Clicky

Contains 12,334 taxa as of December 2024.
REPAD logo

Cyanopsitta spixii Wagler, 1832:675

Spix's macaw, Little blue macaw

 

 

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Synonym/s: Ara hyacinthinus Spix, 1824 (junior homonym); Cyanopsitta spixii Spix, 1824 (incorrect author; used by Marcuk et al., 2020); Sittace Spixii Wagler, 1832:675

 

Conservation Status

Extinct in the wild

Last record in the wild: October 2000 or December 2000; 2016 (Kittelberger et al., 2024)

IUCN RedList status: Extinct in the Wild

 

Distribution

Brazil

 

Biology & Ecology

 

 

Hypodigm

[url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/naturalis/detail.php?lang=uk&id=43]RMNH 1469[/url] (female)

[url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/naturalis/detail.php?lang=uk&id=43]RMNH 110.110[/url] [ex RMNH 3803] (female)

[url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/naturalis/detail.php?lang=uk&id=43]RMNH 110.111[/url] [ex RMNH 6012] (male)

 

Media

Above: Spix's macaw breeding centre

 

Above: another video about breeding the species in captivity

 

Above: Cyanopsitta spixii (Spix's macaw) on the left, with Anodorhynchus glaucus (Glaucous macaw) on the right. Illustration originally published in (Russ, 1898). Source: Teixeira & Papavero, 2016.

 

References

Original scientific description:

(Wagler) 1832 Abh.K.Bay.Akad.Wiss. 1 p.675


Other references:

Akcakaya, H. R.; Keith, D. A.; Burgman, M.; Butchart, S. H. M.; Hoffmann, M.; Regan, H. M.; Harrison, I.; Boakes, E. 2017. Inferring extinctions III: a cost-benefit framework for listing extinct species. Biological Conservation 214: 336-342.

Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. (undated). Press release 26: Restoring the Spix's Macaw habitat. Available at: #http://awwp.alwabra.com/index.php/content/view/361/30/#.

Anon. (2001). The Spix's Macaw recovery committee will be restructured. Cyanopsitta 60: 16-17.

Anon. (2008). The new Spix's Macaw breeding centre of LPF. Cyanopsitta 2008: 3-5.

Barnett, Juan Mazar et al. (2014). The avifauna of Curaçá (Bahia): the last stronghold of Spix’s Macaw. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 22(2): 121-137.

Barros, Y. D. M., Soye, Y., Miyaki, C. Y., Watson, R., Crosta, L. and Lugarini, C. 2012. Plano de ação nacional para a conservação da ararinha-azul: Cyanopsitta spixii. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBIO).

BirdLife International. (2013). Cyanopsitta spixii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. (http://www.iucnredlist.org). Downloaded on 12 July 2014.

BirdLife International. (2019a. Cyanopsitta spixii . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22685533A153022606. Downloaded on 11 December 2019.

BirdLife International. (2019b). Cyanopsitta spixii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22685533A153022606. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22685533A153022606.en. Accessed on 11 June 2022.

Butchart, Stuart H. M., Lowe, Stephen, Martin, Rob W., Symes, Andy, Westrip, James R. S. and Wheatley, Hannah. (2018a). Which bird species have gone extinct? A novel quantitative classification approach. Biological Conservation 227: 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.014

Butchart, Stuart H. M., Stattersfield, A. J. and Brooks, T. M. (2006). Going or gone: defining ‘Possibly Extinct’ species to give a truer picture of recent extinctions. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 126A: 7-24.

Butchart, Stuart H. M., Wheatley, Hannah, Lowe, Stephen, Westrip, James R. S., Symes, Andy and Martin, Rob W. (2018b). Data for: Which bird species have gone extinct? A novel quantitative classification approach. Mendeley Data, V1, doi: 10.17632/vvjhpmyxb4.1

Caparroz, R.; Miyaki, C. Y.; Bampi, M. I.; Wajntal, A. (2001). Analysis of the genetic variability in a sample of the remaining group of Spix's Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii, Psittaciformes: Aves) by DNA fingerprinting. Biological Conservation 99: 307-311.

de Carvalho, M. P. N. et al. (2021). Cardiac disease in the Spix Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii): two cases. Australian Veterinary Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.13097 [Abstract]

Cavalcanti, Lucas Costa de Souza et al. (2020). Can landscape units map help the conservation of Spix's Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii)? RA’EGA, Curitiba, PR, 8(2): ?-?.

Collar, N.J., Gonzaga, L.P., Krabbe, N.J., Madroño Nieto, A., Naranjo, L.G., Parker III, T.A. and Wege, D. C. (1992). Threatened birds of the Americas. The ICBP/IUCN red data book, Third edition (part 2). BirdLife International Publications, Cambridge UK. [see pages 266-282]

Dalrymple, S. E., Abeli, T., Ewen, J. G., Gilbert, T. C., Hogg, C. J., Lloyd, N. A., Moehrenschlager, A., Rodríguez, J. P. and Smith, D. (2023). Addressing Threats and Ecosystem Intactness to Enable Action for Extinct in the Wild Species. Diversity 15: 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020268

Deb, A., Borjal, R. J., Bürkle, M., Watson, R. and Hammer, S. (2008). Evaluation of avian paramyxovirus-1 serology and crop biopsy for the diagnosis of proventricular dilatation disease in captive Spix's Macaws (Cyanopsitta spixii), pp. 239-241. European Association  of Zoo- and Wildlite Velerinarians (EAZWV) 7 th scientific  meeting, April 30-May 3 2008. Leipzig, Gemany.

Donald, Paul F. et al. (2010). Facing Extinction: The world's rarest birds and the race to save them. London: T & A D Poyser. [Google Preview]

EcoAmericas. 2015. Brazil prepares way for Spix macaw reintroduction.

Ferreira, Adryan F. L. et al. (2024). Defensins identified through molecular de-extinction. Cell Reports Physical Science 5: 102193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.102193

Fischer, D., Neumann, D., Purchase, C., Bouts, T., Meinecke-Tillmann, S., Wehrend, A. and Lierz, M. (2014), The use of semen evaluation and assisted reproduction in Spix's macaws in terms of species conservation. Zoo Biol.. doi: 10.1002/zoo.21129 [Abstract]

Fisher, Diana O. and Humphreys, Aelys M. (2024). Evidence for modern extinction in plants and animals. Biological Conservation 298: 110772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110772

Forshaw, Joseph M. and Knight, Frank. (2017). Vanished and Vanishing Parrots: Profiling Extinct and Endangered Species. Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing.

Ghiraldi, Luca and Aimassi, Giorgio. (2019). Extinct and endangered (‘E&E’) birds in the ornithological collection of the Museum of Zoology of Torino University, Italy. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 139(1): 28-45.

Hains, Taylor, Pirro, Stacy, Bates, John and Hackett, Shannon. (2022). The Complete Genome Sequence of Cyanopsitta spixii, the Spix’s Macaw. Biodiversity Genomes. https://doi.org/10.56179/001c.37839

Hammer, S., Gerlach, H., Borkle, M. and Schulz, J. (2005). Proventricular  dilatation disease in Spix's Macaws (Cyanopsitta spixii). Proceedings  ot 42.lSDAlV, Prague, Czech Bepublic, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research(lzN),  Berlin, Germany, ISSN 1431-7338,  7-1 0

Juniper, Tony. (2002). Spix’s Macaw: The race to save the world’s rarest bird. London, UK: Fourth Estate.

Juniper, A. T. and Yamashita, Carlos. (1991), The Habitat and Status of Spix's Macaw, Cyanopsitta spixii. Bird Conservation International 1(1): [pagination?]

Keith, D. A.; Butchart S. H. M.; Regan, H. M.; Collen, B.; Harrison, I.; Solow, A. R.; Burgman, M. A. (2017). Inferring extinctions I: a structured method using information on threats. Biological Conservation 214: 320-327.

Kittelberger, Kyle D., Tanner, Colby J., Buxton, Amy N., Prewett, Amira and Şekercioğlu, Çağan Hakkı. (2024). Correlates of avian extinction timing around the world since 1500 CE. Avian Research 15: 100213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100213 [Supplementary data (List of 216 taxa)]

Knox, Alan G. and Walters, Michael P. (1994). Extinct and endangered birds in the collections of The Natural History Museum. British Ornithologists' Club Occasional Publications 1: 1-292. [p. 153]

Marcuk, Vladislav et al. (2020). Qualitative description of the submission and agonistic behavior of the Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii, Spix 1824), with special reference to the displacement displays. Journal of Ethology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-020-00650-6 [Abstract]

Mlíkovský, Jiří. (2012). Extinct and nearly extinct birds in the collections of the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic. Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series 181(9): 95-123. [automatic download]

MMA. 2014. Lista Nacional Oficial de Espécies da Fauna Ameaçadas de Extinção. Portaria No 444, de 17 de dezembro de 2014. Diário Oficial da União - Seção 1. Nº 245, quinta-feira, 18 de dezembro de 2014.

Olmos, F. (1993). Birds of Serra da Capivara National Park, in the “caatinga” or north-eastern Brazil. Bird Conserv. Intern. 3: 21-36.

Padilla-Jacobo, Gabriela et al. (2023). Origin and diversification of the genera Aratinga, Eupsittula and Psittacara (Aves: Psittacidae). Research Square preprint. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2629125/v1

Piacentini, Vítor de Q. et al. (2015). Annotated checklist of the birds of Brazil by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee / Lista comentada das aves do Brasil pelo Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia 23(2): 91-298.

Reinschmidt, M. (2004). Another sensational hatching of Spix's Macaw at Loro Parque. AFA Watchbird: 28.

Reynolds, M. (1997). Lear’s macaw–Next in line for extinction? PsittaScene 9: 1-3.

Riedl-Dorn C., 2005: Der Nachwelt erhalten. Tiere aus der Menagerie Schönbrunn am Naturhistorischen Museum. In: Pechlaner H., Schratter D. & Heindl G. (eds.): Von Kaiser bis Känguru. Neues zur Geschichte des ältesten Zoos der Welt: pp. 249-284. Wien: Braumüller.

Russ, Karl. (1898). Die sprechenden Papageien. Ein hand- und Lehrbuch. Magdeburg, Creutz’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.

Schirtzinger, E. E., Tavares, E. S., Gonzales, L. A., Eberhard, J. R., Miyaki, C. Y., Sanchez, J. J., et al. (2012). Multiple independent origins of mitochondrial control region duplications in the order Psittaciformes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 64, 342–356. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.04.009

Schischakin, N. (2000). Conservation spotlight: the Spix's Macaw. Endangered Species Update 17: 44-46.

Silva, Tony. (1994). Breeding the Spix's macaw Cyanopsitta spixii: at Loro Parque, Tenerife. International Zoo Yearbook 33(1): 176-180. [Abstract]

Silveira, L.F. and Straube, F.C. 2008. Aves. In: Machado, A.B.M., Drummond, G.M. and Paglia, A.P. (eds), Livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameaçada de extinção. Vol. 2, pp. 378-679. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília & Fundação Biodiversitas. , Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

Smith, Donal et al. (2023). Extinct in the wild: The precarious state of Earth’s most threatened group of species. Science 379(6634): eadd2889. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add2889

Smith, G. A. (1991). Spix’s Macaw Ara (Cyanopsitta) spixii. Mag. Parrot Soc. 15: 164-165.

Snyder, N., McGowan, P., Gilardi, J., and Grajal, A. (eds.). (2000). Parrots. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2000–2004. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. x + 180 pp.

de Soye, Y; Barros, Y.de M. 2004. Saving the Spix's Macaw Cyanopsitta spixii - a captive management and species recovery handbook (CD-ROM). Loro Parque Foundation.

Teixeira, Dante Martins and Papavero, Nelson. (2016). Um breve histórico das araras do gênero Anodorhynchus Spix, 1824 (Aves, Psittaciformes). Arquivos de Zoologia 47(1): 1-32.

Thompson, C. J.; Koshkina, V.; Burgman, M. A.; Butchart, S. H. M.; Stone, L. 2017. Inferring extinctions II: an iterative model based on records and surveys. Biological Conservation 214: 328-335.

Tobias, Joseph A., Butchart, Stuart H. M. and Collar, Nigel J. (2006). Lost and found: a gap analysis for the Neotropical avifauna. Neotropical Birding [2006]: 4-22.

Vargas, Pablo. (2023). Exploring ‘endangered living fossils’ (ELFs) among monotypic genera of plants and animals of the world. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 11: 1100503. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1100503

http://www.gulf-times.com/environment/231/details/394337/saving-spix%E2%80%99s-macaw-from-extinction

http://www2.anba.com.br/noticia/21869494/environment/brazil-to-bring-spixs-macaws-from-qatar/

http://www.birdlife.org/americas/news/spix%E2%80%99s-macaw-reappears-brazil

https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/fifty-of-the-last-spixs-macaws-to-be-reintroduced-to-the-wild-in-brazil-4587221.html

https://www.gulf-times.com/story/657631/Near-extinct-macaws-return-to-Brazil

http://extinctanimals.proboards.com/thread/7520/spixs-macaw

 

<< Back to the Psittaciformes (Cockatoos and Parrots) database