Mammuthus columbi Falconer, 1857
Columbian mammoth
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Elephas columbia Falconer, 1857; Elephas columbi Falconer, 1857; Parelephas columbi Falconer, 1857; Mammuthus meridionalis nebrascensis Osborn, 1932; Archidiskodon meridionalis nebrascensis Osborn, 1932; Mammuthus hayi Barbour 1915; Archidiskodon hayi Barbour, 1915; Elephas haroldcooki Hay, 1928; Mammuthus haroldcooki Hay, 1928; Elephas scotti Barbour, 1925; Mammuthus imperator Leidy, 1858; Mammuthus jeffersonii Osborn, 1922
Conservation Status
Extinct
Last record: 10,710 ± 130 BP (Fiedel, 2009)
Distribution
The Americas
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
CEUM897
UW6368
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Falconer, Hugh. (1857). On the species of mastodon and elephant occurring in the fossil state in Great Britain. Part 1. Mastodon. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 13: 307-360.
Other references:
Agenbroad, L. D. (1985). The distribution and chronology of mammoth in the New World. Acta Zoologica Fennica 170: 221-224.
Agenbroad, L. D. (1994). Taxonomy of North American Mammuthus and biometrics of the Hot Springs mammoths, pp. 158-207. In: Agenbroad, L. D. and Mead, J. I. (eds.). The Hot Springs mammoth site: A decade of field and laboratory research in paleontology, geology, and paleoecology. Rapid City. South Dakota: Fenske Printing.
Agenbroad, L. D. (2001). Channel Islands (USA) pygmy mammoths (Mammuthus exilis) compared and contrasted with M. columbi, their continental ancestral stock, pp. 473-475. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]
Agenbroad, L. D. (2005). North American proboscideans: Mammoths: the state of knowledge, 2003. Quaternary International 126-128: 73-92.
Agenbroad, L. D. (2009). Mammuthus exilis from the Channel Islands: height, mass, and geologic age. In: C.C. Damiani and D.K. Garcelon (eds.), Symposium Proceedings of the Seventh California Islands, 15–19. Institute for Wildlife Studies, Arcata.
Agenbroad, Larry D. (2012). Giants and pygmies: Mammoths of Santa Rosa Island, California (USA). Quaternary International, special issue Mammoths and Their Relatives 1: Biotopes, Evolution and Human Impact V International Conference, Le Puy-en-Velay, 2010 255: 2-8. [Abstract]
Agenbroad, L. D., J. I. Mead, C. V. Haynes, Jr., and R. H. Hevly. 2013. Fossil fauna and flora from Late Pleistocene Cerros Negros Locality, Pinal County, Arizona: With update of Mammuthus and all Mammut localities from Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist 58(1): 50-53.
Agogino, G. A., and B. Sweetland. 1985. The Stolle mammoth: A probable Clovis kill site. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1977 Projects 18:89-93.
Allaun, Sarah A. et al. (2023). The Geochronological and Geoarchaeological Context of the Clovis-Age La Prele Mammoth Site (48CO1401), Converse County, Wyoming. PaleoAmerica. https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2023.2245191
Arroyo-Cabrales J., Polaco O.J., Laurito C., Johnson E., Teresa Alberdi M., Valerio Zamora A.L. 2007 The proboscideans (Mammalia) from Mesoamerica. Quaternary International 169–170(0), 17-23.
Baghai-Riding, Nina L., Husley, Danielle B., Beck, Christine and Blackwell, Eric. (2017). Late Pleistocene megafauna from Mississippi alluvium plain gravel bars. Paludicola 11(3): 124-147. [automatic download: 1.28MB]
E. H. Barbour. 1925. Prosthennops xiphodonticus, sp. nov. a new fossil peccary from Nebraska. Bulletin of the Nebraska State Museum 1(3):25-32
Bongino, John D. (2007). Late Quaternary History of the Waco Mammoth Site: Environmental Reconstruction and Determining the Cause of Death. Ph. D. thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Baylor University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science, 136 pp.
Bravo-Cuevas, Victor Manuel and Jiménez-Hidalgo, Eduardo. (2018). Advances on the Paleobiology of Late Pleistocene mammals from central and southern Mexico, pp. 277-313. In: Huard, Gaeten and Gareau, Jeannine (eds.). The Pleistocene: Geography, Geology, and Fauna. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Burness, G. P., Diamond., J., and Flannery, T. F. (2001). Dinosaurs, dragons and dwarfs: the evolution of maximal body size. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 98: 14518-14523.
Curtin AJ, Macdowell AA, Schaible EG, Roth L. (2012). Noninvasive histological comparison of bone growth patterns among fossil and extant neonatal elephantids using synchrotron radiation X-ray microtomography. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32: 939-955. [Abstract]
Dirks, Wendy, Bromage, Timothy G. and Agenbroad, Larry D. (2012). The duration and rate of molar plate formation in Palaeoloxodon cypriotes and Mammuthus columbi from dental histology. Quaternary International, special issue Mammoths and Their Relatives 1: Biotopes, Evolution and Human Impact V International Conference, Le Puy-en-Velay, 2010 255: 79-85. [Abstract]
El Adli, Joseph J., Cherney, Michael D., Fisher, Daniel C., Harris, John M., Farrell, Aisling B. and Cox, Shelley M. (2015). Last Years of Life and Season of Death of a Columbian Mammoth from Rancho La Brea, pp. 65-80. In: Harris, John M. (ed.). La Brea and Beyond: The Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas. Los Angeles, California: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series No. 42. 174 pp.
Emslie, S. D. 1988. Vertebrate paleontology and taphonomy of caves in Grand Canyon, Arizona. National Geographic Research 4:128-142.
Enk, Jacob, Devault, A., Debruyne, R., King, C.E., Treangen, T., O’Rourke, D., Salzberg, S.L., Fisher, D., MacPhee, R., and Poinar, H. (2011). Complete Columbian mammoth mitogenome suggests interbreeding with woolly mammoths. Genome Biology 12(5): R51.
Esker, Donald A. (2019). Thermoregulation and Dental Isotopes Reveal the Behavior and Environment of Pleistocene Megafauna at Waco Mammoth National Monument. PhD thesis, Baylor University.
Esker, D. et al. (2019). Home range of the Columbian mammoths (Mammuthus columbi) and grazing herbivores from the Waco Mammoth National Monument, (Texas, USA) based on strontium isotope ratios from tooth enamel bioapatite. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 534: 109291. [Abstract]
Falconer, Hugh. (1863). On the American fossil elephant of the regions bordering the Gulf of Mexico (E. columbia, Falc.); with general observations on the living and extinct species. Natural History Review 10: 43-114.*
Faunmap working group. 1994 FAUNMAP: a database documenting late Quaternary distributions of mammal species in the United States. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 25(1-2), 1-690.
Fiedel, S. 2009. Sudden deaths: The chronology of terminal Pleistocene megafaunal extinction. Pp. 21-37, in American megafaunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene (G. Haynes, ed.). Springer Science + Business Media, 201 pp.
Fisher, D.C. 1996. Extinction of proboscideans in North America. In The Proboscidea: Evolution and palaeoecology of elephants and their relatives, ed. J. Shoshani and P. Tassy, 296–315. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fisher, D.C. 2001. Season of death, growth rates, and life history of North American mammoths. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Mammoth Site Studies, ed. D. West, 121-135.
Fox, F. W., Smith, C. B. and Lintz, D.O. (1992). Herd Bunching at the Waco Mammoth Site: Preliminary Investigations, 1978-1987. Pp. 51, in J.W. Fox, C.B. Smith, and K.T. Wilkins, (Eds.), Proboscidean and Paleoindian Interactions: Baylor University Press, Waco, Texas, 233p.
Frank, Michael, Slaton, Anneliese, Tinta, Teresa and Capaldi, Alex. (2015). Investigating Anthropogenic Mammoth Extinction with Mathematical Models. Spora 1(1): 8-16.
Fuller, B., S. Fahrni, J. Harris, A. Farrell, J. Coltrain, L. Gerhart, J. Ward, R.E. Taylor, and J. Southon. (2014). Ultrafiltration for asphalt removal from bone collagen for radiocarbon dating and isotopic analysis of Pleistocene fauna at the tar pits of Rancho La Brea, Los Angeles, California. Quaternary Geochronology 22: 85-98.
Gillette, D. D., J. L. Gillette, and J. Murphy. 1985. The Tucumcari mammoths excavated by the Denver Museum of Natural History in 1930. New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 36:14-17.
Gillette, D. D., C. V. Haynes, J. J. Saunders, and D. Stanford. 1985. Preliminary report on the occurrence of Mammuthus sp. in Mora County, New Mexico. New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 36:48-50.
Gillette, D. D. and Madsen, D. B. (1993). The Columbian mammoth, Mammuthus columbi, from the Wasatch Mountains of central Utah. J Paleontol 67: 669-680.
Gilmour, Daniel A. et al. (2015). Chronology and ecology of late Pleistocene megafauna in the northern Willamette Valley, Oregon. Quaternary Research 83: 127-136.
Gold, David A. et al. (2014). Attempted DNA extraction from a Rancho La Brea Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi): prospects for ancient DNA from asphalt deposits. Ecology and Evolution 4(4): 329-336.
Graham, Russell W. (1986). Taxonomy of North American mammoths, p. 165-169. In: Frison, G., Todd, R., (eds.). Albuquerque, New Mexico: The Colby mammoth site University of New Mexico Press.
Graham, Russell W., Lundelius Jr., Ernest L., Meissener, Laurence and Muhlestein, Keith. (2013). Friesenhahn Cave: Late Pleistocene paleoecology and predator-prey relationships of mammoths with an extinct scimitar cat. GSA Field Guides 30: 15-31. [Abstract]
Guía-Ramírez, Andrea, Fernando Oviedo-García, and Gregorio Pacheco. 2013. San Quintín, Baja California: Una perspectiva paleontológica y arqueológica. SCA Proceedings 27: 46-56.
Harington, C.R. 1984. Mammoths, bison, and time in North America. In: W.C. Mahaney (ed.), Quaternary Dating Methods, 299–309. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam.
Harrington, C. R. (2017). The Kyle Mammoth: A Late Pleistocene Columbian mammoth from southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Quaternary International 443(A): 79-87. [Abstract]
Harris, Arthur H. (1993). Quaternary vertebrates of New Mexico, pp. 179-197. In: Vertebrate Paleontology in New Mexico, New Mexico Museum of Natural History, Bulletin 2:i-vii, 1-338.
Hatt, R. T. (1963). The Mastodon of Pontiac. News Letter, Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 32(6): 62-64.
Hay, O. P. 1923. The Pleistocene of North America and its vertebrated animals from the states east of the Mississippi River and from the Canadian provinces east of longitude 95[D]. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 32: 1-532.
Haynes, Gary. (1985). Age profiles in elephant and mammoth bone assemblages. Quaternary Research 24: 333–345. [Abstract]
Haynes, Gary. (1990). The mountains that fell down: Life and death of Heartland Mammoths. In Megafauna and man: Discovery of America’s Heartland, eds. L.D. Agenbroad, J.I. Mead, and L.W. Nelson, 25–31. Hot Springs, South Dakota: The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, South Dakota, Inc., Scientific Papers.
Haynes, Gary. (2002). The catastrophic extinction of North American mammoths and mastodonts. World Archaeology 33(3): 391-416.
Haynes, Gary. (In Press, 2016). Taphonomy of the Inglewood mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) (Maryland, USA): Green-bone fracturing of fossil bones. Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.034 [Abstract]
Hemmings, E. T. 2007a. Buried animal kills and processing localities, areas 1–5. Pp. 83-137, in Murray Springs, a Clovis site with multiple activity areas in the San Pedro Valley, Arizona. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, no. 71, University of Arizona Press, Tucson
Hemmings, E. T. 2007b. Appendix D. Vertebrate specimens from Murray Springs areas 1-5. Pp. 255-265, in Murray Springs, a Clovis site with multiple activity areas in the San Pedro Valley, Arizona. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona, no. 71, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
C. W. Hibbard. 1953. Journal of Paleontology 27(1)
Hibbard, Claude W. and Taylor, Dwight W. (1960). Two late Pleistocene faunas from southwestern Kansas. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan 16(1): 1-223 pp., 16 pls., 18 figs.
Hills, Leonard V. and Harington, C. Richard. (2003). New radiocarbon dates for Columbian mammoth and Mexican horse from southern Alberta and the Lateglacial regional fauna. Quaternary Science Reviews 22(14): 1521-1523. [Abstract]
Htun, Thein. (2020). Allometric trends in the ontogenetic growth of various Pleistocene North American proboscideans and the dwarfing of Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) the Channel Islands pygmy mammoth (Mammuthus exilis). MSc thesis, California State Polytechnic University.
Jefferson, G. T. 1991. A catalogue of Late Quaternary vertebrates from California. Part two: Mammals. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Technical Reports 7:1-129.
Jefferson, G. T., H. G. McDonald, and S. D. Livington. 2015. Catalogue of late Quaternary and Holocene fossil vertebrates from Nevada. Nevada State Museum, Occasional Papers no. 6a:iv + 86.
Jiménez-Moreno, Francisco Javier et al. (2022). A mathematical model to calculate the population of Mammuthus columbi (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Elephantidae) during the Late Pleistocene in the Valsequillo Basin, Puebla, Mexico. Historical Biology 34(4): 750-758. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.1946530
Joger, U. and Garrido, G. (2001). Phylogenetic position of Elephas, Loxodonta and Mammuthus, based on molecular evidence, pp. 544-547. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]
Karpinski, Emil. (2021). Mammoths, mastodons, and chronospatial warming: evolutionary analyses of Pleistocene proboscideans from temperate and tropical locales. PhD thesis, McMaster University.
Karpinski, Emil, Mead, Jim I. and Poinar, Hendrik N. (In Press, 2017). Molecular identification of paleofeces from Bechan Cave, southeastern Utah, USA. Quaternary International. [Abstract]
Klapman, Matthew. (2017). A Simulation of Anthropogenic Columbian Mammoth Extinction. Symposium on Undergraduate Research and Creative Expression (SOURCE). 623. http://scholar.valpo.edu/cus/623
Klapman, Matthew and Capaldi, Alex. (2019). A simulation of anthropogenic Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) extinction. Historical Biology 31(5): 610-617. [Abstract]
Kurtén B., Anderson E. 1980 Pleistocene Mammals of North America. New York, Columbia University Press.
Larramendi, Asier. (2016). Shoulder height, body mass, and shape of proboscideans. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61(3): 537-574.
Last, George V. et al. (2022). Case Report of Traumatic Rib Fracture in Mammoth from Frenchman Hills–Tonnemaker Mammoth Site, Grant County, Washington. Northwest Science 95(3-4): 350-359. https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0310
Lindsay, E. H. 1978. Late Cenozoic vertebrate faunas, southeastern Arizona. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 29th Field Conference, Land of Cochise 1978: 269-275.
Lindsay, E. H. 1984. Late Cenozoic mammals from northwestern Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4(2):208-215.
Lister, Adrian M. (2017). On the type material and evolution of North American mammoths. Quaternary International 443(A): 14-31. [Abstract]
Lister, A. M., and Agenbroad, L. D. (1994). Gender determination of the Hot Springs mammoths. In The Hot Springs mammoth site: A decade of field and laboratory research in paleontology, geology, and paleoecology, ed. L.D. Agenbroad and J.I. Mead, 208-214. Rapid City, South Dakota: Fenske Printing.
Louguet-Lefebvre, Sophie. (2013). Les mammouths de Colomb du Pléistocène supérieur de Hot Springs (Dakota du Sud, Etats-Unis). PALEO 24: 149-171.
S. G. Lucas. 1996. Quaternary Research 45
S. G. Lucas, G. S. Morgan, J. W. Estep, G. H. Mack, and J. W. Hawley. (1999). Co-occurrence of the proboscideans Cuvieronius, Stegomastodon, and Mammuthus in the lower Pleistocene of southern New Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(3): 595-597.
Lundelius, Ernest L., Jr. (2022). Pleistocene vertebrates from Stonewall County, Texas. In: Morgan, Gary S. et al. Late Cenozoic Vertebrates from the American Southwest: A Tribute to Arthur H. Harris. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 88: 233-257.
Lundin, R. F., and C. F. Royse. 1973. A late Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from the Nichols Site, Scottsdale, Arizona. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 8(1):29-33.
C. T. Madden. 1983. Quaternary Research 19
Matthew, W. D. (1902). List of the Pleistocene fauna from Hay Springs, Nebraska. Bulletin of the AMNH 16: 317-322.
Mawby, J. E. 1967. Fossil vertebrates of the Tule Springs site, Nevada. Nevada State Museum, Anthropological Papers 13:106-128.
McDaniel Jr., G. E., and G. T. Jefferson. (2006). Dental variation in molars of Mammuthus columbi var. M. imerator (Proboscidea, Elephantidae) from a Mathis gravel quarry, southern Texas. Quaternary International 142-143: 166-177.
McDonald, H. Gregory and Dávila A, Sylvia Lorena. (2017). Mammoths in Central America: New records from Guatemala. Quaternary International 443(A): 122-128. [Abstract]
Mead, J. I., N. J. Czaplewski, and L. D. Agenbroad. 2005. Rancholabrean (Late Pleistocene) mammals and localities of Arizona. Pp. 139-180, in (R. D. McCord, ed.) Vertebrate Paleontology of Arizona, Mesa Southwest Museum Bulletin No. 11.
Mead, Jim I. et al. (2020). Proboscideans from US National Park Service Lands. Eastern Paleontologist 6: 1-48.
Metcalf, A. L. 1977. Some Quaternary molluscan faunas from the northern Chihuahuan Desert and their paleoecological implications. Pp. 53-66, in, Transactions of the symposium on the biological resources of the Chihuahuan Desert region, United States and Mexico (R. H. Wauer and D. H. Riskind, eds.), National Park Service Transactions and Proceedings Series 3: 1-658.
Milligan, Mark and McDonald, H. Gregory. (2017). Shorelines and vertebrate fauna of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, Utah, Idaho, and Nevada. Geology of the Intermountain West 4: 181-214.
Morgan, G. S., and S. G. Lucas. 2003. Mammalian biochronology of Blancan and Irvingtonian (Pliocene and Early Pleistocene) faunas from New Mexico. American Museum of Natural History, Bulletin no. 279:269-320.
Morgan, G. S., and S. G. Lucas. 2005. Pleistocene vertebrate faunas in New Mexico from alluvial, fluvial, and lacustrine deposits. Pp. 185-248, in New Mexico's Ice Ages (Lucas, S. G., G. S. Morgan, and K. E. Zeigler, eds.). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 28:1-280.
Morgan, G S., S. G. Lucas, and M. E. Gordon. (2001). Late Pleistocene mammoths (Mammuthus columbi) from Mesa Redonda, Quay County, east-central New Mexico. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook 52: 285-292.
Morgan, G S., S. G. Lucas, and D. W. Love. 2009. Cenozoic vertebrates from Socorro County, central New Mexico. New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook 60: 321-326.
Muhs, Daniel R. et al. (In Press, 2015). Late Quaternary sea-level history and the antiquity of mammoths (Mammuthus exilis and Mammuthus columbi), Channel Islands National Park, California, USA. Quaternary Research. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2015.03.001 [Abstract]
Nagy, K. A. (2001). Food requirements of wild animals: predictive equations for free-living mammals,reptiles, and birds. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Series B: Livestock Feeds and Feeding 71: 21R-34R.
Oltz, D. F., Jnr., and Kapp, R. O. (1963). Plant remains associated with Mastodon and Mammoth remains in central Michigan. Am. Midl. Nat. 70(2): 339-346.
Osborn, H. F. (1922). Hesperopithecus, the first anthropoid primate found in America. American Museum Novitates 37: 1-5.
Pajak, A. F., III, E. Scott, and C. J. Bell. 1996. A review of the biostratigraphy of Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments in the Elsinore Fault Zone, Riverside County, California. Pp. 28-49, in The Uses of Vertebrate Fossils in Biostratigraphic Correlation (C. J. Bell and S. S. Sumida, eds.). PaleoBios 17(2-4).
Parry, Lauren E. (2020). Paleoecology of Columbian and Pygmy Mammoths in Southern Nevada and California: How Terminal Pleistocene Ecosystems Shaped Mammoths at the Individual, Population, and Community Level. PhD thesis, University of Nevada. [Preview]
Pasenko, M. (2012). New mastodont and mammoth remains from Pleistocene deposits in southeastern Arizona. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 44(1):22-37.
Pasenko, Michael R., and Agenbroad, Larry D. (2012). Late Pleistocene mammalian fauna from Prescott Valley, west-central Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist 57(1): 74-86.
Pasenko, Michael R. and Lucas, Spencer G. (2022). A preliminary comparison of the scaphoid in the proboscidean families Gomphotheridae, Mammutidae and Elephantidae. In: Morgan et al. Late Cenozoic Vertebrate Paleontology: Tribute to Arthur H. Harris. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 88: 97-106.
Patterson, D. B., Mead, A. J. and Bahn, R. A. (2012). New skeletal remains of Mammuthus columbi from Glynn County, Georgia with notes on their historical and paleoecological significance. Southeastern Naturalist 11(2): 163-172. [Abstract]
Víctor Adrián Pérez-Crespo, Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales, Mouloud Benammi, Eileen Johnson, Oscar J. Polaco, Antonio Santos-Moreno, Pedro Morales-Puente and Edith Cienfuegos-Alvarado. (2012). Geographic variation of diet and habitat of the Mexican populations of Columbian Mammoth (Mammuthus columbi). Quaternary International 276-277: 8-16. [Abstract]
Víctor Adrián Pérez-Crespo, Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín et al. (In Press, 2023). Feeding habits of Columbian mammoths (Mammuthus columbi) from Santa Lucía IV (Late Pleistocene), state of México, México: Stable isotopes analyses. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104234
Pérez-Crespo, Víctor A., Prado, José L., Alberdi, Maria T., Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquín and Johnson, Eileen. (2016). Diet and Habitat for Six American Pleistocene Proboscidean Species Using Carbon and Oxygen Stable Isotopes. Ameghiniana 53(1): 39-51. [Abstract]
Puentes, John Alexander Galindo. (2023). Immunogenetics of extinct woolly mammoths and extant elephantsImmunogenetics of extinct woolly mammoths and extant elephants. PhD dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin.
Raia P., Carotenuto F., Meiri S. 2010 One size does not fit all: no evidence for an optimal body size on islands. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19(4), 475-484.
Retallack, Gregory J. et al. (2018). Late Pleistocene mammoth trackway from Fossil Lake, Oregon. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 496: 192-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.037 [Abstract]
Reynolds, R E., G. T. Jefferson, and R. L. Reynolds. 1991. The sequence of vertebrates from Plio-Pleistocene sediments at Valley Wells, San Bernardino County, California. Pp. 72-77, in Crossing the Borders: Quaternary Studies in Eastern California and Southwestern Nevada (R. E. Reynolds, compiler). MDQRC 1991 Special Publication, San Bernardino County Museum Association, Redlands, CA.
Rivals, Florent, Semprebon, Gina and Lister, Adrian. (2012). An examination of dietary diversity patterns in Pleistocene proboscideans (Mammuthus, Palaeoloxodon, and Mammut) from Europe and North America as revealed by dental microwear. Quaternary International, special issue Mammoths and Their Relatives 1: Biotopes, Evolution and Human Impact V International Conference, Le Puy-en-Velay, 2010 255: 188-195. [Abstract]
Roth, V.L. 1990. Insular dwarf elephants: a case study in body mass estimation and ecological inference. In: J. Damuth and B. MacFadden (eds.), Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology: Estimation and Biological Implications, 151-179. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Saunders, J. J. (1970). The distribution and taxonomy of Mammuthus in Arizona. Master Thesis, University of Arizona.
Schaedler, J. M., Krook, L., Wootton, J. A., Hover, B., Brodsky, B., Naresh, M. D., Gillette, D. D., Madsen, D. B., Horne, R. H., Minor, R. R. (1992). Studies of collagen in bone and dentin matrix of a Columbian mammoth (late Pleistocene) of central Utah. Matrix 12: 297-307.
Schultz, J. R. 1937. A Late Quaternary mammal fauna from the tar seeps of McKittrick, California. Ph.D. thesis, California Institute of Technology, 202 pp + 2 plates.
Schultz, C. B. 1943. Some artifact sites of early man in the Great Plains and adjacent areas. American Antiquity 8(3):242-295.
Scott, Eric, Springer, Kathleen B. and Sagebiel, James C. (2017). The Tule Springs local fauna: Rancholabrean vertebrates from the Las Vegas Formation, Nevada. Quaternary International 443(A): 105-121. [Abstract]
Sellards, E. H. (1916). Human remains and associated fossils from the Pleistocene of Florida. Annual Report of the Florida Geological Survey 8: 123-160.
J. Shoshani and P. Tassy. 1996. Summary, conclusions, and a glimpse into the future. in J. Shoshani and P. Tassy, eds., The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives 335-348.
Skeels, M. A. (1962). The mastodons and mammoths of Michigan. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 97: 101-133.
Slaughter, B. H. 1975. Ecological interpretation of the Brown Sand Wedge local fauna. Pp.179-192, in Late Pleistocene environments of the Southern High Plains (F. Wendorf and J. J. Hester, eds.). Fort Burgwin Research Center Publication 9: 1-290.
Smith, Gregory James. (2015). Taxonomic and ecologic implications of mammoth molar morphology as measured via computed tomography (CT). Master Thesis, Pennsylvania State University.
Smith, Kent S., and Richard M. Cifelli. (2000). A Synopsis of the Pleistocene Vertebrates of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin No. 147. University of Oklahoma, Norman.
Smith, Gregory James and DeSantis, Larisa R. G. (2020). Extinction of North American Cuvieronius (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) driven by dietary resource competition with sympatric mammoths and mastodons. Paleobiology 46(1): 41-57.
Smith, Gregory James and Graham, Russell W. (2017). The effects of dental wear on impairing mammoth taxonomy: A reappraisal of the Newton mammoth, Bradford County, northeastern Pennsylvania. Quaternary International 443(A): 40-51. [Abstract]
Springer, Kathleen B., Pigati, Jeffrey S. and Scott, Eric. (2017). Vertebrate Paleontology, Stratigraphy, and Paleohydrology of Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument, Nevada (USA). Geology of the Intermountain West 4: 55-98.
Springer, Kathleen B., Scott, Eric, Sagebiel, C. and Murray, L. K. (2009). The Diamond Valley Lake local fauna: Late Pleistocene vertebrates from inland southern California. Pp. 217-235, in Papers on geology, vertebrate paleontology, and biostratigraphy in honor of Michael O. Woodburne (L. G. Albright, III, ed.). Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 65, Flagstaff, Arizona.
Stock, C. and Harris, J. M. (1992). Rancho la Brea: A record of Pleistocene life in California. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series no. 37, 7th ed.:i-xiv + 1-113.
Tegowski, B. J., and R. S. White. 2000. Proboscidean fossils from the San Simon River Valley, Graham and Cochise counties, Arizona. Pp. 101-111, in Southwest Paleontological Symposium-Proceedings (McCord, R. D., and Boaz, D., eds. ). Mesa Southwest Museum Bulletin no. 7.
Tomas-Mosso, Azarael, Castañeda-Posadas, Carlos, Cruz, J. Alberto and Alarcón-Durán, Iván. (2024). Pleistocene record of mammals and pollen from Mexico (Las Tazas, Valsequillo, Puebla) and their paleoenvironmental interpretation. Palaeontologia Electronica 27(1): a15. https://doi.org/10.26879/1285
Tomcho, Atticus; Dickens, Mary; Mead, Alfred J.; Mead, Heidi F.; Seminack, Christopher; and Patterson, David B. (2023). LATE PLEISTOCENE ECOSYSTEM EVOLUTION IN SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA: A TRANSDISCIPLINARY APPROACH USING FOSSIL AMERICAN ALLIGATOR ENAMEL ISOTOPES. Georgia Journal of Science 81(1): 83. [Abstract]
S. D. Webb and J. P. Dudley. 1995. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 37(20)
Wiest, Logan A., Esker, Don and Driese, Steven G. (2016). The Waco mammoth national moument may represent a diminished watering-hole scenario based on preliminary evidence of post-mortem scavenging. PALAIOS 31(12): 592-606. [Abstract]
Wilson, Richard Leland. (1967). The Pleistocene vertebrates of Michigan. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 52: 197-234.
http://www.therepublic.com/view/story/94e1cbe395924d29b2796d29f71b48d9/IA--Mammoths-Iowa
http://www.independent.com/news/2016/sep/17/mammoth-contemporaneous-arlington-man-found-santa-/
http://extinctanimals.proboards.com/thread/8398/columbian-mammoth-mammuthus-columbi
*Volume 5, Number 3? Volume 3 (Number?)?