and Victoria, being the actual experience of the author interspersed with historic jottings, narratives and counsel to emigrants. London: Houlston and Wright. [p. 76]

1864	dog-headed opossum wolf	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1864). Notes On The Fauna Of Victoria, With The Australian Alliances. No. IV. The Australasian, Saturday, 3 December, p. 9.

1864	native wolf	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1864). The mammals of Australia. Empire (Sydney), Thursday, 17 March, p. 2.

1868	Bulldog-tiger	T. breviceps	Krefft, Gerard. (1868a). Description of a new species of thylacine (Thylacinus breviceps). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 2: 296-297.

1870	Tiger Dog	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1870). A Large Tiger Dog. The Tasmanian Times, Monday, 8 August, p. 2.

1871	Short-headed thylacine	T. breviceps	Krefft, Gerard. (1871). The Mammals of Australia, Illustrated by Harriett Scott and Helena Forde for the Council of Education ; With a Short Account of All the Species Hitherto Described. Sydney: Thomas Richards, Government Printer.

1880	marsupial wolf	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1880). The Australian Fur Trade. The Argus, Thursday, 9 December, p. 52.

1882	Tasmanian Hyena	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1882). Fight with a Tasmanian hyena. Evening Star, 7 August, issue 6054.

1885	Tasmanian tiger-wolf	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1885). Circular Head. (From our own correspondent.). Launceston Examiner, Saturday, 5 December 1885, p. 1S.

1886	Tasmanian dingo	?	"Our Own Reportess". (1886). Parliament. Daily Telegraph, Friday, 1 October, p. 3 \|1\|. Parliament. Launceston Examiner, 1 October 1886, p. 3.

1886	Tasmanian native tiger	T. cynocephalus	"Our Own Correspondent". (1886). Our Melbourne letter. Daily Telegraph, Friday, 9 July, p. 3.

1888	marsupial tiger	T. cynocephalus	Gnuyang. (1888). Exhibition Wanderings (The Naturalist). The Australasian, Saturday, 6 October, p. 51.

1892	Striped wolf	?	Wright, E. P. (1892). Family LXXII - The Dasyures. In: Concise Natural History. London: Cassells.

1902	Tasmanian wolf thylacine	T. cynocephalus	Thompson, L. Beatrice. (1902). Who's Who at the Zoo. London: Gay and Bird.

1906	Tasmanian zebra wolf	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1906). Tantanoola tiger. Euroa Advertiser, Friday, 16 February, p. 4.

1909	Tasmanian Pouched Wolf	T. cynocephalus	Wood, Theodore. (1909). The Animal World: A Book of Natural History. New York: The University Society Inc.

1926	Wolf Kangaroo	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1926). Queer New Faces at the Zoo. The Sphere, 27 March, p. 27.

1930	thylacine wolf	T. cynocephalus	Mann, William M. (1930). Wild Animals In and Out of the Zoo. Smithsonian Scientific Series, volume 6. New York: Smithsonian Institution Series Inc. 362 pp.

1930	Tasmanian wolf dog	T. cynocephalus	Secrets of Nature — Hold all (1930), a British Instructional Films Ltd production https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/75510/

1942	dog-faced wolf	T. cynocephalus	Anonymous. (1942). Questions And Answers. Advocate (Burnie), Friday, 18 December, p. 2.

¹ English common names without known first usage: pouched dog (Lydekker & Specht, c. 1886?); striped hyena (Paddle, 2000:85).

Conservation Status

Extinct (Burbidge & Woinarski, 2016; Burbidge, 2024)

Last record (wild): between 2 and 9 August 1930 (Anonymous, 1930), or, February–April 1931 (Sleightholme et al, 2020), or, 1938 (Mooney, 2023)

Last record (captivity): 7 September 1936 (Smith, 1981)

IUCN RedList status: Extinct

Table 5. IUCN conservation category over time (1964-2012).

Year	Conservation Status	Hard Copy/Online	Reference
1964	Rare	Hard Copy	Anonymous. (1964). A preliminary list of rare mammals including those believed to be rare but concerning which detailed information is still lacking. IUCN Bulletin 11(Special Supplement): 4 pp.

1965	"Very rare and believed to be decreasing in numbers"	Hard Copy	Burbidge, A. A. and Woinarski, J. (2016). Thylacinus cynocephalus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T21866A21949291. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21866A21949291.en. Downloaded on 03 March 2019.

1966		Hard Copy	Anonymous. (1966b). Thylacine. IUCN Bulletin New Series 20: 4.

1968	Idiosyncratic status system used (0000-0-+11)	Hard Copy	Joslin, Paul and Maryanka, Daphne. (1968). Endangered Mammals of the World: Report on Status and Action Treatment. IUCN Publications, New Series, Supplementary Paper No. 13: 34 pp.

1972		Hard Copy	IUCN. (1972). Thylacine. Sheet Code 2.14.11. Red Data Book. Vol. I, Mammalia. Switzerland: IUCN.

1982	Extinct	Hard Copy	Archer, Michael. (1982). Thylacinus cynocephalus (Harris, 1808), pp. 91-93. In: Thornback, Jane and Jenkins, Martin (compilers).The IUCN Mammal Red Data Book. Part 1: Threatened Mammalian Taxa of the Americas and the Australasian Zoogeographic Region (Excluding Cetacea). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 516 pp.

1986	Extinct	Hard Copy	IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. (1986). 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. x + 105 pp.

1988	Extinct	Hard Copy	IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre. (1988). IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xviii + 154 pp.

1990	Extinct	Hard Copy	IUCN. (1990). IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 228 pp.

1994	Extinct	Hard Copy	Groombridge, B. (ed.). (1994). 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

1996	Extinct	Hard Copy	Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (eds). (1996). 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

2008	Extinct	Online	McKnight, M. (2008). Thylacinus cynocephalus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1. (http://www.iucnredlist.org). Downloaded on 25 September 2011.

2012	Extinct	Online	Burbidge, A. A. and Woinarski, J. (2016). Thylacinus cynocephalus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T21866A21949291. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21866A21949291.en. Downloaded on 03 March 2019.

Pre-European genetic loss: chronology

The thylacine is believed to have been restricted to lutruwita (Tasmania) at the time of European contact in 1606, having already experienced its first extinction on the mainland (White, 2023), and possibly even earlier disappearance from New Guinea. The latest known occurrence from New Guinea being a specimen from Nombe rock shelter in the highland Chimbu (=Simbu) Province that has been dated to <5651 cal. BP (i.e. 5650 cal. BP-present) (Mountain, 2023), while the latest secure directly dated specimen from mainland Australia is 3290 ± 49 years BP from Kelly Cave on the WA side of the Nullarbor Plain (White et al., 2016, 2018b). Though a specimen (right third metatarsal) from Caladenia Cave between Guilderton and Gingin 1 hour north of Perth (WA) has an associated charcoal age of 3254-2925 cal. BP, and thus may represent the youngest mainland specimen (Thorn et al., 2017; Thorn, 2023: 41, pl. 8 [131]) and therefore the youngest specimen outside Tasmania (see Table 6 below). It is also important to point out that these last records, particularly for mainland Australia, are not arbitrary dates isolated in space and time, but rather the termination of a long series of dates that preceded them before they cease suddenly (White et al., 2018b).

A study of mtDNA from 51 thylacines originating from mainland Australia and Tasmania showed that mainland thylacines had separated into two distinct populations before the Last Glacial Maximum (c. 25,000 yr BP), with the older and genetically more diverse of the two being the western population (White et al., 2018a), which has been noted to have been physically smaller (Ride, 1964; Lowry, 1972). The historical Tasmanian population therefore being a relict of the eastern population with its lower genetic diversity (White et al., 2018a). Mainland Tasmanian devils also had at least six alleles (gene variants) that are not present in historical Tasmanian genetic samples (Morris et al., 2013; Brüniche-Olsen et al., 2018), meaning that both the thylacine and Tasmanian devil lost genetic diversity when they went extinct on the mainland roughly 3,200 years ago.

But Tasmanian thylacines and devils were not entirely immune from the loss of genetic diversity either, even given their isolation and insulation from the dingo. Roughly coincident with their mainland extinctions, both species suffered genetic bottlenecks in Tasmania around 3000 years ago, or close after their last mainland records c.3250 years ago (Brüniche-Olsen et al., 2018; White et al., 2018a; White, 2023). In the case of the thylacine, this involved the loss of a number of haplotypes, that is, an entire section of a chromosome, including multiple genes, that is inherited together, and thus functions as a single hereditary unit like a gene. So when Europeans invaded Tasmania the thylacine as a species had undergone two significant reductions in genetic diversity within 4000 years, leaving it with genuinely low genetic diversity (Menzies et al., 2012; Feigin et al., 2018; White et al., 2018a; Feigin et al., 2022; Menzies, 2023; White, 2023). It must be noted, however, that at least some indigenous people from the mainland believe that the species still exists there: "A colleague [Kim McCaul] who works in the region told me he knew some Kuyani people in the Flinders Ranges who insist there are still thylacines in that area" (Glaskin, 2021).

Table 6. Accepted and rejected last records for the thylacine in the wild by geographical area/region.

Area/Region	Latest Date Accepted	Younger Dates Not Accepted	Reference/s
New Guinea	5650 cal. BP to present (Mountain, 2023)	x	Mountain, Mary-Jane. (2023). Thylacine from Nombe and Kiowa rock shelters, Papua New Guinea, pp. 39-41. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmania. Clayton South, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp.

New Guinea	x	<c.5000 cal. BP (Sutton et al., 2009)	Sutton, Alice, Mountain, Mary-Jane, Aplin, Ken, Bulmer, Susan and Denham, Tim. (2009). Archaeozoological records for the highlands of New Guinea: a review of current evidence. Australian Archaeology 69: 41-58.

Mainland Australia	3290±49 years BP (White et al., 2018b)	x	White, Lauren C., Saltré, Frédérik, Bradshaw, Corey J. A. and Austin, Jeremy J. (2018b). High-quality fossil dates support a synchronous, Late Holocene extinction of devils and thylacines in mainland Australia. Biology Letters 14: 20170642. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0642

Mainland Australia	x	3030±60 BP (associated) (McDowell, 1997)	McDowell, M. C. (1997). Taphonomy and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of a late Holocene deposit from Black’s Point Sinkhole, Venus Bay, SA. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 117: 79-95.

Mainland Australia	x	3254-2925 cal. BP (associated) (Thorn et al., 2017)	Thorn, Kailah M. et al. (2017). Fossil mammals of Caladenia Cave, northern Swan Coastal Plain, south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 32(2): 217-236.

Mainland Australia	x	CE 1840's (Paddle, 2000, 2002)	Paddle, Robert N. (2000). The Last Tasmanian Tiger: the History and Extinction of the Thylacine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [hardback] Paddle, Robert N. (2002). The Last Tasmanian Tiger: The History and Extinction of the Thylacine. Oakleigh, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. [paperback]

Mainland Australia	x	0 ± 80 yBP (bone in same deposit) (Archer, 1974)	Archer, Michael. (1974). New information about the Quaternary distribution of the Thylacine (Marsupialia: Thylacinidae) in Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 57(2): 43-50.

Tasmania	between 2 and 9 August 1930 (Anonymous, 1930)	x	Anonymous. (1930). Rare Catch (Waratah.). The Advocate (Burnie, Tas.), Monday, 11 August, p. 6.

Tasmania	x	February to April 1931 (Sleightholme et al., 2020)	Sleightholme, Stephen R., Gordon, Tammy J. and Campbell, Cameron R. (2020). The Kaine capture - questioning the history of the last Thylacine in captivity. Australian Zoologist 41(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.7882/AZ.2019.032

Tasmania	x	1933 (Smith, 1981; Paddle, 2000, 2002)	Smith, Steven J. (1981). The Tasmanian Tiger - 1980: A report on an investigation of the current status of thylacine Thylacinus cynocephalus, funded by The World Wildlife Fund Australia. Wildt. Division Tech. Rep. 81/1. Hobart, Australia: National Parks and Wildlife Service. 133 pp. Paddle, Robert N. (2000). The Last Tasmanian Tiger: the History and Extinction of the Thylacine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [hardback] Paddle, Robert N. (2002). The Last Tasmanian Tiger: The History and Extinction of the Thylacine. Oakleigh, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. [paperback]

Tasmania	[1938? (Mooney, 2023)]	x	Mooney, Nick. (2023). Review of footprints from the 1938 Jane River expedition, pp. 139-142. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmanian Tiger. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp.

Pre-European genetic loss: cause/s

The balance of the evidence points to the concurrent disappearance of the thylacine, Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) and Tasmanian native hen (Tribonyx mortierii) from the mainland 3000-3200 years ago (Baird, 1991; Johnson & Wroe, 2003; White et al., 2018b, 2023), and genetic bottlenecks in the Tasmanian populations of the thylacine and Tasmanian devil 3000 years ago. Given that the last securely dated mainland record of the thylacine (3290±49 yBP) almost certainly does not represent the last individual, the population may well have survived substantially longer, potentially bridging the theoretical temporal gap between the two events. But given that dingoes have, as far back as 1841, been suggested to have played a role in the thylacine's mainland demise (Ogilby, 1841), and have historically been agreed to have always been absent from Tasmania, it would not be surprising if mainland extinction preceded the botteneck by some decades or even centuries. Yet this naturally raises the question of the cause, or causes, of this dual genetic loss. Three main candidate extinction causes are discussed and debated: competition from the introduced dingo (Fillios et al., 2012; Letnic et al., 2012), a climatic shift to a more drought-prone system [Brown, 2006; Donders et al., 2007), and human intensification (increased population size, technological advancements and increased resource use) (Lourandos, 1997; Johnson & Wroe, 2003). At least two further, though clearly related, hypotheses have been put forward: the introduction of the dingo may have introduced a pathogen (Corbett, 1995; fide Morris et al., 2013), and the introduction of the dingo may have introduced a parasite (Freeland, 1993; fide Abbott, 2008). All three main candidate hypotheses (dingoes, climate, humans) have significant explanatory efficacy/power, not least because they are each thought to have been either much less severe in Tasmania (climate and humans) or non-existent (dingoes) (White et al., 2023). But the relative degree to which each actually contributed to the species' mainland extinction may never be largely known.

As for New Guinea, the New Guinea singing dog (NGSD) and human intensification are the prevailing candidates, with canids presumably having been introduced to the island before they reached Australia (even though the earliest known record from Australia precedes that from New Guinea), and therefore having had a negative impact on the thylacine population there for longer than on the mainland. While the differential faunal composition may also be of some significance, given that there are more prey species in the thylacine's prey size range in Australia than New Guinea. But with very few fossil specimens known from New Guinea, and therefore a much looser extinction chronology at present, caution must be eased when trying to extrapolate from the limited data currently available.

Evolution & Palaeontology

Thylacinus spp. during the Late Miocene (11.6–5.332 Ma) to Pliocene (5.332–2.588 Ma)

The Powerful thylacine (Thylacinus potens) was described by (Woodburne, 1967) from the Alcoota Local Fauna, Alcoota Station, Northern Territory, based upon 11 museum accessions (Woodburne, 1967; but see Rovinsky et al., 2019:Table S1), with only (Yates, 2014) reporting any further material (6 accessions) (see Rovinsky et al., 2019:Table S1). The site has been estimated to date to the Late Miocene (8.5–5.5 Ma) (Rovinsky et al., 2019), and therefore the species may have survived into the Early Pliocene (5.3–3.6 Ma) as the paucity of dated material cannot currently constrain the species to the Miocene. Previous body mass estimates, based upon different methods, of 38.7 kg (Wroe, 2001) and 40.9–120.6 kg (Yates, 2014) for adults have been superseded by the estimate of 28.3–55.0 kg by (Rovinsky et al., 2019), making it one of the two largest thylacinids known along with T. megiriani (49.1kg) (Ibid.).

Thylacinus megiriani was described from the Ongeva Local Fauna of central Australia (Murray, 1997), with two further specimens since reported from the same locality (Yates, 2015), which has been conservatively dated as Late Miocene-Early Pliocene (7.5–4.5 Ma) (Rovinsky et al., 2019). It has been estimated to weigh 57.3 kg (Wroe, 2001) and 49.1 kg (Rovinsky et al., 2019) as an adult using different methods.

Thylacinus yorkellus was described as the sister species to T. cynocephalus by (Yates, 2015), known only from a partial mandible and isolated molar of Pliocene age (Pledge, 1992; Yates, 2015), and was found in Cora-Lynn Cave, South Australia, dubbed the Curramulka Local Fauna which was considered to be "Late Miocene or, more likely, early Pliocene in age" (Ibid.). It is considered to date to the Early Pliocene (~5.3–3.6 Ma) by (Rovinsky et al., 2019). The scientific description of the species includes an adult body mass estimate of 16–18 kg (Yates, 2015), while Rovinsky et al. (2019) estimate that it weighed 14.5–17.8 kg, which are consistent with each other, especially given the variance that sexual dimorphism would add, as evidenced by a similar body mass estimate for of its sister species, T. cynocephalus, of a mean 16.7kg (mean 19.7kg for males; mean 13.7kg for females) (Rovinsky et al., 2021).

Other undiagnostic material of Thylacinus spp. is known of Pliocene age from both mainland Australia and New Guinea. Plane (1976) reported a partial P₂ from the Awe Local Fauna (New Guinea) which has been broadly dated to 3.3–2.4 Ma using K/Ar radiometric dating (Hoch & Holm, 1986). Dawson et al. (1999) reported a partial left dentary from the Big Sink Local Fauna, from the Wellington Caves complex, New South Wales, which can be dated to around ~4.2–3.6 Ma (Rovinsky et al., 2019). Mackness et al. (2002) reported a partial right dentary, and Louys & Price (2015) a partial right maxilla and partial right dentary, with all three coming from the Chinchilla Local Fauna of the Chinchilla Sands in the western Darling Downs, south-east Queensland, which dated to around ~4.2–3.6 Ma (Rovinsky et al., 2019). The clear absence of any known Pliocene age material of Thylacinus spp. from Tasmania may have a natural explanation.

Anatomy & Morphology

Table 8. Detailed values for various elements of the different parts of the thylacine's body.

Part of body	Element	Value/s	Reference/s
Skull	relationship between the amount of over-eruption and skull length (CBL [= condylobasal length])	NIS=13 Slope ± SE=0.065 ± 0.036 p=0.11 Smallest condylobasal length = 184.9 (Predicted over-eruption ± SE = 4.18 ± 1.58) Largest condylobasal length = 252.7 (Predicted over-eruption ± SE = 8.56 ± 1.39)	Jones, Menna Elizabeth. (2023b). Over-eruption in marsupial carnivore teeth: compensation for a constraint. BioRxiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.16.533044

Skull	"Parameter estimates of the differences among species (species by body size interaction) in the slope of the relationship between canine tooth dimensions (length, anteroposterior and medio-lateral diameters) and body size (jaw length) for museum specimens of four species of marsupial carnivores" Canine length	[NIS=13?] Slope = -1.079 SE = 0.274 t test = -3.945 p = <0.001***	Jones, Menna Elizabeth. (2023b). Over-eruption in marsupial carnivore teeth: compensation for a constraint. BioRxiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.16.533044

Skull	"Parameter estimates of the differences among species (species by body size interaction) in the slope of the relationship between canine tooth dimensions (length, anteroposterior and medio-lateral diameters) and body size (jaw length) for museum specimens of four species of marsupial carnivores" Antero-posterior diameter	[NIS=13?] Slope = -0.538 SE = 0.204 t test = -2.638 p = 0.01**	Jones, Menna Elizabeth. (2023b). Over-eruption in marsupial carnivore teeth: compensation for a constraint. BioRxiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.16.533044

Skull	"Parameter estimates of the differences among species (species by body size interaction) in the slope of the relationship between canine tooth dimensions (length, anteroposterior and medio-lateral diameters) and body size (jaw length) for museum specimens of four species of marsupial carnivores" Medio-lateral diameter	[NIS=13?] Slope = -0.213 SE = 0.222 t test = -0.956 p = 0.342	Jones, Menna Elizabeth. (2023b). Over-eruption in marsupial carnivore teeth: compensation for a constraint. BioRxiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.16.533044

Skull	"Coefficients for the linear trends of the relationship between a) molar over-eruption and b) molar height and jaw length for each tooth, M1 to M4, across the molar tooth row" Molar over-eruption and jaw length	NIS = 88 Linear trend = -0.01076 SE = 0.004421 t test = -2.43459 p = 0.017135 Radj = 0.821568	Jones, Menna Elizabeth. (2023b). Over-eruption in marsupial carnivore teeth: compensation for a constraint. BioRxiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.16.533044

Skull	"Coefficients for the linear trends of the relationship between a) molar over-eruption and b) molar height and jaw length for each tooth, M1 to M4, across the molar tooth row" Molar height and jaw length	NIS = 84 Linear trend = 0.02278 SE = 0.007481 t test = 3.045123 p = 0.003195 Radj = 0.830572	Jones, Menna Elizabeth. (2023b). Over-eruption in marsupial carnivore teeth: compensation for a constraint. BioRxiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.16.533044

Skull	Orbital frontation	55.2°	Gaillard, Charlène, MacPhee, Ross D. E. and Forasiepi, Analía M. (2023). Seeing through the eyes of the sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox (Metatheria, Sparassodonta). Communications Biology 6: 257. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04624-5

Skull	Orbitotemporal angle	123.7°	Gaillard, Charlène, MacPhee, Ross D. E. and Forasiepi, Analía M. (2023). Seeing through the eyes of the sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox (Metatheria, Sparassodonta). Communications Biology 6: 257. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04624-5

Skull	Orbitolabyrinth angle	71.7°	Gaillard, Charlène, MacPhee, Ross D. E. and Forasiepi, Analía M. (2023). Seeing through the eyes of the sabertooth Thylacosmilus atrox (Metatheria, Sparassodonta). Communications Biology 6: 257. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04624-5

Biology & Ecology

The species was strongly sexually dimorphic (Ride, 1964; Lowry, 1972:24; Rovinsky et al., 2020), and probably functionally so (Rovinsky et al., 2020; Rovinsky, 2023a), meaning that the two sexes likely had different ecologies (Rovinsky et al., 2020; Rovinsky, 2023a).

Diet (excluding claims of domestic predation):

"The thylacines hunt the kangaroos and bandicoots, and also attack the echidnas, which they succeed in strangling and devouring despite the spines that constitute the defensive armor of these singular mammals. It is even asserted that formerly, while they were as yet wandering upon the sea shore, they fed greedily upon the remains of seals, decayed fish and molluscs cast up by the waves"

Source: Anonymous. (1890). The dog-headed opossum. Leader (Melbourne), Saturday, 26 April, p. 8.

Interspecific (interspecies) aggression

Attacks on humans:

Reported thylacine attacks on humans are extremely rare. In all cases, either the animal was severely incapacitated, or it is too difficult to conclude who the true aggressor was. See (Paddle, 2000:92-93) for an extended discussion of reported thylacine attacks.

"A curious circumstance happened at Mr. Blinkworth's, Jerusalem, the other day. A native tiger, as it is called, boldly entered his cottage, where his family was assembled, and seized one of the little children by the hair, but fortunately missed its bite. Mr. Blinkworth who was confined to the house with a lame hand, alertly seized the animal by the tail and dashing it on the ground speedily killed it."

Source: Hobart Town Courier, Saturday, 17 April, 1830

The Sydney Morning Herald (22 May, 1872) reported that a Mr James Jones was approached by a tiger coming out of the scrub (quoted by Whitley, 1973).

Distribution

Tasmania (historically), mainland Australia (pre-historically) & New Guinea (pre-historically). I have begun to compile a separate list of fossil sites containing the thylacine.

Type locality: "Neighbourhood of the highest mountainous parts of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania, Australia)" (Jackson & Groves, 2015:77)

The species has been reported as absent from King Island off Tasmania (Campbell, 1888:164; Emu Bay Times and North West and West Coast Advocate 24.ix.1898:3; Marshall & Hope, 1973).

Hypodigm

Historical preserved specimens that have been lost

Lost specimens

While we might have lost the thylacine, there are many specimens in both museum and private collections. However, many of these have been lost, twice in a sense:

"A total of 46 specimens are noted as having been destroyed, the majority lost in bombing raids during the Second World War." (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018:508)

Paterson's reproductive organs

Sleightholme, Stephen R. and Campbell, Cameron R. (2018). The International Thylacine Specimen Database (6th Revision - Project Summary & Final Report). Australian Zoologist 39(3): 480-512. [Abstract]

Harris' type specimen

Measured 5ft 10in (Harris, 1808), which (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018) puzzlingly describe as a "juvenile male". Hardly so. Described as "whereabouts unknown" by (Mahoney & Ride, 1988:12) and "assumed to be lost or destroyed" by (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018).

Sources:

Mahoney, J. A. and Ride, W. D. L. (1988). Thylacinidae, pp. 11-13. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.). Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 5. Mammalia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Renshaw, Graham. (1905). More Natural History Essays. London: Sherratt and Hughes.

Renshaw, Graham. (1938). The Thylacine. Journal of the Society for the Preservation of the Fauna of the Empire 35: 47-49.

Bullock Museum specimen

Acquired sometime between 1808 and 1812. Measured 5ft 3in (Bullock, 1812,1813,1816). Described by Bullock in 1812 as the only preserved specimen in existence, supporting the possibility that Harris' type specimen was never preserved.

Sources:

Bullock, William. (1813). A companion to the London Museum and Pantherion : containing a brief description of upwards of fifteen thousand natural and foreign curiosities, antiquities, and productions of the fine arts now open for public inspection in the Egyptian Temple, Piccadilly, London. London: Printed for the proprietor by Whittingham and Rowland. xii + 151 pp. [pp. 130-131]

Temminck, Coenraad J. (1824). Sur le genre Sarigue - Didelphis (Linn.). and Sur les mammifères du genre Dasyure, et sur deux genres voisins, les Thylacynes et les Phascogales, pp. 21-54, pls. 5-6 and pp. 55-72, pls. 7-8 in Temminck, Coenraad J. (1824-1827). Monographies de Mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de mammifères dont les espèces ont été observées dans lens différens musées de l'Europe. Ouvrage accompagné de planches d'Ostéologie, pouvant servir de suite et de complément aux notices sur les animaux vivans, publiées par M. le Baron G. Cuvier, dans ses recherches sur les ossemens fossiles. Paris: G. Dufour et E. D'Ocagne Tom. 1 [23, 60].

http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/biology/specimens/specimens_5.htm

"M. Brocks" specimen

Sources:

Temminck, Coenraad Jacob. (1824). Sur le genre Sarigue - Didelphis (Linn.). and Sur les mammifères du genre Dasyure, et sur deux genres voisins, les Thylacynes et les Phascogales, pp. 21-54, pls. 5-6 and pp. 55-72, pls. 7-8 in Temminck, Coenraad J. (1824-1827). Monographies de Mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de mammifères dont les espèces ont été observées dans lens différens musées de l'Europe. Ouvrage accompagné de planches d'Ostéologie, pouvant servir de suite et de complément aux notices sur les animaux vivans, publiées par M. le Baron G. Cuvier, dans ses recherches sur les ossemens fossiles. Paris: G. Dufour et E. D'Ocagne Tom. 1 [23, 60].

Renshaw, Graham. (1905). More Natural History Essays. London: Sherratt and Hughes.

Lost taxidermy specimen

An 1876 Romain Talbot magic lantern slide depicts a taxidermied thylacine, but does not match any of the 102 taxidermy specimens known to survive (Dr. Stephen Sleightholme, pers. comm. 2 December 2022) and thus almost certainly depicts a specimen that has since been lost.

International Collections

The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard

These are the only specimens that I am aware of the museum having:

MCZ 6014 (mounted skeleton; sex unspecified)
MCZ 6349 (mounted skin; sex unspecified)
MCZ 36797 (most elements present; sex unspecified)

Carnegie Museum

CM 20975 (juvenile) (Wible et al., 2021)

Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali of Torino, Italy

MZUT T480 (352) (Ghiraldi et al., 2021)

MZUT T480 (MACUT 331) (Ghiraldi et al., 2021)

Natural History Museum, London

BMNH 1887.5.18.9 (pouch young; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

Leeds Museum

1 taxidermy and 5 skulls (Anonymous. (2017). Leeds Specimens Help Solve Mystery Of Tasmanian Tiger's Tale. Yorkshire Reporter 2017(November): 25.)

Natural History Museum Vienna

NMW ST 132 (Zachos, 2020)

Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle

MNHP 2000-153 (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

MNHN 1884-262 (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

University Museum Of Zoology, Cambridge University

Phys. Cat. 390D (dried stomach) (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

UMZC A6.7/5 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

UMZC A6.7/7 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

UMZC A6.7/10 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

UMZC A6.7/14 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

UMZC A6.7/19 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

Zoological Museum of the University (Heidelberg)

ZMUH31 (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

Forschungsinstitut & Schaumuseum Senckenberg

SMF6675 (juvenile) (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

University of California Museum of Paleontology

UCMP 45183 (Dawson, 1985:65)

National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

USNM 124662 (skin, adult female which died at Washington Zoo in 1904; from same individual as 49723; Miller et al., 2009:supplement; http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3ca8558c7-ab21-4aeb-a65f-7f7a44537190)

USNM 125345 (skin, adult male; son of USNM 124662/49723; same individual as 49724 died at Washington Zoo in 1905) (Miller et al., 2009:supplement)

USNM 155387 (Senter & Moch, 2015)

USNM 155407 (skull; http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3643ac0f7-6cc0-4ae4-a23b-b1e6b4da3ed9)

USNM 155408 (flat skin; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

USNM 238801 (Senter & Moch, 2015)

USNM 49723 (skull, adult female which died at Washington Zoo in 1904; from same individual as 124662; Miller et al., 2009:supplement)

USNM 49724 (skull, adult male; son of USNM 124662/49723; same individual as 125345; died at Washington Zoo in 1905) (Miller et al., 2009:supplement; Senter & Moch, 2015)

AMNH 160248 (van Deusen, 1963:280)

AMNH 35866 (Mittelbach & Crewdson, 2006)

AMNH 77701 (van Deusen, 1963:280)

Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago)

FMNH 81522 (head skin) (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

Museum of Vertebrates, Cornell University (New York)

Merseyside County Museums, Liverpool

These are the only specimens that I am aware of the museum having:

MCM 26.9.1910 (ss and limb bones) (Fisher, 1984:208)

MCM 1979.21 (sk) (Fisher, 1984:208)

The Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, University of Glasgow, Scotland

These are the only specimens that I am aware of the museum having:

GLAHM Z503 (mount, sex not specified, see here)

GLAHM Z1358 (skull, juvenile female, see here)

The Grant Museum of Zoology, London

These are the only specimens that I am aware of the museum having:

UCLZ 87 (skull, lacking lower mandible; female)

UCLZ 88 (skull and mandible)

UCLZ 89 (mounted skeleton)

UCLZ 90 (skull and lower mandible)

UCLZ 1479 (skull and mandible; male)

UCLZ 1653 (four fluid body part specimens of torso; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

National Museums of Scotland

NMSZ 1980.67 (adult female) (McOrist et al., 1993)
NMSZ 1868.30.1 (adult male) (McOrist et al., 1993)

Swedish Museum of Natural History (Stockholm)

NRM 566599/NRM A56 6599 (adult female, ethanol "wet" specimen; displayed at London Zoo from 14 November 1884, died in 2 April 1893; Flower, 1931(?); Miller et al., 2009:supplement; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)
NRM 592206 (mounted skin, adult male, collected in 1870) (Miller et al., 2009:supplement)

Zoology Museum, Ghent University (Belgium)

Has one specimen, probably from the collection of C. J. Temminck (Verschelde & Adriaens, n.d.).

Charles University, Prague

DZCU 8021.1 ["~1.5 week old individual from a litter of four preserved pouch young" (Newton et al., 2018b)]

The Natural History Museum, Dublin

The museum has four specimens (source)

NH:1917.25.1 (source)
NH:1917.25.1 (source)

Oxford University Museum of Natural History

OUM 5292 (adult female, headless, ethanol "wet" specimen; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

OUM 7942 (adult female, head skin, wet specimen; London Zoo's last thylacine (displayed 26 January 1926 to 9 August 1931) Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

OUM 8091 (juvenile male, partially dissected, ethanol "wet" specimen; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

New Zealand Collections

Otago Museum

OMNZ VT2607 (collection date: 1870's?; source)

Whanganui Regional Museum, New Zealand

WRM 1805.61 (taxidermy mount; acquired 1891, see here)

The Whanganui Regional Museum, North Island, New Zealand formerly had another specimen (source; source).

Australian Collections

Tasmanian Collections

Queen Victoria Museum & Art Gallery

QVM.2013.H.0023 (Maynard & Gordon, 2014:27)

QVM: OLD: 1:2004 (juvenile) (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery (TMAG) (Hobart)

TMAG A930 ["~9 week old preserved pouch young" (Newton et al., 2018b)]
TMAG A931 ["~5.25 week old individual from a litter of two preserved pouch young" (Newton et al., 2018b)]
TMAG A934 [non-thylacine dasyurid, misidentified; see (Newton et al., 2018a,b)]
http://static.tmag.tas.gov.au/decorativeart/objects/misc/P2008.33/index.html [thylacine jawbone pincushion]

TMAG A1299 (juvenile) (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)
TMAG P2008.33 [thylacine jawbone pincushion]

"Internal transfer: Emily Ferrar (Tasmania) thylacine jawbone pincushion, c.1900 Registration transferred from the TMAG Zoology Department P2008.33" (source)

Marchweil skin (source)

Mainland Australian Collections

Australian Museum (Sydney)

AMS P762 ["~12 week old preserved pouch young" (Newton et al., 2018b)]

AMS 1646

AM F18660 (Dawson, 1985:65)

AM M606 (study skin; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

AM M1129 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

AM 767 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

AM 5403 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

AM M8331 (possible syntype of T. breviceps) (Parnaby et al., 2017:300; Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

AM P778 (possible syntype of T. breviceps) (Parnaby et al., 2017:300; Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

AM PA.774 (syntype of T. breviceps) (Parnaby et al., 2017:300; Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

National Museum of Australia (Canberra)

Many specimens can be seen here.

NMA 1984.0010.0021 (intestinal tract; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

NMA 1984.0010.0690 (liver and gall bladder of young female thylacine; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

NMA 1984.0010.0692 (heart; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

NMA 1984.0010.0694 (reproductive tract, female; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

NMA 1984.0010.0704 (spleen; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

NMA 1984.0010.0705 (kidneys & adrenal gland; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

NMA 1984.0010.0706 (preserved pouch and scrotal sac) (Sleightholme, 2011:954)

NMA 1984.0010.0714 (adult male, partially skinned, ethanol "wet" specimen; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

Queensland Museum

QM F44643 ("I1")
QM F726 in part (Mackness et al. 2002:238; Louys & Price, 201X:21)
QM F3744 (Louys & Price, 201X:21)

South Australian Museum

SAM M95 (rolled skin and skeleton, adult male; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018; Warburton et al., 2019; Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

SAM M608 (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

SAM M611 (juvenile) (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

SAM M612 (juvenile) (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018)

SAM M665/001 (mounted skeleton; Warburton et al., 2019)

SAM M922 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

SAM M1952 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

SAM M1953 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

SAM M1954 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

SAM M1955 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

SAM M1956 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

SAM M1957 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

SAM M1958 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

SAM M1959 (Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

SAM M1960 (inc. skeleton; Warburton et al., 2019; Beck et al., 2022:SM16)

National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne (now Museums Victoria?)

NMV C5747
NMV C5748
NMV C5752 (alcohol-preserved skull)
NMV C5755 ["~4.5 week old individual from a litter of three preserved pouch young" (Newton et al., 2018b)]
NMV P187757

Western Australian Museum

WAM F6353

WAM F6358

WA M33 (Kitchener & Vicker, 1981:156)

WA M195 (mounted skeleton, sex unknown) (Kitchener & Vicker, 1981:156; Warburton et al., 2019)

WA M3318 (Kitchener & Vicker, 1981:156)

WA M17189 (skin and damaged skull, juvenile female) (Kitchener & Vicker, 1981:156; Warburton et al., 2019)

Robert O’Hara Burke Memorial Museum (Beechworth, Victoria)

Adult taxidermy (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018c). Collected in 1870:

Tiegs Zoology Museum, University of Melbourne

3 skulls with matching lower mandibles (source)

The International Thylacine Specimen Database (ITSD)

The ITSD is a database of most known preserved thylacine specimens (subfossils are not included at present) held in museum collections around the world; and in 9 further instances, in private collections as well. The 5th edition the database is available as a CD (as were previous versions); however, they are only available to scientists and thus the public is deprived of much valuable information. But a basic breakdown of the database can be found online. A sixth revision was published in 2017 (Sleightholme & Ayliffe, 2017; Sleightholme & Campbell, 2018).

Links

https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/search?q=Thylacinus

Media

Multimedia

I have compiled an exhaustive list of over 40 documentaries and television segments on the thylacine.

All but one (the Randall Stewart film) of the historical films of thylacines can be viewed at the Thylacine Museum.

Illustrations

Above: A rough sketch by my good friend Nicole "Niquoll" Dyble, a Tasmanian-based marsupial carnivore keeper and artist.

Photographs

Thylacine researchers Dr. Stephen Sleightholme and Cameron Campbell have compiled the Thylacine Image Registry (TIR) of all known photographs of living or recently killed individuals, totalling 111 photographs and 2 film stills from a lost film (Sleightholme & Campbell, 2021a). Since then, the lost Randall Stewart film was rediscovered by researcher Andrew Vamvatsikos, thereby removing the two film stills from the registry, while several other photographs have since been discovered. A revised paper collating these changes is planned by Dr. Sleightholme.

Sleightholme, Stephen R. and Campbell, Cameron R. (2021a). A Catalogue of the Thylacine captured on film. Australian Zoologist 41(2): 143-178. https://doi.org/10.7882/AZ.2020.032

Above: An alleged thylacine den/lair, photographed by Dudley Le Souef c.1900-1911. A thylacine is said to have been extracted from here and sent to Melbourne Zoo (Paddle, 1992). The site was rediscovered in 2001 and proved too shallow and otherwise unsuitable to have been a permanent thylacine lair (Medlock, 2023).

Photographs in Museum Collections

Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery (TMAG) (Hobart)

Q2015.8 (c.1923, Brian Oxer)

Q2015.9 (c.1923, Brian Oxer)

Source: Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. (2015). TMAG Annual Report 2014-15. Hobart: Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery.

Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery (QVMAG)

QVM:1983:P:1943 (“View of a Thylacine at the Domain Zoo Hobart Tasmania, 1927-1929”)

"Photograph, skeleton of Tasmanian tiger, Sold to W Australian Museum by A.J.T. [A J Taylor?] for £25.0.0, 1914, collected Mr David Hansen"

Source: Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. (2004). TMAG Annual Report 2003-04. Hobart: Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery.

Other Media

Ned Terry's 2005 book, Tasmanian tiger: Thylacinus cynocephalus: alive & well, had an audio CD associated with it that contains interviews conducted post-1980 with post-1936 witnesses.

"White CD-ROM in white paper CD envelope. The CD-ROM contains an oral history between Simon Townsend and Bernie Mason on Thylacines."

Source: https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/5050395d2162ef07b069e584

References

Original scientific description:

Harris, George Prideaux. (1808). Description of two new species of Didelphis from Van Diemen's Land. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 9(1): 174-178.

Other references:

Abbott, Ian. (2008). Historical perspectives of the ecology of some conspicuous vertebrate species in south-west Western Australia. Conservation Science Western Australia 6(3): 1-214.

Adams, S. J., McDowell, M. C. and Prideaux, G. J. (2016). Understanding accumulation bias in the ecological interpretation of archaeological and paleontological sites on Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 7: 715-729. [Abstract]

Adam-Smith, Patricia Jean "Patsy". (1968). Tiger Country. [Sydney?]: Rigby Ltd.

Adam-Smith, Patricia Jean "Patsy". (1970). Tiger Country. Adelaide, South Australia: Rigby Ltd. (Seal Books imprint).

Adam-Smith, Patricia Jean "Patsy". (1975). Tiger Country. Adelaid, Rigby Ltd. (Seal Books imprint).

Aflalo, Frederick G. (1896). A Sketch of the Natural History of Australia: With Some Notes on Sport. London: MacMillan and Co. [Chapter five: The Dasyures, pp. 65-71; lists T. breviceps as extant]

Agnelli, Paolo, Nistri, Annamaria and Vanni, Stefano. (2009). Le collezioni dei Vertebrati / The vertebrate collections, pp. 173-211. In: Barsanti, Giulio and Chelazzi, Guido (eds.). Il Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze. Le collezioni della Specola : zoologia e cere anatomiche / The Museum of Natural History of the University of Florence: The Collections of La Specola. Zoology and Anatomical Waxes. Firenze University Press.

Ahlstone, Daisy M. (2019). Thylacine Dreams: The Vernacular Resurrection of an Extinct Marsupial. Master's thesis, Utah State University.

Ahlstone, Daisy M. (2023a). Giving Life to Legends: Material Representation of Ostensive Behavior. Western Folklore 82(1): 37-59.

Ahlstone, Daisy M. (2023b). Narrating perseverance: an overview of thylacines in fiction, pp. 175-176. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmania. Clayton South, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp.

Ahlstone, Daisy M. (2023c). Gaming extinction: representation of the thylacine in video games, pp. 176-180. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmania. Clayton South, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp.

Alldis, Jim. (1973). Animals as Friends: A Head Keeper Remembers London Zoo. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. 127 pp.

Allen, Blake. (2017). Constituting the Australian environment: the transition of political responsibility for the environment in Australia from state to federal government, 1974-1983. MA thesis, the College of Graduate Studies, University of British Columbia.

Allen, Harry, Karstens, Sarah and Littleton, Judith. (2023). Legacy archaeology: Aboriginal subsistence response to Holocene environmental changes using faunal evidence from archaeological sites on the Lower Murray, South Australia. The Holocene 33(4): 432-445. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221145384

Allport, Morton. (1868). Remarks on Mr. Krefft’s “Notes on the Fauna of Tasmania”. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania [1868]: 33-36.

Anderson, Alistair. (2016). Exploring the Affective (After)Lives of Digital Archives. Bristol Society and Space (blog), 1 June, available at: https://bristolsocietyandspace.com/2016/06/01/exploring-the-affective-afterlives-of-digital-archives/

Anderson, H. H. (1905). A Geography of Tasmania. Sydney: William Brooks.

Andrew, Deborah L. (2005). Ecology of the tiger quoll Dasyurus maculatus maculatus in coastal New South Wales. MSc thesis, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong. [automatic download]

Andrews, A. P. (c.1975). Thylacine Thylacinus cynocephalus (Tasmanian tiger, marsupial wolf). Education Leaflet No. 8. Hobart: Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery.

Andrews, A. P. (1985). Thylacine. Thylacinus cynocephalus. Pamphlet produced by the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Macquarie Street, Hobart, Tasmania.

Angas, G. F. (1862). Narrative of Australia: a popular account. London: Society for Promotion of Christian Knowledge.

Anonymous. (1829). Catalogue of the Animals Preserved in the Museum of the Zoological Society, September 1829. London: Richard Taylor. 40 pp. [p. 11]

Anonymous. (1842). Aboriginal languages of Tasmania. Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science, Agriculture, Statistics, &c. 1(4): 308-318. [page 308]

Anonymous. (1855). The Tiger-wolf. (Thylacinus cynocephalus.). Excelsior: Helps to Progress in Religion, Science, and Literature, Volume 3: 246-249. [includes illustration]

Anonymous. (1858). The British Association.—Meeting at Leeds. The Sydney Morning Herald, Saturday, 25 December, p. 3.

Anonymous. (1859). "Genus Thylacinus, Temm.", p. 147. In: Anonymous. Descriptive Catalogue of the Specimens of Natural History in Spirit Contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Vertebrata: Pisces, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia. London: Taylor and Francis. xxii + 148 pp.

Anonymous. (1867). Intercolonial Exhibition of Australasia, Melbourne, 1866-67: Official Record, containing Introduction, Catalogues, Reports and Awards of the Jurors, and Essays and Statistics on the Social and Economic Resources of the Australasian Colonies. Melbourne: Blundell & Co. [p. 57; 19th century thylacine photo of skeleton]

Anonymous. (1868). The Australian Museum. II. Sydney Mail, Saturday, 10 October, p. 6.

Anonymous. (1874). Stock aquired during the year 1873-4, by purchase or exchange. Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, and the Report of the Annual Meeting of the Society 3: 31.

Anonymous. (1880). The North-West Coast. The Mercury, Monday, 9 August, p. 3.

Anonymous. (1886). Additions To The Museum. South Australian Register, Wednesday, 10 November, p. 3.

Anonymous. (1909). Annual Report. The Tasmanian Naturalist 2(2): 21-24. [p. 23]

Anonymous. (1917). Tasmanian Tigers. Scientific Australian 22(3): 60.

Anonymous. (1921). Proclamation relating to the exportation of certain mammals and the skins thereof. Commonwealth of Australia Gazette 15 December, p. 2293.

Anonymous. (1930). Rare Catch (Waratah.). The Advocate (Burnie, Tas.), Monday, 11 August, p. 6.

Anonymous. (1934). The Weekly Times Wild Nature Book (Melbourne Centenary Souvenir). Melbourne: Herald and Weekly Times. [entry on the thylacine in the present tense, including reproduction of Gould's famous illustration of two thylacines facing left]

Anonymous. (1938). The Tasmanian Tiger. Journal of the Society for the Preservation of the Fauna of the Empire 34: 87-88.

Anonymous. (1963). Animal in Danger. Animals 2(2): pagination?. [J. H. Calaby: "Photograph inside front cover and note on Thylacinus"]

Anonymous. (1964). A preliminary list of rare mammals including those believed to be rare but concerning which detailed information is still lacking. IUCN Bulletin 11(Special Supplement): 4 pp.

Anonymous. (1965). Thylacine. The Tasmanian Naturalist 1966(4): 2. [general discussion of recent thylacine reports in the 'back country']

Anonymous. (1966a). Thylacine in Western Australia. Monthly Service Bulletin 15: 118. [some kind of publication authored by a staff member of CALM, the predecessor of the DEC]

Anonymous. (1966b). Thylacine. IUCN Bulletin New Series 20: 4.

Anonymous. (1966). Thylacine. The Tasmanian Naturalist (new series) 4: 2. [last record of the species c.1936]

Anonymous. (1969). The Thylacine or "Tasmanian Wolf". Leaflet (Australian Museum), no. 49. Sydney: Australian Museum.

Anonymous. (1970). The rare thylacine. Nature Walkabout 6(2): 5-7.

Anonymous. (1971). Reader remembers the "hyenas". Burnie Advocate, 8 May.

Anonymous. (1973a). Another strange beast sighted on Tableland. Cairns Post, 17 Jan.

Anonymous. (1973b). Aloomba woman reports seeing Tableland beast. Cairns Post, 18 Jan.

Anonymous. (1974a). Paintings of Tas. Tiger found in NT. Sydney Morning Herald, 27 April.

Anonymous. (1974b). The Northern Territory's prehistoric monster (tiger?). Sydney Morning Herald, 6 May.

Anonymous. (1977a). Thylacine. 6: 94-95 in The Australian Encyclopaedia. Vol. 4. Grolier Society of Australia : Sydney 3rd edn.

Anonymous. (1977b). 'Tiger' now in baby mystery. Sunday Telegraph (Sydney), 27 March, p. 46.

Anonymous. (1977c). 'Extinct' Tiger seen claim two. Sunday Telegraph (Sydney), 21 August.

Anonymous. (1978). Thylacine. Mammals No. 9. In Australian Endangered Species. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service.

Anonymous. (1979a). Submission to CITES Secretariat Unpublished. 4 pp. [cited by (Thornback & Jenkins, 1982:91)]

Anonymous. (1979b). Naturalists hunt extinct tiger in Tasmania. The Times (London), 16 November.

Anonymous. (1979c). "The Mercury" (6/12/77), p. 3, Hobart.

Anonymous. (1980a). Melbourne Sun, 2 January.

Anonymous. (1980b). Tasmanian tiger sought in Australia. Washington Post, 29 May.

Anonymous. (1980c). Tasmanian Tiger eludes search. Hong Kong Standard, 21 September.

Anonymous. (1981). Search on for tiger with a pouch. Pretoria News, 24 October, p. 8.

Anonymous. (1982a). Advocate (Coffs Harbour, NSW), 9 March [January 1979 sighting by married couple at night]

Anonymous. (1982b). Eighty-year-old Tasmanian Tiger dissected. Omega Science Digest 1982(July/August): 27.

Anonymous. (1984a). Last gape of the Tasmanian tiger. Nature 307: 411.

Anonymous. (1984b). Last gape of the Tasmanian tiger, p.76-77. In: Beyond Vision. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Anonymous. (1984c). Tassie tiger's tale. [publication?] 7(4): 4-5.

Anonymous. (1988). Where's that tiger? National Geographic World 152: 34.

Anonymous. (2001). The Mainland Thylacine: An overview, pp. 82-83. In: Cropper, Paul (ed.). Myths & Monsters 2001 Conference Papers. Unpublished?

Anonymous. (2002a). The Mercury, 2 June 2002.

Anonymous. (2002b). Thylacine reborn? Earth Island Journal 17(3): 18-19.

Anonymous. (2003). Thyla seen near CBD? Sydney Morning Herald, 18 August.

Anonymous. (2013). Tassie tigers in the area? Casey Weekly Cranbourne, 27 January. [a previous story asked for new sightings to be reported to Michael Moss]

Anonymous. (2014a). Novel take on 'extinct' tiger. The Herald (Scotland), Friday 8 August. [author of a thylacine novel to search for the animal in Tasmania]

Anonymous. (2014b). An interview with Carol Freeman. Australian Animal Studies Group News Bulletin 25: 18-20.

Archer, Michael "Mike". (1971). A re-evaluation of the Fromm's Landing Thylacine tooth. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 84: 229-234. [NB: you may need to change the URL from "https" to "http"]

Archer, Michael "Mike". (1972). Nullarbor 1969. Western Caver 12: 17-24.

Archer, Michael "Mike". (1974). New information about the Quaternary distribution of the Thylacine (Marsupialia: Thylacinidae) in Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 57(2): 43-50. [published 1975 according to (Merrilees, 1979b)]

Archer, Michael "Mike". (1976). The dasyurid dentition and its relationships to that of didelphids, thylacinids, borhyaenids, (Marsupicarnivora) and peramelids (Peramelina; Marsupialia). Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series 24(39): 1-34. [Abstract]

Archer, Michael "Mike". (1978). Quaternary vertebrate faunas from the Texas Caves of southeastern Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 19(1): 61-109.

Archer, Michael "Mike". (1979). The status of Australian dasyurids, thylacinids and myrmecobiids, pp. 29-43. In: Tyler, M.J. (ed.). The Status of Endangered Australasian Wildlife. Adelaide: Proceedings of the Centenary Symposium of Royal Zoological Society of South Australia. [pagination is taken from the 1980 reprint, may actually be pp. 23-42?]

Archer, Michael. (1982). Thylacinus cynocephalus (Harris, 1808), pp. 91-93. In: Thornback, Jane and Jenkins, Martin (compilers).The IUCN Mammal Red Data Book. Part 1: Threatened Mammalian Taxa of the Americas and the Australasian Zoogeographic Region (Excluding Cetacea). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 516 pp.

Archer, Michael "Mike". (1984a). The status of Australian dasyurids, thylacinids and myrmecobiids, pp. 1015-21. In Archer, M. and Clayton, G. (eds) Vertebrate zoogeography and evolution in Australasia (Animals in space and time). Carlisle, Western Australia: Hesperian Press.

Archer, Michael. (1984b). Effects of humans on the Australian vertebrate fauna, pp. 151-161. In: Archer, M. and Clayton, G. (eds). Vertebrate zoogeography and evolution in Australasia (Animals in Space and Time). Carlisle, Western Australia: Hesperian Press.

Archer, Michael. (1984c). Letters: Doubts on Thylacine. Australian Natural History 21(6): 263.

Archer, Michael. (1987). A wolf in kangaroo's clothing. Pp. 70-72 in "The Antipodean ark" ed S. Hand, M. Archer. Angus & Robertson Publishers: Sydney. [relevant citation?]

Archer, Michael. (1997). Tiger, tiger out of sight. Nature Australia 25(8): 70-71.

Archer, Michael. (2003). Cloning the Thylacine: the “yes” case. 40° South Tasmania 28: 19-20.

Archer, Michael "Mike". (2005). Not dead, just stuffed. The Bulletin 123(6463): 13 or 22.

Archer, Michael, Clayton, G. and Hand, S. J. (1984). A checklist of Australasian fossil mammals, pp. 1027-1087. In: Archer, M and Clayton, G. (eds.). Vertebrate Zoogeography and Evolution in Australasia: (Animals in space and time). Carlisle, Western Australian: Hesperian Press.

Archer, Michael, Hand, S. J. and Godthelp, Hank. (1991). Riversleigh: The Story of Animals in Ancient Rainforests of Inland Australia. Sydney: Reed Books.

Armstrong, J. R. (1995). A History of Sussex, with Maps and Pictures. London: Blandford. [mention of possible living thylacines on New Guinea]

Arredondo, Oscar. (1981). Reemplazo de Paracyon por Indocyon (Carnivora: Canidae). Misc. Zool. Acad. Cien. Cuba 12: 4. [relevant reference?]

Ashby, Jack. (2023). How collections and reputation were built out of Tasmanian violence: thylacines (Thylacinus cynocephalus) and Aboriginal remains from Morton Allport (1830–1878). Archives of Natural History 50(2): 244-264. https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.2023.0859

Ashwell, K. W. (2008). Encephalization of Australian and New Guinean Marsupials. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 71(3): 181-199. [Abstract]

Attard, Marie Rosanna Gabrielle. (2012). Unveiling the mysteries of the Tasmanian Tiger. The conversation.

Attard, Marie Rosanna Gabrielle. (2013). Who’s on the menu: Marsupial carnivore feeding ecology and extinction risk. Ph.D. thesis. Biological Sciences, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australia.

Attard, Marie Rosanna Gabrielle, Chamoli, U. Ferrara, T. L. Rogers, T. L. Wroe, S. (2011). Skull mechanics and implications for feeding behaviour in a large marsupial carnivore guild: the thylacine, Tasmanian devil and spotted-tailed quoll. Journal of Zoology 285(4): 292-300.

Attard, Marie Rosanna Gabrielle, Parr, W. C. H., Wilson, L. A. B., Archer, M., Hand, S. J. et al. (2014). Virtual Reconstruction and Prey Size Preference in the Mid Cenozoic Thylacinid, Nimbacinus dicksoni (Thylacinidae, Marsupialia). PLoS ONE 9(4): e93088.

Attard, Marie Rosanna Gabrielle and Wroe, Stephen. (2012). The Thylacine Myth. Australasian Science 33(5): 19-22.

Attard, Marie Rosanna Gabrielle and Wroe, Stephen. (2023). Were thylacines wrongly persecuted? Truth behind the jaws, pp. 20-23. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmania. Clayton South, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp.

Attard, Marie Rosanna Gabrielle, Wroe, Stephen and Rogers, Tracey L. (2012). The thylacine myth: stable isotopes and skull biomechanics reveal their actual diet and extinction risk, p. 198. In: Program & Abstracts for the Ecological Society of Australia 2012 Annual Conference, Melbourne, Australia.

Attard, Marie Rosanna Gabrielle, Wroe, Stephen and Rogers, Tracey L. (In prep) Who’s on the menu? Stable isotopes reveal the thylacine’s diet and potential for competition.

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Australian Museum. (2000). The Australian Museum Rheuben Griffiths Trust Thylacine Project. Sydney : The Australian Museum. 14 pp. ill.

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Author?. (1997). Here, There Everywhere! The Australian Magazine 1997(November 15-16): 12-18.

Author?. (2016). The Thylacine — or Tasmanian Tiger. Cryptid Culture 3: 50-53.

Author? (year?). Tiger, tiger burning bright–but not a single one in sight. [Magazine article?]

Author?. (year?). Fortean Times 25: 36. [a pack of thylacine-like animals seen on the Vic/NSW border in 1977]

Author?. (year?). Thylacine Reports Persist After 50 years. ISC Newsletter 4(4): 1-5.

Ayliffe, L. K., G. J. Prideaux, M. I. Bird, R. Grün, R. G. Roberts, G. A. Gully, R. Jones, L. K. Fifield, and R. G. Cresswell. 2008. Age constraints on Pleistocene megafauna at Tight Entrance Cave in southwestern Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 1784-1788.

B. A. N. I. (1946). Puzzle of the Tasmanian tiger. Country Life, 23 August, p. 355.

Backhouse, James. (1843). A Narrative of a Visit to the Australian Colonies. London: Hamilton, Adams.

Bagust, Phil. (2006). Vampire Dogs and Marsupial Hyenas: Fear, Myth, and the Tasmanian Tiger’s Extinction, pp. 93-105. In: Day, Peter (ed.). Vampires: Myths and Metaphors of Enduring Evil. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.

Bailey, Col. (2001). Tiger Tales: Stories of the Tasmanian Tiger. Sydney: HarperCollins. xii + 164 pp.

Bailey, Col. (2009). In: "Tigerman". Magnificent Survivor: Continued Existence of the Tasmanian Tiger. e-Book.

Bailey, Col. (2013). Shadow of the Thylacine: One Man's Epic Search for the Tasmanian Tiger. Scoresby: Five Mile Press. 295 pp.

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Freeman, Carol J. (2005c). The Abject Thylacine: interactions between the real and the representation. Animals & Society: Inaugral Conference of the Animals & Society (Australia) Study Group, July 2005, Crawley, WA, pp. 36-36. [Conference Extract]

Freeman, Carol J. (2005d). From Tasmania to Knowsley: John Gould's Thylacines. Stanley Estates Newsletter, Earl of Derby, Liverpool, 17, August. [Internal Newsletter]

Freeman, Carol J. (2006). Tasmania and the thylacine: Wild(er)ness, beer and the ubiquitous souvenir. 'Senses of Place' Conference Handbook, April, Hobart, pp. 50. [Conference Extract]

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Freeman, Carol J. (2007c). Curiouser and Curiouser! The Case of the Thylacine in The Naturalists Library. In: Imperial Curiosity: Objects, Representations, Knowledges. A conference held at the University of Tasmania 27-29 June 2007, June, Hobart, pp. 25-26. [Conference Extract]

Freeman, Carol J. (2007d). Imaging the Thylacine from Trap to Laboratory, University of Tasmania, http://www.utas.edu.au/library/exhibitions/, 1 EJ (2007) [Curated Exhibition]

Freeman, Carol J. (2008). On seeing the big picture: A reply to Paddle (2008). Australian Zoologist 34(4): 471-475.

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Freeman, Carol J. (2015). ["See my article about Peter Clayfield's collection of Thylacine images on pp 24-30 of the latest 40 SOUTH magazine." (comment written 25 June 2015)]

Freeman, Carol J. (2016). The thylacine: Gone is gone. 40 [degrees] South 83: 14-19. [Abstract]

Freeman, Carol J. (2017). 'A Mere Memory: The Scandalous Extinction of the Thylacine', Scandals and Disasters in Tasmanian and Australian History, 18 November, Hobart (2017) [Conference Extract]

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Freeman, Carol J. and Bevilacqua, S. (2006). Thylacine not as bad as it's painted. The Sunday Tasmanian, Davies Brothers (News Limited), Hobart, August 27. [media interview]

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Haygarth, Nic. (2017). The myth of the dedicated thylacine hunter: Stockman-hunter culture and the decline of the thylacine (Tasmanian tiger) in Tasmania during the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth centuries. Papers and Proceedings: Tasmanian Historical Research Association 64(2): 30-45. [Abstract]

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Haygarth, Nic. (2019b). The digger and the tiger: the part of mining in the demise of the thylacine (Tasmanian tiger), pp. 28. In: "In the Footsteps of Moffatt", Proceedings of of the 25th Annual Conference, Australasian Mining History Association, Atherton 7-14 July 2019. [Abstract only]

Haygarth, Nic. (2022). Why Churchills Hut wasn't: The mythology of 'the last tiger hunter' Elias Churchill. Papers and Proceedings: Tasmanian Historical Research Association 69(3): 6-20. [Abstract]

Haygarth, Nic. (2023a). The 'Philosopher' and the thylacine, pp. 68-70. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmania. Clayton South, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp.

Haygarth, Nic. (2023b). The myths of the thylacine hunter and of a successful campaign of extirmination waged against the thylacine, pp. 74-78. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmanian Tiger. Clayton South, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp.

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Healy, Tony and Cropper, Paul. (1994). Mainland Thylacines, pp. 21-54. Out of the Shadows: Mystery Animals of Australia. Chippendale, New South Wales: Ironbark Pan Macmillan. ii + 200 pp.

Healy, Tony and Cropper, Paul. (2014). Mainland Thylacines, pp. 51-86. In: Lang, Rebecca (ed.). The Tasmanian Tiger: Extinct or Extant? Hazelbrook, NSW: Strange Nation Publishing. 186 pp. [a reprint of the above publication]

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Hoare, Philip. (2013). The Sea Inside. London: Fourth Estate. [quoted by (Freeman, 2015:61) as suggesting that the thylacine may soon be successfully cloned]

Hoare, Philip. (2014). The Sea Inside. London: Harper Collins Publishers.

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Hoch, E. (1987). An ante-alluvial fauna in Papua New Guinea. Science in New Guinea 13(3): 107-118.

Hoch, E. and Holm, P. (1986). New K/Ar age determinations of the Awe fauna gangue, Papua New Guinea: consequences for Papuaustralian late Cenozoic biostratigraphy. Modern Geology 10: 181-195.

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Hocknull, Scott A. (2005a). Ecological succession during the late Cainozoic of central eastern Queensland: extinction of adiverse rainforest community. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 51(1): 39-122. [automatic download]

Hodgkinson, D. (1982). Fred often saw tiger eyes in firelight. Northern Scene, 9 June, p. 28.

Hodgkinson, D. (1988). Killing the tiger threat. Launceston Examiner, 14 January, p. 11.

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Sharland, Michael S. R. (1957b). In search of the vanished "tiger". People, 3 April, p. 25-26.

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Sharland, Michael S. R. (1971b). Gone, but not forgotten. Hobart Mercury, 6 March.

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Shuker, Karl P. N. (2013, 8 May). The New Guinea thylacine – crying wolf in Irian Jaya? Blog post, available at: http://www.karlshuker.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/the-new-guinea-thylacine-crying-wolf-in.html

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Siversson, Mikael. (2023). The Mundrabilla mummy: conservation and exhibition, pp. 144-146. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmania. Clayton South, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp.

Skatssoon, J. (2005). Thylacine cloning project dumped. ABC Science Online, 15 February.

SKYLINE, no 4. Annual Magazine, year 1953, by LAUNCESTON Walking Club [presumably contains an article about the thylacine footprints found and cast]

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Sleightholme, Stephen R. (2023a). The International Thylacine Specimen Database, pp. 1-2. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmanian Tiger. Clayton South, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp.

Sleightholme, Stephen R. (2023b). Sir Colin MacKenzie's remarkable legacy, pp. 2-3. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmanian Tiger. Clayton South, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp.

Sleightholme, Stephen R. (2023c). William Bullock's thylacine, pp. 61-62. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmania. Clayton South, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp.

Sleightholme, Stephen R. (2023d). Is the thylacine extinct?, pp. 154-155. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmania. Clayton South, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp.

Sleightholme, Stephen R. and Ayliffe, Nicholas P. (2005). International Thylacine Specimen Database. CD-Rom. Master Copy: Zoological Society, London.

Sleightholme, Stephen R. and Ayliffe, Nicholas P. (2006). International Thylacine Specimen Database. DVD. London. Master Copy: Zoological Society, London.

Sleightholme, Stephen R. and Ayliffe, Nicholas P. (2009). International Thylacine Specimen Database. London.

Sleightholme, Stephen R. and Ayliffe, Nicholas P. (2011). International Thylacine Specimen Database, Fourth Revision, DVD-Rom; Master Copy: Zoological Society of London.

Sleightholme, Stephen R. and Ayliffe, Nicholas P. (2013). The International Thylacine Specimen Database: 5th Revision. [DVD].

Sleightholme, Stephen R. and Ayliffe, Nicholas P. (2017). The International Thylacine Specimen Database. CD-Rom. Master Copy: Zoological Society, London (6th Rev).

Sleightholme, Stephen R. and Campbell, Cameron R. (2014). A retrospective review of the breeding season of the thylacine; Guiler revisited. Australian Zoologist 37(2): 238-244.

Sleightholme, Stephen R. and Campbell, Cameron R. (2015). The earliest motion picture footage of the last captive thylacine? Australian Zoologist 37(3): 282-287.

Sleightholme, Stephen R. and Campbell, Cameron R. (2016). A retrospective assessment of 20th century thylacine populations. Australian Zoologist 38(1): 102-129.

Sleightholme, Stephen R. and Campbell, Cameron R. (2019a). Stripe pattern variation in the coat of the Thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus). Australian Zoologist 40(2): 290-307. https://doi.org/10.7882/AZ.2018.024

Sleightholme, Stephen R. and Campbell, Cameron R. (2019b). Two recently discovered photographs of a thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) at the London Zoo. Australian Zoologist 40(2): 308-313. https://doi.org/10.7882/AZ.2018.014

Sleightholme, Stephen R. and Campbell, Cameron R. (2019c). Correction for the paper: Stephen R. Sleightholme and Cameron R. Campbell (2018) The International Thylacine Specimen Database (6 Revision - Project Summary & Final Report). Australian Zoologist 39(3):480-512. https://doi.org/10.7882/AZ.2017.011. Australian Zoologist 40(2): 362. https://doi.org/10.7882/0067-2238-40.2.362

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Williams, Michael and Lang, Rebecca. (2023). Using technology in the pursuit of evidence, pp. 165-168. In: Holmes, Branden and Linnard, Gareth (eds.). Thylacine: The History, Ecology and Loss of the Tasmania. Clayton South, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing. xxxiv + 205 pp.

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Incomplete references:

The Imperial Natural History Picture Book New York & London: George Routledge and Sons, 1886, 64 pp.

Explorer's Journal, June 1980, USA: The Explorer's Club. ["Devils, Quolis, Dunnarts and Thylacines - a survey of Tasmanian mammals"]

Nature, Temporality and Environmental Management: Scandinavian and Australia Perspectives on Peoples and Landscapes. [p. 50-54] https://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=bczLDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA45&ots=wDNd8iG8IQ&sig=EKjxtMcGeKZnqGQHNZr9b_ERX6I#v=onepage&q&f=false

Mohr, M. (Producer). (2000, May 4). Bringing the Tasmanian tiger back to life. In ABC Online: 7.30 Report.

Multimedia:

The tragedy and myth of the Tasmanian Tiger. (2001). CD-ROM. Hobart, Tasmania: Roar Film & Screen Tasmania. ["Tells the story of the Tasmanian Tiger by drawing on primary source material and using science to understand the species and its behaviour." (source)

Tasmanian tiger: Thylacinus cynocephalus: alive & well : new taped interviews of genuine sightings since 1980. (2004). Terry, Edward "Ned" Vincent. CD Audiobook. Dairy Plains, Tasmania: Self Published. [alternative title: "Tasmanian Tiger: Alive & Well"; published in 1999?]

Save the Tassie tiger! (2000). Developed by R3 Interactive. Adelaide, South Australia: EcoTigers Support Group. + 1 booklet (18 pp.).

Tasmanian tiger, Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition;Feb2013, p1

Internet links:

http://www.abc.net.au/radio/hobart/programs/your-afternoon/nic-haygarth/8883134

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-08/9116306

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-08/curious-north-coast-tasmanian-tigers-spotted-in-northern-nsw/9116158

http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/burrup-peninsula-rock-art-shows-extinct-megafauna/6561788

http://karlshuker.blogspot.com.au/2018/02/never-in-new-zealand-when-thylacines.html

http://www.abc.net.au/radio/hobart/programs/statewideweekends/nic-haygarth-warde-last-tigerman-final/9584772

http://www.abc.net.au/radio/hobart/programs/statewideweekends/cath-doherty-tiger-oct-08/9536542

http://www.abc.net.au/radio/hobart/programs/statewideweekends/haygarth-tiger-man-1-final/9536396

http://www.tasmanian-tiger.com

http://www.tassietiger.org/ [Murray McAllister's website]

http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6078891n&tag=contentBody;storyMediaBox

http://www.arkive.org/thylacine/thylacinus-cynocephalus/

http://australianmuseum.net.au/The-Thylacine

http://thylacine.psu.edu/

http://fcms.its.utas.edu.au/scieng/codes/project.asp?lProjectId=1535 [research project]

http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gregheberle/THYLACINE.htm

http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/BHAN-53777B

http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/155768876?q=thylacine&l-format=Data+set&c=article&versionId=169800986

http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/155770293?q=thylacine&l-format=Data+set&c=article&versionId=169802403

http://www.ceo.wa.edu.au/home/carey.peter/Tasmanian/tigertales1.html [Some of Col Bailey's "Tiger Tales" newspaper column articles]

http://news.mongabay.com/2013/0520-hance-thylacine-new-guinea.html

http://www.simoncubit.com.au/thylacine-stories

https://thylacinetiger.com/

http://michael-moss-internet-stalker-coward.blogspot.com.au/

http://michael-moss-internet-stalker.blogspot.com.au/

http://messybeast.com/extinct/thylacine.htm

http://www.wherelightmeetsdark.com.au/research/tasmanian-tiger-(thylacine)-research/photomicrographs-of-thylacine-hair/sem-scanning-electron-micrographs-of-tasmanian-tiger-hair/

http://malcolmscryptids.blogspot.com.au/2011/10/thylacines-in-indonesian-new-guinea.html

http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/true-believer-hopes-hidden-cameras-will-solve-mystery-of-tasmanian-tiger/story-fnii5smp-1226699074495

http://au.news.yahoo.com/technology/a/19855770/tasmanian-tiger-hunt-expedition-team-vows-to-return-after-failing-to-sight-elusive-animal/

http://www.stillwildstillthreatened.org/sites/default/files/devilsindanger_low_res_final.pdf#page=14 [photograph of Elias Churchill's hut, capturer of the last known wild thylacine in the Florentine Valley in 1933]

http://www.smh.com.au/national/desperate-bid-to-protect-fragile-tasmanian-tiger-in-museum-20140310-34hxy.html

https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app58/app000422013_acc.pdf

ftp://rock.geosociety.org/pub/reposit/2007/2007016.pdf

https://www.thedodo.com/community/PhilipHoare/the-quest-for-the-thylacine-404018858.html

http://scienceline.org/2011/11/tasmanian-tiger-wrongfully-hunted-to-extinction/

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-27/cwa-tas-tiger-teatowel/6728118

http://www.theadvocate.com.au/story/3553515/last-known-photograph-of-thylacine-sold-at-auction/?cs=87

https://archive.org/stream/australianz2021197885roya#page/n391/mode/2up

http://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/tasweekend-tiger-tales/news-story/81bcb88ef29b43896a02fc5c63dbe304

http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/283/1832/20160375

https://lookingbackwithmickroberts.wordpress.com/2015/09/24/the-bulli-tiger-mystery/

http://nichaygarth.com/index.php/2016/12/29/theophilus-jones-and-the-thylacine-or-the-case-for-the-prosecution/

https://twilightbeasts.wordpress.com/2015/08/26/a-striped-wonder/

http://blogs.abc.net.au/tasmania/2013/07/the-last-tiger-in-the-zoo.html

http://forum.forteantimes.com/index.php?threads/thylacine-post-1936-sightings.29282/page-21

http://www.wherelightmeetsdark.com/files/version_1_0_0.pdf

http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/about-the-department/governance-policies-and-legislation/rti-disclosure-log

https://researchdata.ands.org.au/mainland-thylacine-devil-2013-2015/674980

https://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Z9A_DgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT2&ots=BXfjIgoa4e&sig=mSYoSUpzIK97D3gQX1m8lDESTb8#v=onepage&q=thylacine&f=false (Ubirr rock art site contains depiction of thylacine)

http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/47229295?searchTerm=Wilf%20Batty&searchLimits=

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-04/augmented-reality-project-aims-to-enhance-tasmanian-tourism/8775796

http://nichaygarth.com/index.php/tag/thylacine/

http://monissa.com/journal/a-visit-to-the-zoo-beaumaris-zoo-site/

http://everything.explained.today/Thylacine/

https://www.tasmaniatalks.com.au/the-show/26714-could-the-thylacine-awareness-group-be-close-to-having-scientific-proof-of-the-thylacine-s-existence

https://cites.org/sites/default/files/common/com/ac/26/E26-20i.pdf

https://malcolmscryptids.blogspot.com.au/2013/10/thylacines-in-indonesian-new-guinea.html?m=1

http://www.africamuseum.be/museum/research/natural-sciences/biology/vertebrates/mammalogy/marsupial [endocast]

https://sydney.edu.au/museums/publications/muse/past-issues/2007_may_news.pdf
["To mark the day, the Macleay Museum will bring out its thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger) specimen for one day only."]

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-28/could-the-tasmanian-tiger-still-roam-the-top-end/9807296

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-05-02/new-photo-and-hairs-from-tasmanian-tiger-sparks-interest/8488970

http://connection.ebscohost.com/tag/THYLACINE

http://www.abc.net.au/radio/hobart/programs/your-afternoon/tasmanian-tigers/8468100

http://fourier.phys.utas.edu.au/AAvHF_biennial/Brandon_Menzies_transcript.pdf

https://linctas.ent.sirsidynix.net.au/client/en_AU/library/search/results?qu=TITLE_INDEX%3D"The%20amazing%20Tasmanian%20Devil."

https://stors.tas.gov.au/AUTAS001131822389j2k

https://linctas.ent.sirsidynix.net.au/client/en_AU/library/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ILS$002f0$002fSD_ILS:673381/one

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6149611/Sydney-amateur-naturalist-stumbles-rare-hairs-envelope-belonging-extinct-Tasmanian-tiger.html

http://extinctanimals.proboards.com/thread/6274/thylacinus-cynocephalus-thylacine

https://soundcloud.com/cebyrne/mp3dorothy-edited-final2?utm_source=soundcloud&utm_campaign=wtshare&utm_medium=Facebook&utm_content=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundcloud.com%2Fcebyrne%2Fmp3dorothy-edited-final2

https://periferiesurbanes.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/bennetstheburrupgetsburked.pdf

https://issuu.com/hobartspeculate/docs/beaumaris_draft__print__130319

https://issuu.com/bunburyregionalartgalleries/docs/insite_catalogue

https://www.abc.net.au/radio/brisbane/programs/evenings/bill-laurance-thylacine/8591526

https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/pm/dna-water-testing-may-solve-mystery-of-tasmanian/8695222

https://books.google.com.au/books?id=0AE_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA211&dq=thylacinus&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwik84z2x9zjAhXFdn0KHVItDgI4ChDoAQhDMAU#v=onepage&q=thylacinus&f=false

https://www.thehindu.com/children/will-thylacines-growl-back-to-life/article29307162.ece

https://www.meisterdrucke.uk/fine-art-prints/Frederick-William-Bond/283632/Thylacine-Tasmanian-Wolf-at-London-Zoo.The-Thylacine-is-thought-to-have-become-extinct-in-1933.In-all,-London-Zoo-exhibited-20-Thylacines-between-1850-and1931.-.html

https://www.meisterdrucke.uk/fine-art-prints/Frederick-William-Bond/234831/The-now-extinct-Tasmanian-Tiger,-or-Thylacine,-1914-.html

https://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/animals/extinct/images/tiger.pdf

https://theconversation.com/like-a-jackal-in-wolfs-clothing-the-tasmanian-tiger-was-no-wolfish-predator-it-hunted-small-prey-159343

https://www.extinction.photo/species/thylacine/

Archived websites:

https://web.archive.org/web/20060823172929/http://www.ceo.wa.edu.au/home/carey.peter/Tasmanian/tastiger.html

https://web.archive.org/web/20070611082138/http://www.bricey.net/Thylacine/

https://web.archive.org/web/20080820113832/http://www.tmag.tas.gov.au/Thylacine/ThylaRug.html

https://web.archive.org/web/20051225061425/https://www.carnivorousnights.com/index.html

https://web.archive.org/web/20070509124757/https://www.derwentvalley.tascom.net/thylascene/book.html

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