Palaeoloxodon naumanni Makiyama, 1924
Naumann's elephant
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Elephas namadicus naumannni Makiyama, 1924; Elephas naumanni Makiyama, 1924; Palaooloxodon namadicua naumanni Makiyama, 1924 (used by Sumanarathna et al. 2017)
Conservation Status
Extinct
Last record: Late Pleistocene
Distribution
Japan
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Makiyama, J. (1924). Notes on a fossil elephant from Sahamma, Tôtômi. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ. [B] 1: 255-264.
Other references:
Davies P. and Lister, Adrian M. (2001). Palaeoloxodon cypriotes, the dwarf elephant of Cyprus: size and scaling comparisons with P. falconeri (Sicily-Malta) and mainland P. antiquus. In The World of Elephants - International Congress (pp. 479-480. Rome.
Inuzuka, N. (1977a). On a fossil skull of Palaeoloxodon naumanni from Saruyama, Shimosa-machi, Chiba Prefecture, central Japan. The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, 83: 523-536. [In Japanese with English abstracts]
Inuzuka, N. (1977b). On the origin of Palaeoloxodon naumanni - A comparative osteology of the cranium. Journal of the Geological Society Japan 83: 639-655.
Inuzuka, N., Hasegawa, Y. & Nogariya, H. 1975. On the stylohyoid bone of Palaeoloxodon naumanni. Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku), 29: 36-44. [In Japanese with English abstracts]
Iwase, Akira et al. (2012). Timing of megafaunal extinction in the late Late Pleistocene on the Japanese Archipelago. Quaternary International 255: 114-124.
Joger, U. and Garrido, G. (2001). Phylogenetic position of Elephas, Loxodonta and Mammuthus, based on molecular evidence, pp. 544-547. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]
Kondo Y., Mazima N. 1990 Palaeoloxodon naumanni and its environment at the Palaeolithic site of Lake Nojiri, Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan. In The World of Elephants (ed. G. Cavarretta P.G., M. Mussi & M.R. Palombo), pp. 284-288. Rome, CNR.
Kondo, Y., Mazima, N. and Nojiri-ko Research Group. (2001). Palaeoloxodon naumanni and its environment at the paleolithic site of Lake Nojiri, Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan, pp. 284-288. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]
Konishi, H. and Yoshikawa, S. (1999). Immigration times of the two probocidean species, [i]Stegodon orientalis[/i] and [i]Palaeoloxodon naumanni[/i], into the Japanese Islands and the formation of the land bridge. Earth Science 53: 125-134. (In Japanese with English abstract)
Li J., Hou Y., Li Y., Zhang J. 2012 The latest straight-tusked elephants (Palaeoloxodon)? “Wild elephants” lived 3000 years ago in North China. Quaternary International 281(0), 84-88.
Li K, Zhao W, Yue F, Liu J, Wei Q, Dong W, Liu W, Wang Y. 2016 Review of Late Cenozoic proboscidean fossils from Nihewan Basin, Hebei Province. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Daqing, China, August, pp. 87–96. [In Chinese with English abstract].
Mazima, N., Fossil Mammal Reserch Group for Nojiri-ko Excavation 1997. Age profile for theNaumann’s elephant from Lake Nojiri. Bulletin of the Nojiri-ko Museum 5: 41 - 46 (inJapanese with English abstract).
Morlan R.E. 1967 Chronometric dating in Japan. Arctic Anthropology 4(2), 180-211.
Nakamura, Y. and Nojiri-ko Excavation Research Group. 1989-1990. Paleolithic cultures andpaleoenvironments of the Nojiri-ko Tategahana site, central Japan. The Quaternary Research 28(4): 257-268. (In Japanese with English abstract).
Nojiri-ko Fossil Footprint Research Group, 1992, Footprint fossils of Naumann’s elephants discovered from the Upper Pleistocene Nojiri-ko Formation: Chikyou Kagaku (Tokyo), v. 46, p. 385-404.
Nojiri-ko Excavation Research Group. 1994. The Late Quaternary environment around Lake Nojiriin central Japan. Proceedings of the 29th International Geological Congress, Part B: 269-277.
Nojiri-ko Excavation Research Group. 2011. In search of “Nojiri-ko man”. Nojiri-ko Excavation50th Anniversary magazine. Nojiri-ko Museum Special Issue.
Norton, C. J., Kondo, Y., Ono, A., Zhang, Y., Diab, M. C. 2010. The nature of megafaunalextinctions during the MIS 3-2 transition in Japan. Quaternary International 211: 113-122.
Ono, A., Nojiri-ko Excavation Research Unit. 1986. Bone technology in the Late Plaeolithic of EastAsia: A Nojiri-ko case study. In: The Pleistocene Perspective, Vol. 1. The WorldArchaeology Congress, 1-7 September, 1986.
Ono, A. (2001). Proboscidean bone modification in the Middle/Upper Palaeolithic of the Japanese Islands, pp. 469. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]
Pushkina D. 2007 The Pleistocene easternmost distribution in Eurasia of the species associated with the Eemian Palaeoloxodon antiquus assemblage. Mammal Review 37(3): 224-245.
Sumanarathna, A. R. et al. (2017). EXTINCTION OF QUATERNARY MAMMALIAN HABITATS OF MEGAFAUNA IN SABARAGAMU BASIN, SRI LANKA. Journal of Eco Astronomy 1(1): 16-31.
Shikama, T., H. Otsuka, and Y. Tomida. 1975. Fossil Proboscidea from Taiwan. Sci. Reprints Yokohama Natl. Univ. Sect. II 22: 13-62.
Sondaar P.Y., Van der Geer A.A.E. 2005 Evolution and extinction of Plio-Pleistocene island ungulates. In Les ongulés holarctiques du Pliocène et du Pléistocene (ed. Cregut-Bonnoure E.), pp. 241-256. Paris, Maison de la Géologie.
Takahashi, Keiichi. (2022). An overview of Palaeloxodon naumanni, the Palaeoloxodon (Elephantidae) of the far east: distribution, morphology and habitat. Historical Biology. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2022.2132857
Takahashi, K., Chang, C. H. and Cheng, Y. N. (2001). Proboscidean fossils from the Japanese Archipelago and Taiwan Islands and their relationship with the Chinese mainland, pp. 148-151. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]
Takahashi, K., Mazima, N. & Fossil Mammal Research Group for Nojiri-ko Excavation. 1991. Morphological description and its variation in the molars of the Naumann’s elephant (Palaeoloxodon naumanni (Makiyama) from Lake Nojiri, Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan. Journal of Fossil Research, 24: 7-32. [In Japanese]
Taruno, H. (1988). Vertebrate fossils from the Bisan Seto, part 1, Proboscidea etc. In: Kurashiki Museum of Natural History, ed., Vertebrate Fossils from the Sea Bottom of Bisan-Seto, West Japan. Report of Researches on the Yamamoto Collection I, Kurashiki Museum of Natural History, 11-61. Pl. 1-148.
Tong H, Patou-Mathis M. 2003 Mammoth and other proboscideans in China during the Late Pleistocene. Adv. Mamm. Res. 9, 421-428.
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