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Ectopistes migratorius Linnaeus, 1766:285

Passenger pigeon, Wild pigeon

 

 

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Synonyms: Palumbus migratorius Linnaeus, 1766:285; Columba canadensis Linnaeus, 1766; Columba migratoria Linnaeus, 1766:285; Ectopistes migratoria Linnaeus, 1766:285

 

Conservation Status

Extinct

Last record: 1 September 1914 at c.1:00 PM (Shufeldt, 1915:30)

IUCN RedList status: Extinct

 

The Passenger pigeon was, until its extinction, the most numerous species of bird in the world. It's entire population was variously estimated at 3 to 5 billion individuals, and a flock flying overhead would darken the sky for up to two whole hours. Indeed, one very famous flock was estimated to contain 3 billion individuals alone.

It was this complacency that ultimately led to the birds' extinction. It was an agricultural pest and slaughtered indiscriminately. Nobody even considered the possibility of the species becoming extinct because it was so numerous, until it was too late. Several efforts to locate remaining wild individuals after 1900 were in vain (e.g. Beebe, 1909), and the last known individual, "Martha", died in the Cincinnati Zoo, Ohio on the 1st of September 1914 at approximately 1:00 PM (Shufeldt, 1915:30).

 

Last records by state

Nebraska

"The latest record in the state is of a flock of 15 flying over the house of G. W. Sabine in Omaha, Douglas Co. on 28 November 1895 (Trostler 1896)."

(Mollhof, 2022:27)

 

Distribution

North America

 

Biology & Ecology

 

 

Hypodigm

Apparently more than 1500 specimens are preserved in various museums and institutions around the world (RMNH website, link below)

 

Naturalis, Natural Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands (RMNH): 11 specimens:

RMNH 15707 (male)

RMNH 110.048 (male)

RMNH 110.085 (male)

RMNH 110.086 (male)

RMNH 110.087 (female)

RMNH 110.088 (female)

RMNH 110.089 (female)

RMNH 110.090 (male)

RMNH 110.091 (female)

RMNH 110.092 (male)

RMNH 110.093 (female)

 

For photographs of all of the above specimens see the RMNH official [url=http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/naturalis/detail.php?lang=uk&id=39]website[/url].

 

American Museum of Natural History, New York: ? specimens

 

Jephson Science Center at Keuka College, Keuka Park, New York: ? specimens

 

Rosensteinmuseum, Stuttgart, Germany: ? specimens

 

Vanderbilt Museum (New York, NY, USA): ? specimens

 

New York State Museum: 2 [url=http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/treasures/treasure.cfm?object=391993]specimens[/url].

 

Royal Ontario Museum: at least 1 specimen?

 

Audie Murphy/American Cotton Museum in Greenville, Texas at least one specimen

 

Other specimens:

 

"male and female, 17 Dec 1896, Attie, Oregon Co. (CHAS 15460; 15462" (Robbins, 2018:56)

 

Media

 

Historical photos

Many photos and illustrations were published in (Shufeldt, 1921).

 

Above: taxidermy of "Martha", the last recorded individual. Published in Shufeldt (1921). Source: Wikimedia Commons.
 

 

References

Original scientific description:

Linnaeus, Carolus. (1766). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Ed. 12. 1., Regnum Animale. Part 1. Holmiae [Stockholm], Laurentii Salvii. pp. 1-532.


Other references:

Agnelli, Paolo, Nistri, Annamaria and Vanni, Stefano. (2009). Le collezioni dei Vertebrati / The vertebrate collections, pp. 173-211. In: Barsanti, Giulio and Chelazzi, Guido (eds.). Il Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze. Le collezioni della Specola : zoologia e cere anatomiche / The Museum of Natural History of the University of Florence: The Collections of La Specola. Zoology and Anatomical Waxes. Firenze University Press.

Allbee, E. A. (1911). Passenger pigeons in eastern Iowa 1856-1860. Auk 28: 261.

Anderson, R. M. (1907). Birds of Iowa. Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci. 11: 135-417.

Anmarkrud, Jarl Andreas and Lifjeld, Jan T. (In Press, 2016). Complete mitochondrial genomes of eleven extinct or possibly extinct bird species. Molecular Ecology Resources. DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12600 [Abstract]

Anonymous. (1821). Pigeons. New Hampshire Patriot 3(51):2; 12/17/1821.

Anonymous. (1833). List of the animals in the gardens of the Zoological Society: with notices respecting them, and a plan of the gardens, showing the buildings and enclosures in which the animals are kept: June 1833. London: Printed by Richard Taylor. [p. 30]

Anonymous. (1851). Catalogue of the Menagerie and Aviary of Knowsley. Liverpool: Printed by Joshua Walmsley, 50 Lord St. [70 living Passenger pigeons in the estate sale of the 13th Earl of Derby]

Anonymous (1961) Invasion der Exoten im „Schwan“ – Stadt Goslar übernimmt die Sammlung Behrens/Seltene Kostbarkeiten. Goslarsche Zeitung, 29. November 1961. [relevant reference?]

Anonymous (1964) Ratsprominenz bei den Exoten zu Gast. „Haus der Tiere“ im Weißen Schwan wurde gestern eröffnet – „Ausgestopfte“ aus aller Herren Länder. Goslarsche Zeitung, 04. November 1964.

Audubon, John James. (1827-38). The Birds of America, 4 vols. London.

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Avery, Mark. (2014). A Message from Martha: the extinction of the Passenger pigeon and its relevance today. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.

Awad, A., Khalil, S. R. and Abd-Elhakim, Y. M. (2015). Molecular phylogeny of some avian species using Cytochrome b gene sequence analysis. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 16(2): 218-222.

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Batchelder, C. F. (1882). [Ectopistes breeding in New Brunswick]. Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club 7: 151.

Beebe, C. William. (1909). A last attempt to locate and save from extinction the Passenger pigeon.  The Wilson Bulletin 21(4): 223.

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Blockstein, David E. and Tordoff, Harrison B. (1985). Gone forever: A contemporary look at the extinction of the Passenger Pigeon. North American Birds 39(5): 845-51.

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Brewster, William. (1889). The present status of the wild pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) as a bird of the United States, with some notes on its habits. Auk 6(4): 285-291.

Brisbin, I. L. (1968). The Passenger Pigeon. A study in the ecology of extinction. Modern Game Breeding 4: 13-20.

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Cassista, S. (2009). A discussion of theories relating to population dynamics of passenger pigeon population: abundance and extinction. Undergraduate Journal of Anthropology 1: 141-149.

Casto, S. D. (2002). Extinct and extirpated birds of Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Ornithological Society 35: 17-24.

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Chandler, Robert M. (1982). A second record of Pleistocene Passenger Pigeon from Caifornia. Condor 84(2): 242.

Childs, J. L. (1905). Personal recollections of the passenger pigeon. Warbler (2) 1: 71-73.

Clark, H. L. (1918). Pterolysis of the wild pigeon. Auk 35: 416-420.

Clarke, J. M. (1918). Alleged re-discovery of the passenger pigeon. Science 48: 445-456.

Coale, Henry K. (1922a). On the nesting of Ectopistes migratorius. Auk 39(2): 254-255.

Coale, Henry K. (1922b). Notes on Ectopistes migratorius. Auk 39(2): 255.

Cokinos, C. 2000. Hope is the thing with feathers; a personal chronicle of vanished birds. J. P. Tarcher / Penguin, New York.

Coleman, Graham. (1996). Passenger Pigeon. The Extinct Species Collection. Gareth Stevens Pub. 24 pp.

Cooke, W. W. (1912). Passenger pigeon in Alberta. Auk 24: 539.

Cooper, J. G. (1860). [Record of Ectopistes in Nebraska]. U.S. War Dept. Rep. Expl. Railroad Route Mississippi R. to Pacific 12(2): 218.

Coues, E. 1903. Key to North American birds. Vol. 2. Page Company, Boston.

Covert, A. B. (1898). [Ectopistes sight record]. Bull. Michigan Orn. Club 2: 37.

Craig, Wallace. (1911). The expressions of the emotions. III. The Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius Linn.). Auk 28(4): 408-427.

Craig, Wallace. (1913). Recollections of the passenger pigeon in captivity. Bird Lore 15: 93-99.

Cramp, S. and Simmons, K.E.L. (eds). 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Cross, W. (1892). Ectopistes migratorius at Humber. Trans. Can. Inst. [incomplete citation]

Cuker, Benjamin E. (2020). Passenger Pigeon and Waterfowl: Flights to Extinction and Not, pp. 155-174. In: Cuker, B. (eds.). Diet for a Sustainable Ecosystem. Estuaries of the World. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45481-4_9 [Abstract]

Davie, O. 1898. Nests and Eggs of the Birds of North America. Fifth edition, revised. David McKay, Philadelphia.

Davis, S. M. (1929). Notes on the passenger or wild pigeon. Maine Nat. 9: 97-98.

Deane, Ruthven. (1895). Additional records of passenger pigeon in Illinois and Indiana. Auk 12: 298-299.

Deane, Ruthven. (1896a). Additional Records of the Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes Migratorius) in Wisconsin and Illinois. Auk 13(2): 81.

Deane, Ruthven. (1896b). Some notes on the Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) in confinement. Auk 13(3): 234-237.

Deane, Ruthven. (1897). [Records of passenger pigeon in Missouri]. Auk 14: 316.

Deane, Ruthven. (1908). The passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) in confinement. Auk 25: 181-183.

Deane, Ruthven. (1909). The passenger pigeon-only one pair left. Auk 26: 429.

Deane, Ruthven. (1911). Passenger pigeon-only one bird left (in Cincinnati Zoo). Auk 28: 262.

Deane, Ruthven. (1913). Last survivor of Ectopistes migratorius still alive in Cincinnati Zoo. Auk 30: 433.

Dennison, Meagan Elizabeth. (2013). Faunal Analysis of Sachsen Cave Shelter: A Zooarchaeological Approach to Site Function. Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee.

Dillin, J. G. (1911). Recollections of wild pigeons in southeastern Pennsylvania. Cassinia 14: 33-36.

Dodson, E. O. 1950. An Available Passenger Pigeon Skeleton. Condor 52: 39-40.

Donaldson, W. S. (1966). The Wallace Site. The Ontario Archaeological Society 66(10): 6-9.

Downs, A. (1888). Catalogue of birds of Nova Scotia. Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci. 7: 157.

Driver, Jonathan C. and Hobson, Keith A. (1992). A 10 500-Year Sequence of Bird Remains from the Southern Boreal Forest Region of Western Canada. Arctic 45(2): 105-110.

Drury, C. (1910). The passenger pigeon, a reminiscence. Cincinnati Journ. Soc. Nat. Hist. 21: 52-56.

Du Mont, P. A. (1933). The passenger pigeon as a former Iowa bird. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 40: 205-211.

Eckert, Allan W. (1965). The Silent Sky: The Incredible Extinction of the Passenger Pigeon. Little, Brown & Company. [an historical novel]

Eckert, Allan W. (1973). The Silent Sky: The Incredible Extinction of the Passenger Pigeon. Landfall Press.

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Ehrlich, Paul R., Dobkin, David S. and Wheye, Darryl. (1992). Birds in Jeopardy: The Imperiled and Extinct Birds of the United States and Canada, Including Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 259 pp.

Eichler, Victor B. (2014). Passenger Pigeons: Gone Forever. Three Rivers, Michigan: Shantimira Press. "32 pp."

Ellsworth, J. W. and McComb, B. C. (2003). Potential effects of passenger pigeon flocks on the structure and composition of presettlement forests of eastern North America. Conservation Biology 17: 1548–1558.

Elphick, Chris S., Roberts, David L. and Reed, J. Michael. (2010). Estimated dates of recent extinctions for North American and Hawaiian birds. Biological Conservation 143: 617-624.

Elzinga DC, Boggess E, Collignon J, Riederer A, Capaldi A. (2020). An agent‐based model determining a successful reintroduction of the extinct passenger pigeon. Natural Resource Modeling 33: e12292. https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12292

Emslie, Steven D. (1998). Avian community, climate, and sea-level changes in the Plio-Pleistocene of the Florida Peninsula. Ornithological Monographs, No. 50: iii + 113 pp.

Enright, Kelly. (2019). Exhibiting Extinction: Martha and the Monument, Two Modes of Remembering Nature. Cultural Studies Review 25(1): 154-171.

Fenell, Stella. (1966). Passenger Pigeons Fly Again. Fate 19: 132.

Fischer, M. (1913). A vanished race. Bird Lore 15: 77-84.

Fisher, Diana O. and Humphreys, Aelys M. (2024). Evidence for modern extinction in plants and animals. Biological Conservation 298: 110772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110772

Fleming, J. H. (1901). [Passenger pigeon in Ontario, Canada]. Auk 18: 37.

Fleming, J. H. (1903). Recent records of the passenger pigeon. Auk 20: 66.

Fleming, J. H. (1907). The disappearance of the passenger pigeon. Ottawa Nat. 20: 236-237.

Forbush, E. H. (1912). Game Birds, Wildfowl and Shore Birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states. Boston: Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture.

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Forbush, E. H. (1917). Passenger Pigeon. In: Pearson, T. G. (ed.). Birds of America. Garden City, New York: Garden City Publ. Co. 833 pp.

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Fowler,  M.  L., Winters, H. D. and Parmalee, Paul W. (1956). Modoc rock shelter, preliminary report. Ill. State Mus., Rept. of Investig., no. 4: 47-53.

French, J. C. (et al.?). (1919). The Passenger Pigeon in Pennsylvania: its remarkable history, habits and extinct. Altoona Tribune Co., Altoona, Pennsylvania, 257 pp.

Fuller, Errol. (1988). Extinct Birds. New York: Facts on File Publications. 256 pp.

Fuller, Errol. (2000). Extinct Birds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fuller, Errol. (2013). Lost Animals: Extinction and the Photographic Record. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.

Fuller, Errol. (Due November 2014). The Passenger Pigeon. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 192 pp.

Fulton, Tara L., Wagner, Stephen M., Fisher, Clemency and Shapiro, Beth. (2012). Nuclear DNA from the extinct Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) confirms a single origin of New World pigeons. Annals of Anatomy 194: 52-57.

Fulton, Tara L., Wagner, Stephen M. and Shapiro, Beth. (2012). Case Study: Recovery of Ancient Nuclear DNA from Toe Pads of the Extinct Passenger Pigeon, pp. 29-35. In: Shapiro, Beth and Hofreiter, Michael (eds.). Ancient DNA: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 840. Springer.

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Goslin, R. M. (1955). Animal remains from Ohio rock shelters. Ohio Journ. Sci. 55(6): 358-362.

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Graves, A. (1949). Wild pigeons in Indiana. Year Book Indiana Audubon Soc. 27: 34-35.

Greenberg, Joel. (2014). A feathered river across the sky: the Passenger pigeon's flight to extinction. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. 289 pp.

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Griscom, L. (1946). The passing of the Passenger Pigeon. American Scholar 1946: 212-216.

Gronberger, S. M. (1911). A description of wild pigeons which visit the southern English colonies in North America, during certain years, in incredible multitudes. Auk 28: 53-66.

Guiry, Eric J. et al. (2020). Dietary plasticity and the extinction of the passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius). Quaternary Science Reviews 233: 106225. [Abstract]

Hadley, P. (1930). The passenger pigeon. Science 71: 187.

Hahn, P. (1963). Where is that vanished bird? An index to the known specimens of the extinct and near extinct North American species. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. vi + 347 pp.

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Hamon, J. Hill. (1964). Birds Eggs in the Gorby Collection. Indiana Academy of Science 74: 348.

Hargrave, L. L. and Emslie, S. D. (1980). Passenger Pigeon bones from archaeological sites in New Mexico, pp. [?]. In: Campbell, K. E. (ed.). Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Hildegarde Howard. Contributions in Science 330. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum.

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Henniger, W. F. 1902. A preliminary list of the birds of middle southern Ohio. Wilson Bull. 9: 77-93.

Hodge, C.F. (1911). The Passenger Pigeon investigation. Auk 28(1): 49-53.

Hodge, C. F. (1912). A last word on the Passenger Pigeon. Auk 29(2): 169-75.

Hodges, J. (1950a). Record of the passenger pigeon. Auk 29: 169-175.

Hodges, J. (1950b). Record of the passenger pigeon for Scott County (Iowa). Iowa Bird Life 20(1): 26.

Holland, W J. (1923). The Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) in North Carolina. Auk 40(3): 530-532.

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Howes, C. A. (1969). A survey of extinct and nearly extinct birds in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists Club 89(4): 89-92.

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Howard, Hildegarde. (1937). A Pleistocene Record of the Passenger Pigeon in California. The Condor 39(1): 12-14.

Howard, Hildegarde. (1971). Quaternary avian remains from Dark Canyon Cave, New Mexico. Condor 73: 237-240.

Hudon, Daniel. (2016). From "Brief Eulogies for Lost Species. The Goose 15(1): 1.

Hume, Julian Pender. (2014). A magnificent flying machine: the anatomy of the Passenger Pigeon Ectopistes migratorius, pp. 162-168. In: Fuller, Errol. (ed.). The Passenger Pigeon. Princeton University Press.

Hume, Julian Pender. (2015). Large-scale live capture of Passenger Pigeons Ectopistes migratorius for sporting purposes: overlooked illustrated documentation. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club 135(2): 174-184.

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Hume, Julian Pender and Walters, Michael. (2012). Extinct Birds. London: T & AD Poyser. 544 pp.

Hung C-M, Lin R-C, Chu J-H, Yeh C-F, Yao C-J, et al. (2013). The De Novo Assembly of Mitochondrial Genomes of the Extinct Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) with Next Generation Sequencing. PLoS ONE 8(2): e56301.

Hung, Chih-Ming et al. (2014). Drastic population fluctuations explain the rapid extinction of the passenger pigeon. PNAS 111(29): 10636-10641. [other authors: P.-J. L. Shaner, R. M. Zink, W.-C. Liu, T.-C. Chu, W.-S. Huang, S.-H. Li]

Hung, Chih-Ming et al. (Accepted, 2018). Can genomic variation explain the extinction of the passenger pigeon? Journal of Avian Biology. https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.01858 [Abstract]

Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News, 1875

Iredale, Tom. (1924). As extinct as the Dodo. The Australian Museum Magazine 2(4): 117-120.

Jackson, H. E. 2005. Darkening the Sun in Their Flight: A Zooarchaeological Accounting of Passenger Pigeons in the Prehistoric Southeast. In Engaged Anthropology, edited by M. Hegmon and B. S. Eiselt, pp. 174-199. University of Michigan Museum, Ann Arbor, MI.

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