A catalogue of fossil sites containing the thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus)
Introduction
The putative extinction of the thylacine (or Tasmanian tiger) means that no further historical specimens are likely to be available to science, with the obvious exception of the potential for newly discovered specimens1. Unless the species is rediscovered, or cloning is both a) successful and b) produces animals that are not taxonomically distinct from the Tasmanian type population. Both of which are extremely unlikely. On the other hand fossil and subfossil material is both abundant and still waiting to be collected. Moreover, favourable preservation conditions mean that further soft tissue specimens potentially await discovery. At present at least three such specimens have been discovered. The first being a small patch of dried skin attached to the humerus and clavicle of a mostly complete skeleton found in Murra-El-Elevyn Cave in December 1963 or January 1964 by Mr N. Campbell (Partridge, 1967). The second being a complete mummified animal ("Old Hairy") found on 23 October 1966 by Jacky and David Lowry in what would later be known as Thylacine Hole (Lowry & Lowry, 1967). Lastly, a mummified head was found in Murra-El-Elevyn Cave in 1990 by Lindsay Hatcher (Campbell, 2017), the site of the first discovery of dried thylacine tissue.
Notes
1 The most recent such find is a remarkably well preserved skin exported to New Zealand and lain unrecognized for decades. It has now been purchased by the National Museum of Australia (press release).
References
Campbell, Cameron R. (2017). Palaeontology: Prehistoric Range of the Thylacine (page 4). In: The Thylacine Museum. Fifth edition. Available at: http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/palaeontology/prehistoric/prehistoric_range_4.htm [Accessed 1 November 2025]
Lowry, David C. and Lowry, Jacoba W. J. (1967). Discovery of a Thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger) carcase in a cave near Eucla, Western Australia. Helictite 5(2): 25-29.
Partridge, Jeanette. (1967). A 3,300 year old thylacine (Marsupialia: Thylacinidae) from the Nullabor Plain, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 50(2): 57-59.
The catalogue
Important caveats
1. The radiocarbon dates given are those reported at the time in the literature cited. Many of these older dates are unreliable and are therefore only given for historical reasons. This includes those dates repeated through citation by later authors past the date at which radiocarbon dates became more reliable (viz. fixation of the carbon curve).
2. The catalogue itself is very incomplete, and is very much a work in progress. The reference list at the end is mostly complete for 20th-21st century publications, but I have yet to go through every paper and add the relevant information regarding fossil sites, their location, number and age of specimens, etc.
New Guinea
Kiowa Rockshelter
References: van Deusen, 1963; Bulmer, 1964; Mountain, 2023
Nombe Rockshelter
References: Mountain, 1990, 1991, (1993?), 2023; Prideaux et al., 2022
New South Wales
Janus Cave (Y58)
Specimens: skull (Alting, 1969:4; Brush, 1995:4)
Comments: "On our first trip we also discovered a strange skull sitting on a mud bank. Several months later, this was removed for identification. The CSIRO was very excited and proclaimed it a Thylacine skull. Despite an extensive search, no further bones were discovered." (Brush, 1995:4)
References: Alting, 1969; Brush, 1995
Jersey Cave (Jenolan Caves area)
Specimen/s: "The bones of a young thylacine, most likely too fragile to remove, lie off the path in the seldom-visited Jersey Cave." (Musser, 2012:11)
References: Musser, 2012:11
Lake Menindee
References: Woodburne, 1967
Wee Jasper 99 (WJ99)
References: Cathles et al., 2008; Theden-Ringl, 2018; Theden-Ringl et al., 2018
Wellington Caves
Specimens: BMNH Geol. M/10800, BMNH Geol. M/10801 (type specimens of T. spelaeus)
References: Ride, 1964
Wombah
References: Mulvaney, 1975 (cited by Howlett, 2012)
Yarrangobilly or Cooleman
References: Spate, 2006 (cited in Spate & Baker, 2018)
Northern Territory
Queensland
Capricorns Caves
Specimen: fossil tooth (Augusteyn, 2016:20)
References: Augusteyn, 2016:20
Ellangowan
Specimens: QM F.730 (type specimen of T. rostralis)
References: Ride, 1964
Gowrie Creek
Specimens: BMNH 35973 (previously attributed to T. rostralis?)
References: Ride, 1964
King's Creek, Clifton
Specimens: QM F.3742 (previously attributed to T. rostralis?)
References: Ride, 1964
Marmor quarry site
References: Longman, 1925
Mt. Etna
References: Hocknull, 2017
South Australia
Allen's Cave
References: Walshe, 1994
Black’s Point Sinkhole, Venus Bay
Age: 3030±60 BP (associated) (McDowell, 1997)
References: Medlin, 1996; McDowell, 1997
Cathedral Cave, Naracoorte
Specimens: ankle of a thylacine (Eddison, 2019:17)
References: Dawson & Augee, 1997; Brown & Wells, 2000; Eddison, 2019:17
Devon Downs Shelter
References: Smith, 1982
Fromm's Landing
References: Macintosh, 1964; Macintosh & Mahoney, 1964; Mulvaney et al., 1964; Wakefield, 1964b; Archer, 1971
Kangaroo Island
135.4 ± 5.9 kya (Boar Beach locality), fossilized footprints [Camens et al., 2017]
≥ 28.2±2.7 kya (Rocky River homestead locality), osteological specimen [Wells et al., 2006]
14.25-13.8 kya (Kelly Hill Cave K1-P2 L7E locality), osteological specimen [Adams et al., 2016]
Koonalda Cave
Specimens: complete skeleton (Gasking, 1965:20)
References: Gasking, 1965
Tasmania
Central Highlands
Warragarra rockshelter
References: McWilliams et al. (1999)
Cave system near Lune River:
Anonymous. (1985). Tasmanian Tiger bones 'fully protected'. The Canberra Times, Friday, 14 June, p. 6.
Bass Strait islands
Cave Bay Cave (Hunter Island)
Specimens: a single thylacine molar tooth
Age: dated to roughly 15,400 BP (Bowdler, 1984)
Notes: As far as I am aware, this single tooth is the only record, prehistoric or modern, of the thylacine on the Bass Strait islands
References: Bowdler, 1984
Victoria
Cloggs Cave
References: Flood, 1973, 1974; Delannoy et al., 2020
McEachern's Cave
References: Wakefield, 1967
Nelson Bay
References: Gerdtz & Archbold, 2003; Piper, 2007
Western Australia
NB: The prefix '6' denotes the fact that a karst feature is located within WA in the Karst Index Database (KID) administered by the Australian Speleological Federation. With the other states and territories receiving their own unique prefix. In all cases, such prefixes are removed from this catalogue.
Taxonomy of regions for the purpose of this catalogue:
1. Kimberley region
2. Pilbara region
3. Gascoyne region
4. Northern Agricultural region
5. Perth-Peel region
6. Central Wheatbelt region
7. Greater South West region
8. Esperance-Nullarbor region
9. Arid Goldfields region
1. Kimberley region (WA)
Tunnel Creek Cave
Specimens: WA 71.12.119 (proximal end, humerus) (Archer, 1974b)
Age: 0±80 14C BP (Archer, 1974b; since rejected), 4074±80 14C BP, 4100±67 14C BP
References: Archer, 1974b; Gale, 2009
Widgingarri Shelter 1
Specimens: two fragments
References: O'Connor, 1999:90
Windjana Gorge Water Tank Shelter
Specimens: partial molar from Spit 16
References: O'Connor et al., 2008:78
2. Pilbara Region (WA)
Barrow Island
Morgan's Cave (Campbell Island, Montebello Islands)
References: Piper & Veth, 2021
3. Gascoyne Region (WA)
'Little Mandu' (unofficial name) (C-8911)
Specimens: pre-molar (Brooks, 2022:109)
References: Brooks, 2022
1C-891 given by Brooks (2022).
Mandu Mandu Creek Rockshelter (C-8691)
Comments: "The jaws of a thylacine...at the base of Square C1"
Ages: "These [shells] date from the lowest layer at the bedrock level where thylacine bones were also recovered" (Brooks, 2019:122)
References: Morse, 1993a; Baynes & Jones, 1993; Brooks, 2019:122
1C-869 given by Brooks (2019).
Monajee Cave (C-21/CR21) [ex. WAM Cave 6]
Specimens: "several vertebrae and a single calcanum" (Kendrick & Porter, 1973)
References: Kendrick & Porter, 1973
Pilgonaman Creek Rockshelter
References: Morse, 1993b
4. Northern Agricultural region (WA)
Caladenia Cave (EM-17)
"Three specimens of Thylacinus cynocephalus were recovered from the excavation, each at different depths. The chronologically youngest specimen, a right metatarsal III of Thylacinus cynocephalus (WA Museum vertebrate palaeontological collection catalogue number 13.11.364) has an associated charcoal age of 3254–2925 cal. BP. All Thylacinus specimens were originally identifed by Merrilees and confirmed by Thorn with Museum comparative material." (Thorn et al., 2017)
References: Thorn et al., 2017; Thorn, 2023
Mystery Cave (J-6)
"Thylacine bones {(Thylacinus cynocephalus; 2 individual) jaw found; P. Adamson, August 1986 [L. Hatcher, 1986] & remaining skeleton plus second incomplete skeleton; M. Simpson & L. Hatcher, October 1986 [L. Hatcher, conf.; A. Baynes]} have been recorded from this cave (Hatcher, Unpublished records)." (Susac, 2007:26)
References: Susac, 2007; Thorn, 2023
Pretty Cave (SH-9)
Wedges Cave (SH-14)
Molar (Bridge, 1963a)
Drip Cave (=Yellabidde Cave) (E-30)
Specimens:
"Four Thylacinus specimens were identified, including one adult molar and molars from two young juveniles (one of which was probably pouch young), all in sediments dating to >5,000 years BP. The presence of the remains of juvenile as well as adult thylacinesin the site suggests that Yellabidde Cave was occasionally used as a den site." (p. 154)
"Thylacine cranial and dental material was recovered from YC...and included edentulous dentary fragments and isolated molars, including one apparently unerupted molar (M1) cap from a juvenile animal, possibly pouch young." (p. 280)
(both quotes: Monks, 2018)
References: Monks et al., 2016; Monks, 2017, 2018
Unknown cave (near Stockyard Cave (E-3))
Bones found by Harry Butler (Bridge, 1963b).
Need to find relevant caves
Specimens: WAM 61.2.19-23; WAM 63.7.7 (both mentioned by Lowry, 1972)
"...a skull was collected recently in a Moore River cave, north of Perth (W.A.)."
(Troughton, 1973:44)
5. Perth-Peel region (WA)
Rottnest Island
"In 2011 we surveyed the Tamala Limestone on Rottnest Island that revealed vertebrate trace fossils at 45 different locations around the edge of the island. Traces were exposed on fallen slabs as moulds, on underhangs as casts and in cliff faces as cross-sections... A wide variety of other traces indicate a fauna potentially including larger macropodids, quolls, Tasmanian devils, thylacines, wombats, rodents, emus, oystercatchers and invertebrates... OSL dating of the host sediments at four locations suggests that most of the sediments were deposited during the Last Glacial Maximum (17–24 ka). This is of particular interest as the coast would have been 15–20 km west at this time, indicating extensive dunefields extending > 20 km inland." (Camens et al., 2021:13)
Thylacine Cave1 (YN-52/Yn52)
Specimens: WA.72.1.1150 (Archer, 1974a); WA 72.1.1148 (Archer, 1974b); four skulls, quoted directly below (Murray, 1998:2):
"on the floor of the cave we found three Thylacine skulls, just laying on the floor" (Murray, 1998:2)
"And when we got to the eight foot level below the floor of the cave, we came across a cluster of quartz chips which are completely foreign to the district. And as there was a Thylacine skull close by, we assumed that the Thylacine had at some stage stolen a piece of meat from an Aboriginal camp fire and there was an … had been an Aboriginal camp near by, also the fact that they may have been sheltering in Orchestra Shell Cave, and dragged this piece of meat back to their … to its lair with possibly quartz chips adhering to it, because stone will stick to meat. And of course in the process of consuming this meat, the chips had dropped off onto the floor and of course over the thousands of years, the debris, silt, mud, whatever had washed over and buried it eight foot below the surface." (Murray, 1998:2-3)
Age/s of specimen/s: 3090±90 14C BP (Archer, 1974b)
Location of cave (various quotes):
"Just next door to this cave [i.e. Orchestra Shell Cave], probably, no it wouldn’t be quite next door, it … more to the front of it, about 50 metres there is another broken overhang which has left a slit in the rock." (Murray, 1998:2)
"Murray's cave, just south of the Orchestra Shell cave" (Hallam, 1974a:69)
"southeast of Orchestra Shell Cave" (Archer, 1974:159)
Other information:
"Dr. Archer notes the evidence that certainly Murray's cave, and probably also Dunstan's Quarry deposit, were used as lairs by now extinct marsupial carnivores, Sarcophilus harrisii and Thylacinus cynocephalus, the 'Tasmanian devil' and 'Tasmanian tiger'." (Hallam, 1974b)
References: Archer, 1974a,b; Hallam, 1974a:69,81, 1974b:135; Murray, 1998
1 Named Murray's Cave for Ian Murray by Michael Archer (fide Murray, 1998). Referred to as Murray's cave by (Hallam, 1974a:69,81, 1974b:135), Murrays Cave by (Archer, 1974a), then referred to as Murray Cave (Archer, 1974b).
Unknown cave (now destroyed) (near Lake Neerabup)
"And in this, at the base of this solution pipe we found a Thylacine skull laying on the surface outside. So it obviously had been in that cave before they destroyed the cave."
(Murray, 1998)
Wanneroo-Lake Neerabup area
Ian Murray and Michael Archer explored while the latter was visiting Australia on a Fulbright Scholarship from Princeton University.
"So I was introduced to him [Michael Archer] and I took him out to Wanneroo and to Lake Neerabup area and we started exploration of the caves around Lake Neerabup, starting at Gibbs Road on the southern end of Lake Neerabup near an old building. I can’t think of the name of the place. And we did our … a lot of our studies there finding many, many fossils as we went around the lake. In total, we explored some 120-odd caves, some we could get into, some were impossible to get into. But nearly all caves had been visited by animals in the past and there were thousands of fossils we found in that area including during the whole course of our exploration out there, we found eight Thylacine skulls. Now Thylacine is the Tasmanian Tiger." (Murray, 1998:1)
7. Greater South West region (WA)
Deepdene Cave (AU-1/AU-01)
Specimens: WAM 61.2.32 (bone) (Mudge et al., 2024:52)
References: Mudge et al., 2024
Devil's Lair (WI-61)
Specimens: two incisors found by the end of the fifth field season in April 1975 (Dortch, 1975:13); seven teeth from 5 individuals (Balme et al., 1978)
References: Dortch, 1975; Balme et al., 1978; Head, 2002 [states only a single tooth discovered in the cave]
Jewel Cave (AU-13)
At least one skeleton, plus footprints in the mud discovered by the late Lindsay Hatcher (Anonymous, 2011; source; source)
Mammoth Cave (WI-38)
Specimens: WAM 61.2.26, 61.2.27, 61.2.28 (all Lowry, 1972)
References: Lundelius, 1960; Merrilees, 1968; Lowry, 1972
Ngilgi Cave (=Yallingup Cave) (YA-1)
Specimens: "[Dorothy Williams discovered the] skeleton of a Tasmanian wolf" (MacKay, 1963); "Two complete thylacine skeletons and two additional skulls" (Trouchet, 2015:23)
References: MacKay, 1963; Merrilees, 1979a; Trouchet, 2015
Skull Cave (AU-8/AU-08)
Specimens: "several specimens have been recorded from various parts of Skull Cave by other collectors (e.g. Howlett 1960)" (Porter, 1979:114); "Many specimens have been recovered from unsystematic excavations in Skull Cave, e.g. one recorded from a "shallow excavation" (69.9.11) and another (70.4.285) from approximately 0.6m below the surface in the walls of an abandoned excavation in the "Thylacine Locality" (see Fig. 1 [sic; actually Fig. 2])" (Porter, 1979:114); remains found in the 1990's, with no further details provided (Thomas, 2015)
Age: c.17,500yBP (Howlett, 2012a,b)
References: Howlett, 1960, 2012a,b; Porter, 1979:114,115-116; Thomas, 2015
8. Esperance-Nullarbor region (WA)
Capstan Cave (N50)
Specimens: WAM 67.11.37
References: Lowry, 1972
Horseshoe Cave (N59)
Specimens: WAM 72.1.512; WAM 72.1.307 (Archer, 1974b)
References: Archer, 1974b (+ 1972?)
Kelly Cave (N165)
Specimens: WAM. 76.4.40 (in part) (tooth root) (Mudge et al., 2024:51)
References: Mudge et al., 2024
Madura Cave (N-62)
References: Milham & Thompson, 1976; Lundelius & Turnbull, 1989:tbl. 21
Murra-El-Elevyn Cave (N47)1
Specimens: WAM 64.8.1 (soft tissue present around humerus and clavicle) (Mudge et al., 2024:52); two skeletons discovered by Rolan and Stefan Eberhard in 1990 (McBeath, 2004); mummified head discovered in 1990 by Lindsay Hatcher (McBeath, 2004; Campbell, 2017)
Age: WAM 64.8.1 (3,280 ± 90 yBP (Partridge, 1967))
Notes: 1 Formerly known as Cocklebiddy Three Mile Cave. Also rendered Murra El Elevyn Cave without hyphens.
References: Gasking, 1965; Partridge, 1967; McBeath, 2004; Campbell, 2017; Mudge et al., 2024
Roaches Rest Cave (N58)
Specimens: WAM 67.3.21 (Juvenile)
Age: no dating seems to have occurred.
References: Lowry, 1972
Streamway Cave
Specimens: left mandible with full set of teeth (Howlett, 2012b:19)
References: Howlett, 2012a,b
Thylacine Cave
Specimens: skull and bones (site 2) (Howlett, 2012a,b:18); skeleton including skull (site 3) (Howlett, 2012a,b:18-19); two other possible sets of thylacine remains, but not accurately identified (Howlett, 2012a,b)
References: Howlett, 2012a,b
Thylacine Hole (N63)
Specimens: WAM F6353 (nearly complete skeleton); F6354 (nearly complete skeleton); F6355 (nearly complete skeleton); F6356 (partial skeleton, lacks teeth); F6357 (old animal, nearly complete skeleton); F6358 (juvenile; nearly complete skeleton); F63601 (pelvis and part of vertebral column only); F6364 (mummified carcass) (Lowry, 1972; Mudge et al., 2024:51).
Age: WAM F6364 (4,650 ± 104 yBP, 4,550 ± 112, 4,650 ± 153 yBP; all dates from (Lowry & Merrilees, 1969))
A mummified dingo found roughly 200 feet closer to the entrace was dated at 2,200 ± 96 yBP (Lowry & Merrilees, 1969). A rabbit carcass was subsequently dated at 180 ± 76 yBP as a "check" on the two previously mentioned dated specimens (Merrilees, 1970).
Vegetation: see (Ingram, 1969)
Comments: All individuals appear to have fallen about 12 metres to the cave floor, although only one individual (F6355) has broken bones, possibly postmortem injuries.
Notes: 1 Disturbed by water wash (Lowry, 1972), which might explain paucity of remains.
References: Dunkley & Wigley, 1967; Lowry & Lowry, 1967; Lowry & Merrilees, 1969; Merrilees, 1970; Lowry, 1972; Mudge et al., 2024
Webb's Cave (N132)
Specimens: WAM 70.7.52 (Cook, 1963b)
Comments: Found in a Tasmanian devil coprolite; also spelled 'Webbs Cave'. Found in January 1962 (Cook, 1966).
References: Cook, 1963b,1966; Lowry, 1972
From unstated karst features
Specimens: "I have found numerous specimens in the Augusta area" (Cook, 1966); WAM. 76.4.40 (in part) (bone) (Mudge et al., 2024:52); WAM 75.9.17 (bone) (Mudge et al., 2024:52)
References: Milner et al., 2017; Mudge et al., 2024
9. Arid Goldfields region (WA)
Unknown karst feature on Balgair Station, about 25km (16mi) west of Rawlinna
Specimens: bone (WAM collection but unregistered) (Mudge et al., 2024:52)
References: Mudge et al., 2024
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Appendix 1: Publications that report a number of previous dates
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