Agalinis caddoensis Pennell (1922 "1921":519)
Caddo Parish false foxglove
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Gerardia caddoensis (Pennell) Pennell in Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr. 1, Scroph.: 449 (1935)
Conservation Status
Missing (NatureServe, 2026) or Extinct (Humphreys et al., 2019; Knapp et al., 2021; Albani Rocchetti et al., 2022; POWO, 2024; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025)
Last record: 1913 (Knapp et al., 2021; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025; NatureServe, 2026)
Distribution & Habitat
Caddo Parish, near Shreveport, Louisiana (northwest), USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Pennell, F. W. (1921). Scrophulariaceae of the West Gulf states. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 73, vol. LXXIII, Part III.
Other references:
Albani Rocchetti, Giulia, Carta, Angelino, Mondoni, Andrea, Godefroid, Sandrine, Davis, Charles C., Caneva, Giulia, Albrecht, Matthew A., Alvarado, Karla, Bijmoer, Roxali, Borosova, Renata, Bräuchler, Christian, Breman, Elinor, Briggs, Marie, Buord, Stephane, Cave, Lynette H., Da Silva, Nílber Gonçalves, Davey, Alexandra H., Davies, Rachael M., Dickie, John B., Fabillo, Melodina, Fleischmann, Andreas, Franks, Andrew, Hall, Geoffrey, Kantvilas, Gintaras, Klak, Cornelia, Liu, Udayangani, Medina, Leopoldo, Reinhammar, Lars Gunnar, Sebola, Ramagwai J., Schönberger, Ines, Sweeney, Patrick, Voglmayr, Hermann, White, Adam, Wieringa, Jan J., Zippel, Elke Zippel and Abeli, Thomas. (2022). Selecting the best candidates for resurrecting extinct-in-the-wild plants from herbaria. Nature Plants 8: 1385-1393. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-022-01296-7 [Supplementary Tables S1-S6]
Canne-Hilliker, J. M. and Haynes, J. F. (2019). Agalinis, pp. 534-555. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+, Flora of North America North of Mexico 17: 1-737. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2023). Uitgestorven. Op plantenjacht rond de wereld: 1-511. Sterck & De Vreese.
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2025). Plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 207(3): 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae045 [Appendix S1]
CPC. (1990). Centre for plant conservation data for North American plants database. CPC, Centre for plant conservation.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (FNA). (2019). Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 17: Magnoliophyta: Tetrachondraceae to Orobanchaceae. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. xxiv + 737 pp.
Govaerts, R. (1995). World Checklist of Seed Plants 1(1, 2): 1-483, 529. MIM, Deurne.
Humphreys, Aelys M., Govaerts, Rafaël, Ficinski, Sarah Z., Lughadha, Eimear Nic and Vorontsova, Maria S. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2 [Supplementary Dataset 1]
Kartesz, J. T. (1994). A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Knapp, Wesley M., Frances, Anne, Noss, Reed, Naczi, Robert F. C., Weakley, Alan, Gann, George D., Baldwin, Bruce G., Miller, James, McIntyre, Patrick, Mishler, Brent D., Moore, Gerry, Olmstead, Richard G., Strong, Anna, Kennedy, Kathryn, Heidel, Bonnie and Gluesenkamp, Daniel. (2021). Vascular plant extinction in the continental United States and Canada. Conservation Biology 35(1): 360-368. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13621 [Supporting Information (Appendix S1)]
Larke, J. and McInnis, N. (1993). Status survey report for Agalinis caddoensis. Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jackson, Mississippi. 16 pp. + appendices.
MacRoberts, D. T. (1978). The status of Agalinis caddoensis Pennell. Phytologia 40: 1-6.
NatureServe. (2026). Agalinis caddoensis: Caddo Parish False Foxglove. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer [web application]. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available at: https://explorer.natureserve.org/ [Accessed on 20 August 2026]
Pennell, F. W. (1935). The Scrophulariaceae of eastern temperate North America. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monograph No. 1.
POWO. (2024). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 12 July 2024]
Vincent, K. A. (1982). Scrophulariaceae of Louisiana. M.S. thesis. Univ. Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette. 234 pp.
Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.
https://vanishingflora.proboards.com/thread/1904/agalinis-caddoensis