Clicky

Homo neanderthalensis (King, 1864)

Neanderthals, Neandertals, Neanderthal man, Neandertal man

 

 

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Synonym/s: Homo sapiens neanderthalensis King, 1864; Homo calpicus Keith, 1911

 

Conservation Status

Extinct

Last record: c.32ka (fossils); 28 ± 3 ka (fossil tracks on Gibraltar) (Muñiz et al., 2019)

 

Distribution

Europe (including Gibraltar)

 

Biology & Ecology

 

 

Hypodigm

 

 

Media

 

 

References

Original scientific description:

King, William. (1864a). On the Neanderthal Skull, or reasons for believing it to belong to the Clydian Period and to a species different from that represented by man. British Association for the Advancement of Science, Notices and Abstracts for 1863, [1863]: 81-82.

 

Other references:

Abdelhady, A. A., Elewa, A. M. T. and El-Dawy, M. H. (2019). The position of Neandertal and Homo erectus within the hominid clade based on craniodental morphology and whole mtDNA genomes. Homo: Internationale Zeitschrift fur die Vergleichende Forschung am Menschen. DOI: 10.1127/homo/2019/1119 [Abstract]

Abdolahzadeh, Aylar. (2022). Burned Flint: Indirect Evidence of Fire Use for Understanding Neandertals’ Behavioral Variability in Using Fire in Late Pleistocene Europe. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.

Abrams, G., Bonjean, D., Di Modica, K., Pirson, S., Otte, M. and Patou-Mathis, M. (2010). Les os brûlés de l’ensemble sédimentaire 1A de Scladina (Andenne, Belgique): apports naturels ou restes de foyer(s) néandertalien(s)? Notae Praehistoricae 30: 5-13.

Abrams, G., Bello, S. M., Di Modica, K., Pirson, S. and Bonjean, D. (2014). When Neanderthals used cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) remains: bone retouchers from unit 5 of Scladina Cave (Belgium). Quaternary International 326-327: 274-287.

Abrunhosa, Ana et al. (2019). Understanding Neanderthal technological adaptation at Navalmaíllo Rock Shelter (Spain) by measuring lithic raw materials performance variability. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00826-3

Abrunhosa, Ana et al. (2022). Evidence of Neanderthal ochre production in Navalmaíllo Rock Shelter (Pinilla del Valle, Madrid, Spain). Conference presentation abstract, Pecha Kucha Presentation Session 2, Thursday 12:20-12:45.

Adel, Susan, Kakularam, Kumar Reddy, Horn, Thomas, Reddanna, Pallu, Kuhn, Hartmut and Heydeck, Dagmar. (2015). Leukotriene signaling in the extinct human subspecies Homo denisovan and Homo neanderthalensis. Structural and functional comparison with Homo sapiens. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 565: 17-24.

Agam, Aviad et al. (2023). Flint Heat Treatment at Late Neanderthal Site Sesselfelsgrotte (Germany). ResearchSquare preprint. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2482524/v1

Agustí, Jordi and Rubio-Campillo, Xavier. (In Press, 2016). Were Neanderthals responsible for their own extinction? Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.017 [Abstract]

Ahern, J. C. M., Lee, S. H. and Hawks, J. D. (2002). The late Neandertal supraorbital fossils from Vindija cave, Croatian: a biased sample? J. Hum. Evol. 43: 419-432.

Aiello, L. C. and Wheeler, P. (2003). Neanderthal thermoregulation and the glacial climate, pp. 147-166. In: van Andel, T. H. and Davies, W. (eds.). Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the European Landscape During the Last Glaciation. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs. [reprinted in 2004 with corrections]

T. Akazawa, “The ecology of the Middle Paleolithic occupation at Douara Cave, Syria,” Bulletin of the University Museum, University of Tokyo, vol. 29, pp. 5–66, 1987.

Akazawa, T., Aoki, K. and Bar-Yosef, O. (eds.). (1998). Neandertals and modern humans in western Asia. London & New York: Plenum Press.

Akazawa T, Muhesen, S., Dodo, Y., Kondo, O., Mizoguchi, Y., Abe, Y., Nishiaki, Y., Ohta, S., Ochuchi, T. and Haydal, J. (1995) Neanderthal infant burial from the Dederiyeh Cave in Syria. Paéorient 21(2): 77-86.

Akazawa T, Muhesen S, Ishida H, Kondo O, Griggo C (1999) New discovery of a Neanderthal child burial from the Dederiyeh Cave in Syria. Paéorient 25(2):129–142.

Akazawa, Takeru, Nishiaki, Yoshihiro and Aoki, Kenichi (eds.). (2013). Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans: Volume 1. Tokyo: Springer.

Akazawa, Takeru, Ogihara, Naomichi, Tanabe, Hiroki C. and Terashima, Hideaki (eds.). (2014). Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans: Volume 2. Tokyo: Springer.

Akhtari, Farida S. et al. (2018). The influence of Neanderthal alleles on cytotoxic response. PeerJ. 2018; 6: e5691.

Albert, R. M. et al. (1999). Mode of occupation of Tabun Cave, Mt. Carmel, Israel, during the Mousterian Period: a study of the sediments and phytoliths. Journal of Archaeological Science 26: 1249-1260.

Albouy, Benjamin et al. (2023). The Last of Them: Investigating the Palaeogeography of the Last Neanderthals in Europe (Marine Isotopic Stage 3), pp. 27-45. In: Seuru, S. and Albouy, B. (eds.). Modelling Human-Environment Interactions in and beyond Prehistoric Europe. Themes in Contemporary Archaeology. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34336-0_2

Alcaraz-Castaño M, Alcolea-González J, Kehl M, Albert R-M, Baena-Preysler J, Balbín-Behrmann R, Cuartero F, Cuenca-Bescós G, Jiménez-Barredo F, López-Sáez J-A, Piqué R, Rodríguez-Antón D, Yravedra J, Weniger G-C (2017). A context for the last Neanderthals of interior Iberia: Los Casares cave revisit. PLoS One 12(7): e0180823.

Alikhani, Hajar. (In Press, 2021). Investigating the Location of Neanderthal Burial Remains in the Caves and Rock Shelters of Eurasia. Pazhohesh-ha-ye Bastanshenasi Iran. doi:10.22084/NB.2021.23010.2242 [Abstract]

Álvarez-Vena, Adrián. (2021). Environmental context for the Late Pleistocene (MIS 3) transition from Neanderthals to early Modern Humans: Analysis of small mammals from La Güelga Cave, Asturias, northern Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 562: 110096. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110096 [Abstract]

Amèlia, Bargalló et al. (2020). Rebuilding the daily scenario of Neanderthal settlement. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29: 102139.

Amos, L. (2021). A bird's eye view of the Middle Palaeolithic: Avian Fossil Remains and Their Contribution to Neanderthal research in Eurasia. Doctoral thesis, Liverpool John Moores University.

Amos, William. (2021). Correlated and geographically predictable Neanderthal and Denisovan legacies are difficult to reconcile with a simple model based on inter-breeding. R. Soc. Open Sci. 8: 201229. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201229

van Andel, T. H. and Davies, S. W. (eds.). (2003). Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the European Landscape During the Last Glaciation, 60,000 to 20,000 years ago: Archaeological Results of the Stage 3 Project. MacDonald Institute Monograph Series. MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge.

Anderson, William Glenn. (2017). From Scladina to Spy—A Morphometric Comparison of European Neandertal First Molar Occlusal Outlines using Elliptical Fourier Function Analysis. Thesis, Georgia State University, 2017. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/anthro_hontheses/15

Andrea, Columbu et al. (2020). Speleothem record attests to stable environmental conditions during Neanderthal–modern human turnover in southern Italy. Nature Ecology & Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1243-1 [Abstract]

Andreeva, Tatiana V. et al. (2022). Genomic analysis of a novel Neanderthal from Mezmaiskaya Cave provides insights into the genetic relationships of Middle Palaeolithic populations. Scientific Reports 12: 13016. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16164-9

Anonymous. (2018). NeanderART 2018: Is there palaeoart before modern humans? Did Neanderthals or other early humans create ‘art’? International Conference under the aegis of UISPP and the auspices of IFRAO, CLE - Campus Luigi Einaudi - Torino University, 22-26 August, 2018.

Antón SC (1996) Tendon associated bone features of the masticatory system in Neandertals. Journal of Human Evolution 31: 391-408

Appenzeller, Tim. (2018). Europe's first artists were Neandertals. Science 359(6378): 852-853. [Abstract]

Aranguren, Biancamaria et al. (2018). Wooden tools and fire technology in the early Neanderthal site of Poggetti Vecchi (Italy). PNAS. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716068115 [Abstract]

Arensburg B, Belfer-Cohen A (1998) Sapiens and Neandertals; rethinking the Levantine middle Paleolithic hominids. In: Akazawa T, Aoki K, Bar-Yosef O (eds) Neandertals and modern humans in western Asia. Plenum Press, New York, pp 311–322

Arnaud, Julie et al. (2016). A Neanderthal deciduous human molar with incipient carious infection from the Middle Palaeolithic De Nadale cave, Italy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23111 [Abstract]

Arnaud, Julie, Peretto, Carlo and Grimaud-Hervé, Dominique. (In Press, 2015). The Grotta Guattari mandibular remains in the Italian human evolutionary context: A morphological and morphometrical overlook of the Neanderthal jaw. Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.030 [Abstract]

Arsuaga J.L. 2001. The Neanderthal’s Necklace: In Search of the First Thinkers. Four Walls Eight Windows, New York.

Arsuaga JL, Baquedano E, Pérez-González A, Sala N, Quam RM, Rodríguez L, García R, García N, Álvarez-Lao D, Laplana C, Huguet R, Sevilla P, Maldonado E, Blain HA, Ruiz-Zapata MB, Sala P, Gil-García MJ, Uzquiano P, Pantoja A, Márquez B (2012) Understanding the ancient habitats of the last-interglacial (late MIS5) Neanderthals of central Iberia: paleoenvironmental and taphonomic evidence from the Cueva del Camino (Spain) site. Quat Int 275:55–75.

Arsuaga, J. L., Martinez, I., Gracia, A., Carretero, J. M., & Carbonell, E. (1993). Three new human skulls from the Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site in Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain. Nature 362(6420): 534-537. [Abstract]

Arsuaga JL, et al. (2007) New Neandertal remains from CovaNegra (Valencia, Spain). J Hum Evol 52(1):31–58.

Arsuaga, J. L. et al. (2014). Neandertal roots: Cranial and chronological evidence from Sima de los Huesos. Science 344(6190): 1358-1363. [Abstract]

Arzarello M., Daffara S., Berruti G., Berruto G., Berté D., Berto C., Gambari F.M., Peretto C. (2012). The Mousterian Settlement in the Ciota Ciara Cave: The Oldest Evidence of Homo neanderthalensis in Piedmont (Northern Italy). Journal of biological research. LXXXV: 71-75.

Atell, Mallory Grace Irene et al. (2018). Absolute and Relative Diaphyseal Long Bone Lengths of Juvenile Neanderthals Suggest that Neanderthal Growth and Development Closely Resembles that of Modern Arctic Populations, pp. A3. Paleoanthropology Society Meeting Abstracts, Austin, TX, 10-11 APRIL 2018. PaleoAnthropology 2018: A1-A40.

Audiard, Benjamin et al. (2019). Crossing taxonomic and isotopic approaches in charcoal analyses to reveal past climates. New perspectives in Paleobotany from the Paleolithic Neanderthal dwelling-site of La Combette (Vaucluse, France). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 266: 52-60. [Abstract]

Audiard, Benjamin et al. (In Press, 2020). New climatic approaches to the analysis of the middle Paleolithic sequences: Combined taxonomic and isotopic charcoal analyses on a Neanderthal settlement, Les Canalettes (Aveyron, France). Quaternary International. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.11.042 [Abstract]

Christine Austin, Tanya M. Smith, Asa Bradman, Katie Hinde, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, David Bishop, Dominic J. Hare, Philip Doble, Brenda Eskenazi, Manish Arora. (2013). Barium distributions in teeth reveal early-life dietary transitions in primates. Nature. [incomplete citation]

Ayala, Francisco J. and Cela-Conde, Camilo J. (2017a). Processes in Human Evolution: The Journey from Early Hominins to Neandertals and Modern Humans (second edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [reprinted with corrections in 2018]

Ayala, Francisco J. and Cela-Conde, Camilo J. (2017b). Species of the Upper Pleistocene, pp. [?-?]. In: Ayala, Francisco J. and Cela-Conde, Camilo J. (eds.). Processes in Human Evolution: The Journey from Early Hominins to Neandertals and Modern Humans (second edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [reprinted with corrections in 2018]

Ayala, Francisco J. and Cela-Conde, Camilo J. (2017c). Neanderthals and modern humans, pp. [?-?]. In: Ayala, Francisco J. and Cela-Conde, Camilo J. (eds.). Processes in Human Evolution: The Journey from Early Hominins to Neandertals and Modern Humans (second edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [reprinted with corrections in 2018]

Babić, Tamara. (2016). Reka Ebro kao granica i nestanak neandertalaca. CASCA, časopis za društvene nauke, kulturu i umetnost 2016(5): 117-134. [Abstract]

Baena J., Ortiz I., Torres C. (2019) Good and Bad Knappers Among Neanderthals. In: Nishiaki Y., Jöris O. (eds) Learning Among Neanderthals and Palaeolithic Modern Humans. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Springer, Singapore. [Abstract]

Bailey, S. E. (2001). Reconstructing Neandertal postcanine trait polarity: the cheek teeth speak [abstract]. J. Hum. Evol. 40: A2.

Bailey, S. E. (2002a). Neandertal dental morphology: implications for modern human origins (Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University).

Bailey, S. E. (2002b). A closer look at Neanderthal postcanine dental morphology. I. The mandibular dentition. New Anat 269: 148-156.

Bailey SE (2004) A morphometric analysis of maxillary molar crowns of Middle-Late Pleistocene hominins. J Hum Evol 47:183–198.

Bailey, S. E., Benazzi, S., Buti, L. and Hublin, J.-J. (2015), Allometry, merism, and tooth shape of the lower second deciduous molar and first permanent molar. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22842 [Abstract]

Bailey, Shara E. et al. (In Press, 2014). Taxonomic differences in deciduous upper second molar crown outlines of Homo sapiens, Homo neanderthalensis and Homo erectus. Journal of Human Evolution. [Abstract]

Bailey SE, Hublin JJ (2006) Did Neanderthals make the Châtelperronian assemblage from La Grotte du Renne (Arcy-sur-Cure, France)? In: Harvati K, Harrison T (eds) Neanderthals revisited: new approaches and perspectives, vol 10, Springer, Chapter., pp 191–209

Bailey SE, Lynch JM (2005) Diagnostic differences in mandibular P4 shape between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans. Am J Phys Anthropol 126:268–277

Bailey, S. E., Sorrentino, R., Mancuso, G., Hublin, J. J., & Benazzi, S. (2020). Taxonomic differences in deciduous lower first molar crown outlines of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis. Journal of Human Evolution 147: 102864. [Abstract]

Bailey, S. E. and Turner, C. G. II. (1999). A new look at some old teeth: An analysis of nonmetric dental traits in Neandertals and Old World modern humans [abstract]. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 27: 87.

Baker, P. H. et al. (2021). Birch Bark Glue and its Potential Use in Neanderthal Clothing: A Pilot Study. EXARC 2021(4): 16 pp.

Balter, M., 2012 (June 14). “Did Neanderthals Paint Early Cave Art?” in Science NOW, 2 pgs.

Balter, V., Simon, L., 2006. Diet and behaviour of the Saint-Césaire Neanderthal inferred from biogeochemical data inversion. Journal of Human Evolution, 51: 329-338.

Balzeau, A. (2007). Variation and characteristics of the cranial vault thickness in Krapina and Western European Neandertals. Periodicum Biologorum 109: 369-377.

Antoine Balzeau, Asier Gómez-Olivencia. (2020). The La Ferrassie 1 Neandertal. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 2020, pp.1-11. hal-03006449

Balzeau, A. and Rougier, H. (2010). Is the suprainiac fossa a Neandertal autapomorphy? A complementary external and internal investigation. J Hum Evol. 58: 1-22. 

Balzeau, Antoine and Pagano, Anthony. (2022). The cranial base and related internal anatomical features in Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. The Anatomical Record. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24854

Balzeau, A. and Rougier, H. (2013). New information on the modifications of the Neandertal suprainiac fossa during growth and development and on its etiology. Am J Phys Anthropol. 151: 38-48.

Balzeau, Antoine et al. (2020). Pluridisciplinary evidence for burial for the La Ferrassie 8 Neandertal child. Scientific Reports 10: 21230.

Banks, W. et al., 2008. Neanderthal extinction by competitive exclusion. PloS ONE 3, e3972, 1-8.

Banks, William E. et al. (2021). An ecological niche shift for Neanderthal populations in Western Europe 70,000 years ago. Scientific Reports 11: 5346.

Baquedano, Enrique et al. (2023). A symbolic Neanderthal accumulation of large herbivore crania. Nature Human Behaviour. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01503-7

Barceló-Coblijn L. (2011). A biolinguistic approach to the vocalizations of H. neanderthalensis and the genus Homo. Biolinguistics 5: 286-334.

Barceló-Coblijn L. and Benítez-Burraco A. (2013). Disentangling the Neanderthal net: A comment on Johansson. Biolinguistics, 7: 199-216.

Bardo, Ameline et al. (2020). The implications of thumb movements for Neanderthal and modern human manipulation. Scientific Reports 10: 19323.

Bargalló A (2014) Anàlisi tecnològica dels assentaments neandertals de l’Abric Romaní (Barcelona, Espanya). Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Dissertation.

Barney A, Martelli S, Serrurier A, Steele J. (2012). Articulatory capacity of Neanderthals, a very recent and human-like fossil hominin. Philosophical transactions–Royal Society Biological sciences 367 (1585): 88–102.

Barney, A. et al. (2012). Articulatory capacity of Neanderthals, a very recent and human-like fossil hominin. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 367(1585): 88-102. [Abstract]

Barton RNE (2000) Mousterian hearths and shellfish: Late Neanderthal activities on Gibraltar. In: C.B. Stringer, R.N.E. Barton and J.C. Finlayson (eds) Neanderthals on the edge: papers from a conference marking the 150th anniversary of the Forbes’ Quarry discovery, Gibraltar. Oxbow Books, Oxford. pp 211-220.

R. N. E. Barton et al., “Gibraltar Neanderthals and results of recent excavations in Gorham’s, Vanguard and Ibex Caves,” Antiquity, vol. 73, pp. 13-23, 1999.

Bar Yosef O (1998) The chronology of the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant. Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia, eds Akazawa T, Aoki K, Bar-Yosef O (Plenum Press, New York), pp 39–56.

Bar-Yosef O (2005) Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals: a view from the East. Abstract, rethinking the revolution: new behavioral and biological perspectives on the origins and dispersal of modern humans, Cambridge

Bar-Yosef, Ofer. (2013). Neanderthals and Modern Humans Across Eurasia, pp. 7-20. In: Akazawa, Takeru, Nishiaki, Yoshihiro and Aoki, Kenichi (eds.). Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans: Volume 1. Tokyo: Springer.

Bar-Yosef, O. et al. (1992). The excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel. Current Anthropology 33: 497-550.

Bar-Yosef, O, Laville H, Meignen L, Tillier A-M, Vandermeersch B, Arensburg B, Belfer-Cohen A, Coldberg P, Rak Y, and Tchernov E. 1988. La sépulture néandertalienne de Kebara (Unité XII): L'Homme de Néandertal. Liège, p 17-24.

Bar-Yosef O, Pilbeam D (eds). (2000). The geography of Neandertals and modern humans in Europe and the great Mediterranean, vol 8, Peabody Museum Bulletin. Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Bastir, M., O’Higgins, P. and Rosas, A. (2007). Facial ontogeny in Neanderthals and modern humans. Proc Biol Sci 274(1614): 1125-1132.

Markus Bastir, Antonio Rosas, Philipp Gunz, Angel Peña-Melian, Giorgio Manzi, Katerina Harvati, Robert Kruszynski, Chris Stringer, Jean-Jacques Hublin. (2011). Evolution of the base of the brain in highly encephalized human species. Nature Communications 2: 588 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1593

Bastir, Markus. (In Press, 2015). The relevance of the first ribs of the El Sidrón site (Asturias, Spain) for the understanding of the Neandertal thorax. Journal of Human Evolution. [Abstract]

Bataille, Guido. (In Press, 2016). Neanderthals of Crimea – Creative generalists of the late Middle Paleolithic. Contextualizing the leaf point industry Buran-Kaya III, Level C. Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.071 [Abstract]

Bates, M., Pope, M., Shaw, A., Scott, B. and Schwenninger, J.-L. (2013). Late Neanderthal occupation in North-West Europe: rediscovery, investigation and dating of a last glacial sediment sequence at the site of La Cotte de Saint Brelade, Jersey. J. Quaternary Sci. 28: 647-652. [Abstract]

Bauer, Catherine C., Benazzi, Stefano, Darlas, Andreas and Harvati, Katerina. (In Press, 2018). Geometric morphometric analysis and internal structure measurements of the Neanderthal lower fourth premolars from Kalamakia, Greece. Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.01.035 [Abstract]

Baumann, Chris. (2020). Crazy like a fox? How the study of archaeological fox remains can help to understand human behavior in the Late Pleistocene of the Swabian Jura (Germany). PhD thesis. [Abstract]

Baumann, Malvina et al. (2020). The Neandertal bone industry at Chagyrskaya cave, Altai Region, Russia. Quaternary International 559: 68-88. [Abstract]

Baumann, Malvina et al. (2022). Not so unusual Neanderthal bone tools: new examples from Abri Lartet, France. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14: 200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01674-4

Baumann, Malvina, Vanderesse, N., Plisson, H., Maury, S., Coqueugniot, H., Kolobova, K., Shnaider, S., Rots, V. and Rendu, W. (April 2022). Neanderthal bone tools from inside, at Jonzac, Quina level, France, p. 206. Poster session presented at AWRANA 2022 conference, 4-7 April, Barcelona, Spain.

Beauval, C. (2004). La faune des niveaux Mousteriens de ‘Chez-Pinaud’ (Jonzac, Charente-Maritime, France). Première analyse. In Le Site Paléolithique de Chez-Pinaud à Jonzac, Charente-Maritime, Préhistoire du Sud Ouest, Supplement (ed. Airvaux, J.) (Association Préhistoire du Sud-Ouest).

Beauval C, Maureille B, Lacrampe-Cuyaubere F, Serre D, Peressinotto D, Bordes JG, Cochard D, Couchoud I, Dubrasquet D, Laroulandie V, Lenoble A, Mallye JB, Pasty S, Primault J, Rohland N, Pääbo S, Trinkaus E (2005) A late Neandertal femur from Les Rochers-de-Villeneuve, France. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:7085-7090.

Becam, Gaël and Chevalier, Tony. (2018). Neandertal features of the deciduous and permanent teeth from Portel‐Ouest Cave (Ariège, France). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23719 [Abstract]

Bednarik, Robert G. (2017). Chauvet Cave rock art by ‘Neanderthals’. AURA Newsletter 34(1): 1-9.

Been, Ella, Gómez-Olivencia, Asier, Kramer, Patricia A. and Barash, Alon. (2017). 3D Reconstruction of Spinal Posture of the Kebara 2 Neanderthal, pp. 239-251. In: Marom, Assaf and Hovers Erella (eds.). Human Paleontology and Prehistory: Contributions in Honor of Yoel Rak. Springer International Publishing. [Abstract]

Been, Ella et al. (2017). The first Neanderthal remains from an open-air Middle Palaeolithic site in the Levant. Scientific Reports 7: 2958.

Beier, Judith Josefa Barbara. (2021). Analyses of cranial trauma in Neanderthal and modern human fossil remains. Dissertation. http://dx.doi.org/10.15496/publikation-60423

Belcastro, Maria Giovanna et al. (2018). Tooth fractures in the Krapina Neandertals. Journal of Human Evolution 123: 96-108. [Abstract]

Belcastro, Maria Giovanna et al. (2020). The study of the lower limb entheses in the Neanderthal sample from El Sidrón (Asturias, Spain): How much musculoskeletal variability did Neanderthals accumulate? Journal of Human Evolution 141: 102746. [Abstract]

Bello, Silvia M. (2021). Boning up on Neanderthal art. Nature Ecology & Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01506-z

Belmaker, Miriam and Hovers, Erella. (2011). Ecological change and the extinction of the Levantine Neanderthals: implications from a diachronic study of micromammals from Amud Cave, Israel. Quaternary Science Reviews 30(21-22): 3196-3209. [Abstract]

Ben-Dor, Miki. (2018). The causal association between megafaunal extinction and Neandertal extinction in Western Europe – Application of the Obligatory Dietary Fat Bioenergetic Model. PhD Thesis, Tel Aviv University.

Benazzi, Stefano et al. (2014). Middle Paleolithic and Uluzzian human remains from Fumane Cave, Italy. Journal of Human Evolution 70: 61-68. [Abstract]

Benazzi, S. et al. (2015). The makers of the Protoaurignacian and implications for Neandertal extinction. Science 348: 793-795.

Benazzi, S.; Douka, K.; Fornai, C.; Bauer, C. C.; Kullmer, O.; Svoboda, J. Í.; Pap, I.; Mallegni, F. et al. (2011). Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour. Nature 479(7374): 525–528.

Stefano Benazzi, Marco Peresani, Sahra Talamo, Qiaomei Fu, Marcello A. Mannino, Michael P. Richards, Jean-Jacques Hublin. (In Press, 2013). A reassessment of the presumed Neandertal remains from San Bernardino Cave, Italy. Journal of Human Evolution. [Abstract]

Benítez-Burraco, Antonio. (2018). Differences in the Neanderthal BRCA2 gene might be related to their distinctive cognitive profile. Hereditas 155: 38. [Abstract]

Benítez-Burraco, Antonio and Barceló-Coblijn, Lluís. (2013). Hominin interbreeding and language evolution: fine-tuning the details. Journal of Anthropological Sciences 91: 277-290.

Benito, Blas M. et al. (2016). The ecological niche and distribution of Neanderthals during the Last Interglacial. Journal of Biogeography. DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12845

Benito-Calvo, Alfonso et al. (2020). Reconstructing Mousterian landscapes in the southeastern Pyrenees (Roca dels Bous site, Pre-Pyrenees ranges, Spain). Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.29 [Abstract]

Ben-Itzhak, S., Smith, P. and Bloom, R. A. (2005). Radiographic study of the humerus in Neandertals and H. sapiens sapiens. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 77: 231-242.

Marco Benvenuti, Jean-Jacques Bahain, Chiara Capalbo, Chiara Capretti, Francesco Ciani, Carmine D’Amico, Daniela Esu, GIanna Giachi, Claudia Giuliani, Elsa Gliozzi, Simona Lazzeri, Nicola Macchioni, Marta Mariotti Lippi, Federico Masini, Paul Peter A. Mazza, Pasquino Pallecchi, Anna Revedin, Andrea Savorelli, Marco Spadi, Lorena Sozzi, Amina Vietti, Mario Voltaggio and Biancamaria Aranguren. (2017). Paleoenvironmental context of the early Neanderthals of Poggetti Vecchi for the late middle Pleistocene of Central Italy. Quaternary Research 88(2): 327-344. [Abstract]

Benvenuti, Marco et al. (2017). Paleoenvironmental context of the early Neanderthals of Poggetti Vecchi for the late middle Pleistocene of Central Italy. Quaternary Research 88(2): 327-344.

Bergadà, M. Mercè, Eixea, Aleix and Villaverde, Valentín. (2023). Geoarchaeological and microstratigraphic view of a Neanderthal settlement at Rambla de Ahíllas in Iberian Range: Abrigo de la Quebrada (Chelva, Valencia, Spain). Geoarchaeology. https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.21973

Berger, T. D. and Trinkaus, E. (1995). Patterns of trauma among the Neandertals. J. Archaeol. Sci. 22: 841-852.

Bergmann, Martin. (2019). Neanderthal medicine? Journal of Evolution and Health 3(2): 3.

Emilie Berlioz, Eugénie Capdepon, Emmanuel Discamps. Dental microwear texture analysis of deer and large bovids from Combe Grenal (Dordogne, France): what does it tell us about Neandertal subsistence strategies?. AWRANA, Apr 2022, Barcelona, Spain. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03671741

Berlioz, E., Capdepon, E. and Discamps, E. (2023). A long-term perspective on Neanderthal environment and subsistence: Insights from the dental microwear texture analysis of hunted ungulates at Combe-Grenal (Dordogne, France). PLoS ONE 18(1): e0278395. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278395

Bermejo-Fenoll, A., Panchón-Ruíz, A. and Walker, M. J. (2022). Neanderthal, Sapiens, and chimpanzee mandibles: a comparative study in relation to articulated speech. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14: 116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01575-6

Biagi, Paolo and Starnini, Elisabetta. (2017). Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the Indus Valley? The Middle and Late (Upper) Palaeolithic Settlement of Sindh, a Forgotten Region of the Indian Subcontinent, pp. 175-197. In: Nishiaki, Y. and Akazawa, T. (eds.). The Middle and Upper Paleolithic Archeology of the Levant and Beyond. Singapore: Springer. [Abstract]

Bilge, U., Olgan, S., Ciplak, B., Ozbek, M. and Uysal, H. (2024). A Neanderthal Extinction Hypothesis: Birth Complications due to Megaloencephaly. Authorea Preprints. https://doi.org/10.22541/au.170669186.67425220/v1

Bischoff JL, Williams RW, Rosenbauer JJ, Aramburu A, Arsuaga JL, García N, Cuenca-Bescós G (2007) High-resolution U-series dates from the Sima de los Huesos hominids yields 600+∞/−66 kyrs: implications for the evolution of the early Neanderthal lineage. J. Archaeol. Sci. 34: 763-770.

Blain, Hugues-Alexandre et al. (2013). Climatic conditions for the last Neanderthals: Herpetofaunal record of Gorham’s Cave, Gibraltar. Journal of Human Evolution 64: 289-299.

Blain, Hugues-Alexandre et al. (2021). The last interglacial-glacial cycle in the Meuse Valley (southern Belgium) inferred from the amphibian and reptile assemblages: implications for Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14: 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01481-3

Blain, Hugues-Alexandre et al. (2022). A warm and humid paleoecological context for the Neanderthal mountain settlement at the Navalmaíllo rockshelter (Iberian Central System, Madrid). Quaternary Science Reviews 293: 107727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107727

Blasco, R. et al. (2013). Environmental availability, behavioural diversity and diet: A zooarchaeological approach from the TD10-1 sublevel of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain) and Bolomor Cave (Valencia, Spain). Quat. Sci. Rev. 70: 124-144.

Blasco, Ruth et al. (2014). The earliest pigeon fanciers. Scientific Reports 4: 5971.

Blinkhorn, James et al. (2021). Nubian Levallois technology associated with southernmost Neanderthals. Scientific Reports 11: 2869.

Bocherens, H. (2011). Diet and ecology of Neanderthals: implications from C and N isotopes: insights from bone and tooth biogeochemistry, pp. 73-86. In: Conard, N. J. and Richter, J. (eds.). Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence and Technology: One Hundred Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study, volume 2. Springer, Dordrecht & New York. [pp. 73-85?]

Bocherens H, Billiou D, Mariotti A, Patou-Mathis M, Otte M, Bonjean D, Toussaint M (1999) Palaeoenvironmental and palaeodietary implications of isotopic biogeochemistry of late interglacial neanderthal and mammal bones in Scladina cave (Belgium). J Archaeol Sci 26:599–607

Bocherens H, Billiou D, Mariotti A, Toussaint M, Patou-Mathis M, Bonjean D, Otte M (2001) New isotopic evidence for dietary habits of Neandertals from Belgium. J Hum Evol 40: 497-505.

Bocherens, Hervé Bonilla, Marta Díaz-Zorita, Daujeard, Camille, Fernandes, Paul, Raynal, Jean-Paul and Moncel, Marie-Hélène. (2016). Direct isotopic evidence for subsistence variability in Middle Pleistocene Neanderthals (Payre, southeastern France). Quaternary Science Reviews 154: 226-236. [Abstract]

Bocherens H, Drucker DG, Billiou D, Patou-Mathis M, Vandermeersch B. (2005). Isotopic evidence for diet and subsistence pattern of the Saint-Césaire I Neanderthal: review and use of a multi-source mixing model. Hum. Evol. 49(1): 71-87.

Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre and Degioanni, Anna. (2013). Neanderthal Demographic Estimates. Current Anthropology 54(S8): S202-S213. [Abstract]

Boë, Louis-Jean; Jean-Louis Heim, Kiyoshi Honda and Shinji Maeda. (2002). The potential Neandertal vowel space was as large as that of modern humans". Journal of Phonetics 30(3): 465-484.

Boë, Louis-Jean & Heim, Jean-Louis & Honda, Kiyoshi & Maeda, Shinji & Badin, Pierre & Abry, Christian. 2007. The vocal tract of newborn humans and Neanderthals: Acoustic capabilities and consequences for the debate on the origin of language. A reply to Lieberman (2007a). Journal of Phonetics 35(4). 564–581.

Bologna P., Di Stefano G., Manzi G., Petronio C., Sardella R., Squazzini E. (1994) - Late Pleistocene mammals from the Melpignano (LE) «Ventarole»: preliminary analysis and correlations. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 33(2), 265-274.

Bonde, N. (1989). Erectus and neanderthalensis as species or subspecies of Homo with a model of speciation in hominids. In (G. Giacobini, Ed.) Hominidae, pp. 205–208. Milan: Jaca Book.

Boscato P. & Crezzini J. (2007) - The exploitation of ungulate bones in Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. Hum. Evol., 21(3-4): 311-320.

Botha, Rudolf. (2020). Neanderthal Language: Demystifying the Linguistic Powers of our Extinct Cousins. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108868167.018

Boule M. 1911-1913. L'homme fossile de La Chapelle-aux-Saints. Annales de Paleontologie 6; 7; 8:111-172; 121-156, 185-192; 111-170.

Bower, Bruce. (2012). Feathers hint at Neandertal art: Extinct human relatives may have had abstract thoughts. ScienceNews 182(9): 8.

Bower, B. (2015). Humans & society: Cache of eagle claws points to Neandertal jewelry-making: Extinct human relative had ability to create symbolic objects 130,000 years ago, researchers argue. Science News, 187: 7.

Bruce Bower (2010). Neandertals blasted out of existence, archaeologists propose. Science News 178(9): 12.

Peter J. Bowler, Theories of Human Evolution: A Century of Debate, 1844–1944, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986, pp. 33–34

Brace, C. L. (1962). Refocusing on the Neanderthal problem. American Anthropologist 64: 729-741.

Brace C. 1964. The fate of classic Neandertals: A consideration of hominid catastrophism. Curr Anthropol 5:3-43.

Nuno Branco, Dany Coutinho Nogueira, Julie Arnaud, Rosa Ramos Gaspar, Cláudia Umbelino et Amélie Vialet. (2023). Age at death of a Late Middle Pleistocene Neandertal mandible from the Coupe-Gorge cave (Montmaurin, France). Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris 35(S): 1-2. https://doi.org/10.4000/bmsap.10796

Bräuer G, Broeg H (1998) On the degree of Neandertal-modern continuity in the earliest Upper Paleolithic crania from the Czech Republic: evidence from non-metrical features. In: Omoto K, Tobias PV (eds) Recent advances in human biology, vol 3, The origins and past of modern humans: towards reconciliation. World Scientific, Singapore, pp 106–125

Bräuer G, Broeg H, Stringer C (2006) Earliest Upper Paleolithic crania from Mladeč, Czech Republic, and the question of Neanderthal-modern continuity: Metrical evidence from the fronto-facial region. In: Harvati K, Harrison T (eds) Neanderthals revisited: New approaches and perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag.

Breyl, Michael. (2021). Triangulating Neanderthal cognition: A tale of not seeing the forest for the trees. WIREs Cognitive Science 12(2): e1545.

Briggs, A. W. et al. (2007). Patterns of damage in genomic DNA sequences from a Neandertal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 14616-14621.

Bruner, Emiliano. (2014). Functional Craniology, Human Evolution, and Anatomical Constraints in the Neanderthal Braincase, pp. 121-129. In: Akazawa, Takeru, Ogihara, Naomichi, Tanabe, Hiroki C. and Terashima, Hideaki (eds.). Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans: Volume 2. Tokyo: Springer.

Bruner, Emiliano and Colom, Roberto. (2022). Can a Neandertal meditate? An evolutionary view of attention as a core component of general intelligence. Intelligence 93: 101668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2022.101668

Bruner E., Manzi G. & Arsuaga J.L. 2003. Encephalization and allometric trajectories in the genus Homo: evidence from the Neandertal and modern lineages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100: 15335–15340.

Briggs, A. W., Good, J. M., Green, R. E., Krause, J., Maricic, T. et al. (2009) Targeted retrieval and analysis of five Neandertal mtDNA genomes. Science 325: 318.

Kate Britton, Elodie-Laure Jimenez, Mael Le Corre, Sarah Pederzani, Camille Daujeard, et al.. Multiisotope zooarchaeological investigations at Abri du Maras: The paleoecological and paleoenvironmental context of Neanderthal subsistence strategies in the Rhône Valley during MIS 3. Journal of Human Evolution, Elsevier, In press. ffhal-03831561f

Brown, Kimberly; Finlayson, Clive (2011). "Appendix 2: Gibraltar". In Marquez-Grant, Nicholas; Fibiger, Linda. The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation: An International Guide to Laws and Practice in the Excavation and Treatment of Archaeological Human Remains. London: Taylor & Francis.

Bruner E, Manzi G, Arsuaga JL (2004) Encephalization and allometric trajectories in the genus Homo: evidence from the Neandertal and modern lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:15335–15340

Buccheri, Fabio et al. (2014). New evidence of interaction between Neandertal and cave bear during Middle Pleistocene in North Italy (Borgosesia, VC). Poster presented at the 7th International Meeting on Taphonomy and Fossilization Ferrara, Italy, September 10-13, 2014.

Buccheri, Fabio et al. (2016). Taphonomic analysis on fossil remains from the Ciota Ciara Cave (Piedmont, Italy) and new evidence of cave bear and wolf exploitation with simple quartz flakes by Neanderthal. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy) 122(3): 41-54.

Buck, Laura T. and Stringer, Chris B. (2014). Having the stomach for it: a contribution to Neanderthal diets? Quaternary Science Reviews 96: 161-167. [Abstract]

Burbano, H. A. et al. (2010). Targeted investigation of the Neandertal genome by arraybased sequence capture. Science 328(5979): 723-725.

Burguet-Coca, Aitor et al. (2023). Fuel and fire: The fire record as an archive of neanderthal behaviour and their ecological environment. 29th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists, 2023, p. 401.

Burjachs, F., López-García, J.M., Allué, E., Blain, H.A., Rivals, F., Bennàsar, M., Expósito, I., 2012. Palaeoecology of Neanderthals during Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles in northeastern Iberia (Abric Romaní): from regional to global scale. Quaternary International 247, 26-37.

Busk, G. 1861 Translation with comments of ‘On the crania of the most ancient races of Man’ by Professor D. Schaaffhausen of Bonn. Natural History Review 1, 155–176.

Busk, G. 1865 On a very ancient human cranium from Gibraltar. Report of the 34th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Bath 1864), 91-92.

Buti, Laura et al. (2017 or 2018). 3D enamel thickness in Neanderthal and modern human permanent incisors. Poster presentation

Buzi, Constantino et al. (2018). Measuring the shape: performance evaluation of a photogrammetry improvement applied to the Neanderthal skull Saccopastore 1. Acta Imeko 7(3): 79-85.

Buzi, C.; Profico, A.; Di Vincenzo, F.; Harvati, K.; Melchionna, M.; Raia, P.; Manzi, G. (2021a). Retrodeformation of the Steinheim Cranium: Insights into the Evolution of Neanderthals. Symmetry 13: 1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091611

Buzi, Constantino et al. (2021b). The pre-modern human fossil record in Italy from the Middle to the Late Pleistocene: an updated appraisal. Alpine and Mediterranean Quaternary 34(1): 1-16.

Buzi, Constantino et al. (2021c). Retrodeformation of the Steinheim Cranium: Insights into the Evolution of Neanderthals. Symmetry 13(9): 1611. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091611

Camarós, E. et al. (Accepted, 2017). Hunted or scavenged Neanderthals? Taphonomic approach to hominin fossils with carnivore damage. International Journal of Ostearchaeology 27:606-620. [Abstract]

Cameron, Claire. (2017). The Last Neanderthal: A Novel. Little, Brown and Company. 288 pp.

Cañaveras, J. C., Sánchez-Moral, S., Duarte, E., Santos-Delgado, G., Silva, P. G., Cuezva, S., Fernández-Cortés, Á., Lario, J., Muñoz-Cervera, M. C. and Rasilla, M. d. l. (2021). Micromorphological Study of Site Formation Processes at El Sidrón Cave (Asturias, Northern Spain): Encrustations over Neanderthal Bones. Geosciences 11: 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11100413 

Caramelli D, Lalueza-Fox C, Vernesi C, Lari M, Casoli A, Mallegni F, Chiarelli B, Dupanloup I, Bertranpetit J, Barbujani G, Bertorelle G (2003) Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:6593–6597

Caramelli D, Lalueza-Fox C, Condemi S, Longo L, Milani L, Manfredini A, de Saint PM, Adoni F, Lari M, Giunti P, Ricci S, Casoli A, Calafell F, Mallegni F, Bertranpetit J, Stanyon R, Bertorelle G, Barbujan G (2006) A highly divergent mtDNA sequence in a Neandertal individual from Italy. Curr Biol 16: R630-R632.

Carbon, Claus-Christian and Wirth, Benedikt Emanuel. (2014). Neanderthal paintings? Production of prototypical human (homo sapiens) faces show systematic distortions. Perception 43(1): 99-102. https://doi.org/10.1068/p7604

Carbonell, E. (2012). High resolution archaeology and Neanderthal behavior. Time and space in level J of Abric Romaní (Capellades, Spain). Springer, New York.

Caron F, d'Errico F, Del Moral P, Santos F, Zilhão J (2011) The Reality of Neandertal Symbolic Behavior at the Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, France. PLoS One 6: e21545.

Carrera, Lisa et al. (2021a). Mid-Late Pleistocene Neanderthal landscapes in southern Italy: Paleoecological contributions of the avian assemblage from Grotta del Cavallo, Apulia, southern Italy. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 567: 110256. [Abstract]

Carrera, Lisa et al. (2021b). Neanderthal landscapes and subsistence strategies during late Quaternary glacial-interglacial periods: insights from the avian assemblages of Grotta del Cavallo (Apulia, Southern Italy), EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-10115, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10115, 2021.

Carrión, José S. (2004). The use of two pollen records from deep sea cores to frame adaptive evolutionary change for humans: a comment on “Neanderthal extinction and the millennial scale climate variability of OIS 3” by F. d’Errico and M.F. Sánchez Goñi. Quaternary Science Reviews 23(9-10): 1217-1219. [Abstract]

Carrión, José S., Fernández, S. et al. (2019). The sequence at Carihuela Cave and its potential for research into Neanderthal ecology and the Mousterian in southern Spain. Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 194-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.04.012

Carrión, José S., Lalueza-Fox, Carles and Stewart, John R. (2019). Neanderthals: Ecology and evolution. Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.05.008

Carrión, José S. and Walker, Michael J. (2019). Background to Neanderthal presence in Western Mediterranean Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 7-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.10.011

Carrión, José S. et al. (2018). Last Neanderthals in the warmest refugium of Europe: Palynological data from Vanguard Cave. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.09.007 [Abstract]

Carter Blake, C. 1864 On the alleged peculiar characters, and assumed antiquity of the human cranium from the Neanderthal. Journal of the Anthropological Society of London 2: 139-157.

Carvalho, Milena et al. (2022). Neanderthal palaeoecology in the late Middle Palaeolithic of western Iberia: a stable isotope analysis of ungulate teeth from Lapa do Picareiro (Portugal). Journal of Quaternary Science 37(2): 300-319. doi:10.1002/jqs.3363

Caspari, Rachel, Rosenberg, Karen R. and Wolpoff, Milford H. (2017). Brother or Other: The Place of Neanderthals in Human Evolution, pp. 253-271. In: Marom, Assaf and Hovers, Erella (eds.). Human Paleontology and Prehistory: Contributions in Honor of Yoel Rak. [Abstract]

Castel, Jean-Christophe et al. (In Press, 2016). Neandertal subsistence strategies during the Quina Mousterian at Roc de Marsal (France). Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.033 [Abstract]

Castellano, S., Parra, G., Sánchez-Quinto, F. A., Racimo, F., Kuhlwilm, M., Kircher, M., et al. (2014). Patterns of coding variation in the complete exomes of three Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 111: 6666-6671.

Cave, A. J. E. and Strauss, W. L. (1957). Pathology and posture of Neanderthal Man. Quarterly Review of Biology 32: 348-363.

Cazenave, Marine and Radovčić, Davorka. (2019). New insights on the Neanderthal knee-joint loading environment from the endostructural configuration of the patellae from Krapina, Croatia. In: 89th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 15-18 Apr 2020, Los Angeles, USA. (Unpublished) [Abstract]

Cazenave, Marine and Radovčić, Davorka. (2023). The Neanderthal patellae from Krapina (Croatia): A comparative investigation of their endostructural conformation and distinctive features compared to the extant human condition. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24709

Cela Conde, Camilo J. and Ayala, Francisco J. (2007). Human Evolution: Trails from the Past (first edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Çep, B., Schürch, B., Münzel, S. C. and Frick, J. A. (2021). Adaptive capacity and flexibility of the Neanderthals at Heidenschmiede (Swabian Jura) with regard to core reduction strategies. PLoS ONE 16(9): e0257041. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257041

Cerqueira CCS, Paixão-Côrtes VR, Zambra FMB, Salzano FM, Hünemeier T, Bortolini MC (2012) Predicting Homo pigmentation phenotype through genomic data: from Neanderthal to James Watson. Am J Hum Biol 24: 705-709.

Cerrito, Paola et al. (2022). Dental cementum virtual histology of Neanderthal teeth from Krapina (Croatia, 130-120 kyr): an informed estimate of age, sex and adult stressors. J R Soc Interface 19(187): 20210820. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2021.0820

Chacón MG, Bargalló A, Gabucio MJ, Rivals F, Vaquero M. (2015). Neanderthal behaviors from a spatio-temporal perspective: an interdisciplinary approach to interpret archaeological assemblages. In: Conard N, Delagnes A (eds) Settlement dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age, vol IV. Kerns Verlag, Tübingen, pp 253-294.

T.Chapman, S. Van Sint Jan, L. Cammaert, C. Polet, T. Jerbi, B. Jansen, P. Semal. (2022). Management and valorisation of the digitised Belgian human remains collection - NEANDERTHAL-3D - Final Report. Brussels : Belgian Science Policy Office 2022 – 40 p. (BRAIN-be - (Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks))

Charolia, Breeanna Chantel. (2019). A Zooarchaeological Analysis of Neandertal Cave Site Arma Veirana in Liguria, Italy. Thesis, University of Colorado. [Abstract]

Chazan M. (2019) Ratchets and Replacement: The Potential Role of Cultural Accumulation in the Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans. In: Nishiaki Y., Jöris O. (eds) Learning Among Neanderthals and Palaeolithic Modern Humans. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Springer, Singapore. [Abstract]

A. P. Chernysh, “Paleolithic multilayer Molodova I site,” in Molodova I: Unique Mousterian Settlement in the Middle Dniestr Region, I. Goretsky and S. M. Tseitlin, Eds., pp. 6-102, Nauka, Moscow, 1982.

A. P. Chernysh, “The standard multilayered site Molodova V: archaeology,” in The Multilayered Paleolithic Site Molodova V, I. Goretsky and S. M. Tseitlin, Eds., pp. 7-93, Nauka, Moscow, 1987.

Chevalier, Tony et al. (2021). Early ontogeny of humeral trabecular bone in Neandertals and recent modern humans. Journal of Human Evolution 154: 102968. [Abstract]

Church, G, B Philip, and G Johann. (2013). Interview with George Church: Can Neanderthals Be Brought Back from the Dead? Spiegel online. OpenURL

Churchill, S. E. (1998). Cold adaptation, heterochrony and Neandertals. Evol Anthropol 7: 46-61.

Churchill, S. E. (2006). Bioenergetic perspectives on Neanderthal thermoregulatory and activity budgets, pp. 113-133. In: Harvati, K. and Harrison, T. (eds.). Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer.

Churchill, Steven E. (2014). Thin on the Ground: Neandertal Biology, Archeology and Ecology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

Churchill S.E., Franciscus R.G., McKean-Peraza H.A., Daniel J.A. & Warren B.R. 2009. Shanidar 3 Neandertal rib puncture wound and paleolithic weaponry. J. Hum. Evol., 57: 163-178.

Churchill, S.E.; Keys, K.; Ross, A.H. (2022). Midfacial Morphology and Neandertal–Modern Human Interbreeding. Biology 11: 1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11081163

Clark GA. 1997. Neandertal genetics. Science 277:1024-1025.

Clement, Anna F., Hillson, Simon W. and Aiello, Leslie C. (2012). Tooth wear, Neanderthal facial morphology and the anterior dental loading hypothesis. Journal of Human Evolution 62(3): 367-376. [Abstract]

Clinton K (2015) Average Cranium/ Brain size of Homo neanderthalensis vs. Homo sapiens. ?e Backbone.

Clottes, Jean, 2012. “Ritual Cave Use in European Paleolithic Caves” in Sacred Darkness: A Global Perspective on the Ritual Use of Caves, Holly Moyes, ed., 15–26, University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

Clottes, Jean, 2015. “1.12 Datations U-Th, Evolution de l’Art et Neanderthal” in Une Vie d’Art Prehistorique L’Homme des Origines, 117–120, Editions Jerome Million, Grenoble, France.

Cohen, J. (2018). Neanderthal brain organoids come to life. Science 360(6395): 1284. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.360.6395.1284

Colella, G., Cappabianca, S., Gerardi, G. and Mallegni, F. (2012). Homo neanderthalensis; first documented benign intraosseus tumor in maxillofacial skeleton. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 70, 373-375.

Collado, Hipólito, Sala, Nohemi, Algaba, Milagros, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, García, José Julio, Domínguez, Isabel, Nobre, Luis F.Rodríguez, Lázaro, Torrado, José Manuel, Villalba, Mónica, González, Jairo, Domíngez, Ángel, García, Elena, Garrido, Elena, Bea, Manuel, Angas, Jorge and Mas, Martí, 2016. “A Vueltas con las Primeras Manifestaciones de Arte Rupestre Paleolítico: Los Grabados de la Cueva de La Zarzamora (Perogordo, Segovia)” in Cuadernos De Arte Prehistórico 2: 32–69, Centro de Arte Rupestre Moratalla.

Collard, Mark and Cross, Alan. (2017). Thermoregulation in Homo erectus and the Neanderthals: A Reassessment Using a Segmented Model, pp. 161-174. In: Marom, Assaf and Hovers, Erella (eds.). Human Paleontology and Prehistory: Contributions in Honor of Yoel Rak. Springer International Publishing. [Abstract]

Collard, Mark et al. (In Press, 2016). Faunal evidence for a difference in clothing use between Neanderthals and early modern humans in Europe. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2016.07.010 [Abstract]

Conard N.J. 2011. The demise of the Neanderthal cultural niche and the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in Southwestern Germany. In N.J. Conard & J. Richter (eds): Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence and Technology: One Hundred Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study, pp. 223–240. Springer, Dordrecht & New York.

Conard, N. J., Bolus, M., Goldberg, P. and Münzel, S. C. (2006). The last Neanderthals and first modern humans in the Swabian Jura, pp. 305-341. In: Conard, N. J. (ed.). When Neanderthals and Modern Humans Met. Tübingen: Kerns Verlag.

Conard, N. J. and Richter, J. (eds.). (2011). Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence and Technology: One Hundred Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study, volume 2. Dordrecht & New York: Springer. 308 pp.

Conde-Valverde, Mercedes et al. (2021). Neanderthals and Homo sapiens had similar auditory and speech capacities. Nature Ecology & Evolution. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01391-6 [Abstract]

Condemi S (1988) Caractères plesiomorphes et apomorphes de l’os temporal des néanderthaliens Européens würmiens. In: Trinkaus E (ed) L’Homme de Neandertal, l’anatomie, vol 3. ERAUL 30, Liège, pp 49-52.

Condemi S (1991) Circeo I and variability among classic Neanderthals. In: Piperno M, Scichilone G (eds) The Circeo 1 Neanderthal skull; studies and documentation. Instituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Rome.

Condemi S. 1996. Does the human fossil specimen from Reilingen (Germany) belong to the homo erectus or to the Neanderthal lineage? Anthropologie 34:69-78.

Condemi, S. and Weniger, G.-C. (eds.). (2011). Continuity and Discontinuity in the Peopling of Europe: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study, volume 1. Dordrecht & New York: Springer. 398 pp.

Condemi, Silvana et al (2013). Possible Interbreeding in Late Italian Neanderthals? New Data from the Mezzena Jaw (Monti Lessini, Verona, Italy). PLOS ONE.

Condemi, Silvana, Panuel, Michel et al. (2023). A pathological Neandertal thumb phalanx from Moula-Guercy (France). International Journal of Paleopathology
42: 14-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.06.002

Condemi, S., Tardivo, D., Foti, B., Ricci, S., Giunti, P. and Longo, L. 2012: A case of an osteolytic lesion on an Italian Neanderthal jaw. Comptes Rendus Palevol 11: 79-83.

Connolly, Rory. (2021). Investigating microscopic and molecular organic matter to explore the role of Neanderthal social and cultural evolution at a regional scale. PhD thesis, Universidad de La Laguna.

Connolly, Ryan. (2021). Investigating microscopic and molecular organic matter to explore the role of climate in neanderthal social and cultural evolution at a regional scale. PhD thesis, Universidad de La Laguna.

Constable, G. (1973). The Neanderthals. Amsterdam & New York: Time-Life Books.

Conti, Enrico et al. (2023). Paleogeographic reconstruction of the Tuscan coastal area nearby Grotta dei Santi (Monte Argentario, Italy) during the Neandertal occupation. 2022 IMEKO TC-4 International Conference on
Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage University of Calabria, Italy, October 19-21, 2022.

Coolidge, Frederick L. and Overmann, Karenleigh A. (2021). An emerging consensus about Neandertal extinction? Is this really the way the science works—we vote? Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/za/blog/howthink-neandertal/202103/emerging-consensus-about-neandertal-extinction

Cortés-Sánchez, Miguel et al. (2011) Earliest known use of marine resources by Neanderthals. PLoS One 6(9):e24026.

Cortés-Sánchez, Miguel et al. (2019). Shellfish collection on the westernmost Mediterranean, Bajondillo cave (∼160-35 cal kyr BP): A case of behavioral convergence? Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 284-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.02.007

Cotrell, Sariah, Jensen, Jamie L. and Peck, Steven L. (2014). Resuscitation and resurrection: The ethics of cloning cheetahs, mammoths, and Neanderthals. Life Sciences, Society and Policy 10:3.

Cowgill, L.W., Trinkaus, E. & Zeder, M.A.. 2007. Shanidar 10: a Middle Paleolithic immature distal lower limb from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan. Journal of Human Evolution 53: 213-223. [Abstract]

Creed-Miles, M., Rosas, A. and Kruszynski, R. (1994? 1995?). Issues in the identification of Neanderthal derivative traits at early post-natal stages. Journal of Human Evolution (volume?, pagination?)

Crezzini, Jacopo, Boscato, Paolo, Ronchitelli, Annamaria and Boschin, Francesco. (2023). A peculiar exploitation of ungulates at Grotta di Santa Croce: bone grease rendering and nutritional patterns among Neanderthals in southern Italy. Historical Biology. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2023.2242630

Crossland, Zoë. (2020). Unknowability and Indeterminacy: Neanderthal Histories. Social Research: An International Quarterly 87(1): 75-100. [Abstract]

Crubezy, E. and Trinkaus, E. (1992). Shanidar 1: A Case of Hyperostotic Disease (DISH) in the Middle Paleolithic. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 89: 411-420.

Cunha, P.P.; Martins, A.A.; Buylaert, J.-P.; Murray, A.S.; Gouveia, M.P.; Font, E.; Pereira, T.; Figueiredo, S.; Ferreira, C.; Bridgland, D.R.; Yang, P.; Stevaux, J.C.; Mota, R. (2019). The Lowermost Tejo River Terrace at Foz do Enxarrique, Portugal: A Palaeoenvironmental Archive from c. 60–35 ka and Its Implications for the Last Neanderthals in Westernmost Iberia. Quaternary 2: 3.

Currat, Mathias; Excoffier, Laurent (2004). Modern Humans Did Not Admix with Neanderthals during Their Range Expansion into Europe. PLoS Biology. [incomplete citation]

Currat, Mathias and Excoffier, Laurent. (2011). Strong reproductive isolation between humans and Neanderthals inferred from observed patterns of introgression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108: 15129-15134.

Currie, A. and Meneganzin, A. (2022). Not by demography alone: neanderthal extinction and null hypotheses in paleoanthropological explanation. Biol. Philos. 37: 50.

Dąbrowski, P., Nowaczewska, W., Stringer, C.B., Compton, T., Kruszyński, R., Nadachowski, A., Stefaniak, K., Urbanowski, M., 2013. A Neanderthal lower molar from Stajnia Cave, Poland. Journal of Comparative Human Biology, HOMO 64, 89‒103.

Dale, Luke Christopher. (2022). Early Neanderthal social and behavioural complexity during the Purfleet Interglacial: handaxes in the latest Lower Palaeolithic. PhD thesis, Durham University.

L. Dalén, L. Orlando, B. Shapiro, M. B. Durling, R. Quam, M. T. P. Gilbert, J. C. Diez Fernandez-Lomana, E. Willerslev, J. L. Arsuaga, A. Gotherstrom. (2012). Partial genetic turnover in neandertals: continuity in the east and population replacement in the west. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29(8): 1893-1897.

D’Anastasio, Ruggero & Wroe, Stephen & Tuniz, Claudio & Mancini, Lucia & Cesana, Deneb T. & Dreossi, Diego & Ravichandiran, Mayoorendra & Attard, Marie & Parr, William C. H. & Agur, Anne & Capasso, Luigi. 2013. Micro-biomechanics of the Kebara 2 hyoid and its implications for speech in Neanderthals. Plos ONE 8(12). 1–7.

Dannemann, Michael. (2020). Human stem cell resources are an inroad to Neandertal DNA functions. bioRxiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.1101/309658

Dannemann, Michael. (2021). The Population-Specific Impact of Neandertal Introgression on Human Disease. Genome Biology and Evolution 13(1) evaa250. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa250

Dannemann M, Andrés AM, Kelso J (2016) Introgression of Neandertal- and Denisovan-like Haplotypes Contributes to Adaptive Variation in Human Toll-like Receptors. Am J Hum Genet 98(1): 22-33.

Daschek, Éva J. and Mester, Zsolt. (2020). A site with mixed occupation: Neanderthals and carnivores at Érd (Hungary). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29: 102116.

Daujeard C, Abrams G, Germonpré M, Le Pape JM, Wampach A, Di Modica K, Moncel MH (2016) Neanderthal and animal karstic occupations from southern Belgium and south-eastern France: regional or common features? Quat Int 411: 179–197.

Daujeard, C., Vettese, D., Britton, K. et al. (2017). Neanderthal selective hunting of reindeer? The case study of Abri du Maras (south-eastern France). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0580-8 [Abstract]

Daumas, Mathilde et al. (2021). Le Moustier 1 Neandertal – The discovery of two new sets of casts, 3D reconstruction and comparison with original fossils. Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 23: e00204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.daach.2021.e00204

Daura, Joan et al. (2017). Palaeoenvironments of the last Neanderthals in SW Europe (MIS 3): Cova del Coll Verdaguer (Barcelona, NE of Iberian Peninsula). Quaternary Science Reviews 177: 34-56. [Abstract]

Daura, Joan et al. (2021). A new chronological framework and site formation history for Cova del Gegant (Barcelona): Implications for Neanderthal and Anatomically Modern Human occupation of NE Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary Science Reviews 270: 107141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107141

Daura, Joan et al. (2022). Neanderthal Fossils, Mobile Toolkit and a Hyena Den: The Archaeological Assemblage of Lateral Gallery 1 in Cova Del Gegant (NE Iberian Peninsula). Quaternary 5(1): 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat5010012

Davies, R. & Underdown, S. (2006). ‘The Neanderthals: A Social Synthesis’. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 16(2): 145-164.

Davies, William, White, Dustin, Lewis, Mark and Stringer, Chris. (2015). Evaluating the transitional mosaic: frameworks of change from Neanderthals to Homo sapiens in eastern Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 118: 211-242. [Abstract]

Dawson, J. E. and Trinkaus, E. 1997: Vertebral osteoarthritis of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 Neandertal. Journal of Archaeological Science 24, 1015-1021.

Dayet, Laure et al. (2019). Manganese and iron oxide use at Combe-Grenal (Dordogne, France): A proxy for cultural change in Neanderthal communities. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 25: 239-256. [Abstract]

de Carvalho, Carlos Neto et al. (2023). Neanderthal footprints in the “Matalascañas trampled surface” (SW Spain): new OSL dating and Mousterian lithic industry. Quaternary Science Reviews 313: 108200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108200

de Castro, José María Bermúdez et al. (2019). Metric and morphological comparison between the Arago (France) and Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos (Spain) dental samples, and the origin of Neanderthals. Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.04.003

De Groote, I., Lewis, M. and Stringer, C. (2017). Prehistory of the British Isles: A tale of coming and going. BMSAP. [Abstract]

de Soler, Bruno Gómez et al. (2020). Neanderthal lithic procurement and mobility patterns through a multi-level study in the Abric Romaní site (Capellades, Spain). Quaternary Science Reviews 237: 106315. [Abstract]

Dean, M. C. (2007). Dental development and life history in primates and a comparison of cuspal enamel growth trajectories in a specimen of Homo erectus from Java (Sangiran S7-37), a Neanderthal (Tabun C1), and an early Homo sapiens specimen (Skhul II), from Israel. in: M. Faerman, L.K. Horwitz, T. Kahana, U. Zilberman (Eds.), Faces from the Past: Diachronic Patterns in the Biology of Human Populations from the Eastern Mediterranean, Archaeopress, BAR International Series, 1603 (2007), pp. 21–27.

Dean MC, Stringer CB, Bromage TG. (1986). Age at death of the Neanderthal child from Devil’s Tower, Gibraltar and the implications for studies of general growth and development in Neanderthals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 70: 301-309.

Dediu, Dan and Levinson, Stephen C. (2018). Neanderthal language revisited: not only us. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 21: 49-55. [Abstract]

Defleur, Alban R. and Desclaux, Emmanuel. (In Press, 2019). Impact of the last interglacial climate change on ecosystems and Neanderthals behavior at Baume Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France. Journal of Archaeological Science. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2019.01.002 [Abstract]

Degioanni A, Bonenfant C, Cabut S, Condemi S. (2019). Living on the edge: Was demographic weakness the cause of Neanderthal demise? PLoS ONE 14(5): e0216742.

A. Delagnes, J.-F. Tournepiche, D. Armand, E. Desclaux, M.-F. Diot, C. Ferrier, V. Le Fillatre and B. Vandermeersch. 1999. Le gisement Pleistocene moyen et superieur d'Artenac (Saint-Mary, Charent): premier bilan interdisciplinaire. Bulletin de la Societe Prehistorique Francaise 96(4): 469-496.

Delson E, Harvati K (2006) Return of the last Neanderthal. Nature 443: 762-763.

Richard Delisle, Debating Humankind’s Place in Nature, 1860–2000: The Nature of Paleoanthropology, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007, pp. 70-84.

Delpiano, Davide et al. (2022). Flexibility within Quina lithic production systems and tool-use in Northern Italy: implications on Neanderthal behavior and ecology during early MIS 4. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14: 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01684-2

Laëtitia Demay, Stéphane Péan and Marylène Patou-Mathis. (2012). Mammoths used as food and building resources by Neanderthals: Zooarchaeological study applied to layer 4, Molodova I (Ukraine). Quaternary International 276-277: 212-226. [Abstract]

d'Errico, Francesco and Goñi, Marı́a Fernanda Sánchez. (2003). Neandertal extinction and the millennial scale climatic variability of OIS 3. Quaternary Science Reviews 22(8-9): 769-788. [Abstract]

F. d’Errico and M.F. Sánchez-Goñi Neandertal extinction and the millennial scale climatic variability of OIS 3 Q. Sci. Rev., 22 (2003) 769–788

d’Errico F, Zilhão J, Julien M, Baffier D, Pelegrin J (1998) Neanderthal acculturation in Western Europe? A critical review of the evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology 39(S1): S1-S44.

DeSilva, Jeremy M. (2018). Comment on “The growth pattern of Neandertals, reconstructed from a juvenile skeleton from El Sidrón (Spain)”. Science 359(6380): [pagination?]. [Abstract]

Devièse, Thibaut et al. (2021). Reevaluating the timing of Neanderthal disappearance in Northwest Europe. PNAS 118 (12) e2022466118. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022466118

Di Vincenzo, F. et al. (2019). Distinct among Neanderthals: The scapula of the skeleton from Altamura, Italy. Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 76-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.11.023

Di Vincenzo, Fabio and Manzi, Giorgio. (2023). Homo heidelbergensis as the Middle Pleistocene common ancestor of Denisovans, Neanderthals and modern humans. Journal of Mediterranean Earth Sciences. doi:10.13133/2280-6148/18074

Dibble HL, et al. (2015) A critical look at evidence from La Chapelle-aux-Saints supporting an intentional Neandertal burial. J Archaeol Sci 53:649–657.

Diedrich, C. (2010). The Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) population and its prey from the late Pleistocene Teufelskammer cave hyena den besides the famous Paleolithic Neanderthal cave (NRW, NW Germany). Historical Biology 23(2-3): 237-270.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2014). Ice Age Spotted hyaena feeding behavior on Neanderthals in Europe–impact on burial destructions. Chronicles of Science 1(1): 1-34.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2015). ‘Neanderthal bone flutes’: simply products of Ice Age spotted hyena scavenging activities on cave bear cubs in European cave bear dens. R. Soc. open sci. 2: 140022.

Diedrich, Cajus G. and Weber, T. (In press). The Neanderthal artefacts and bone assemblage from an overlapping Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthal camp and hyena open air den gypsum karst site in Westeregeln Germany, Saxony Anhalt (Central Germany). Journal of Archaeological Science.

Diedrich, C. G., Weber, T. and Wansa, S. (2010). Neanderthalercamp und Hyänenhorst - Neue Untersuchungen im pleistozänen Gipskarst von Westeregeln, Salzlandkreis (Sachsen-Anhalt), Abstract 52th meeting of the Hugo Obermaier-Gesellschaft, Leipzig, 21-22 pp.

Díez Martín F, Sánchez Yustos P, Gómez González JA, Gómez de la Rúa D, Yravedra J (2011) La ocupación neandertal en el Cañón de la Horadada (Mave, Palencia). Nuevas perspectivas arqueológicas en Cueva Corazón. Munibe 62:65–85.

Ding, Q., Hu, Y., Xu, S., Wang, C. C., Li, H., Zhang, R., et al. (2014a). Neanderthal origin of the haplotypes carrying the functional variant Val92Met in the MC1R in modern humans. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 31, 1994–2003.

Ding, Q., Hu, Y., Xu, S., Wang, J., & Jin, L. (2014b). Neanderthal introgression at chromosome 3p21. 31 was under positive natural selection in East Asians. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 31, 683–695.

Djakovic, Igor, Key, Alastair and Soressi, Marie. (2022). Optimal linear estimation models predict 1400–2900 years of overlap between Homo sapiens and Neandertals prior to their disappearance from France and northern Spain. Scientific Reports 12: 15000. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19162-z

Dobrovolskaya, Mariya V. (2017). Expansion of ecumene northward and the diet of the Paleolithic population of Eurasia: Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Human Colonization of the Arctic: The Interaction Between Early Migration and the Paleoenvironment 2017, Pages 419-428. [Abstract]

Dodat, Pierre-Jean et al. (2021). Isotopic calcium biogeochemistry of MIS 5 fossil vertebrate bones: application to the study of the dietary reconstruction of Regourdou 1 Neandertal fossil. Journal of Human Evolution 151: 102925. [Abstract]

Dogandžić T, McPherron SP (2013) Demography and the demise of Neandertals: A comment on ‘Tenfold population increase in Western Europe at the Neandertal-to-modern human transition’ J Hum Evol 64(4): 311-313.

Douka, K. and Spinapolice, E. (2012). Neanderthal shell tool production: evidence from Middle Palaeolithic Italy and Greece. J. World Prehist. 25: 45-79.

Dow, Tyler Austin. (2018). Neanderthal Cloning Through Genetic Engineering and the Ethical Dilemmas that Ensue. JUST 6(1): [3].

Droke, Jessica L. et al. (Due 2020). Regional variability in diet between Northern European and Mediterranean Neandertals: Evidence from dental microwear texture analysis, pp. 225-241. In: Schmidt, Christopher W. and Watson, James T. (eds.). Dental Wear in Evolutionary and Biocultural Contexts. Academic Press. [Abstract]

Duveau, Jérémy et al. (2019). The composition of a Neandertal social group revealed by the hominin footprints at Le Rozel (Normandy, France). PNAS. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901789116 [Abstract]

Duveau, Jérémy et al. (2021). On the Tracks of Neandertals: The Ichnological Assemblage from Le Rozel (Normandy, France), pp. 183-200. In: Pastoors, Andreas and Lenssen-Erz, Tilman (eds.). Reading Prehistoric Human Tracks: Methods & Material. Springer.

Michaela Ecker, Hervé Bocherens, Marie-Anne Julien, Florent Rivals, Jean-Paul Raynal, Marie-Hélène Moncel. (2013). Middle Pleistocene ecology and Neanderthal subsistence: Insights from stable isotope analyses in Payre (Ardèche, southeastern France). Journal of Human Evolution 65(4): 363-373. [Abstact]

Ecker, Michaela et al. (2023). Herbivore enamel carbon and oxygen isotopes demonstrate both Homo sapiens and Neanderthals exploited similar habitats in the Zagros Mountains. Journal of Quaternary Science. doi:10.1002/jqs.3561

Eemian-Zeuner, F. E. (1940). The Age of Neandertal Man: Occasional Papers of the Archaeological Institute, University of London. London.

Eixea, Aleix et al. (2020a). Micro-lithic production at Abric Romaní levels L and Ob: Exploring economic and evolutionary implications for Neanderthal societies. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 31: 102280. [Abstract]

Eixea, Aleix et al. (2020b). Neanderthal Spatial Patterns and Occupation Dynamics: A Focus on the Central Region in Mediterranean Iberia. Journal of World Prehistory 33: 267-324.

Ekshtain, R., Malinsky-Buller, A., Greenbaum, N., Mitki, N., Stahlschmidt, M. C., Shahack-Gross, R., et al. (2019). Persistent Neanderthal occupation of the open-air site of ‘Ein Qashish, Israel. PLoS ONE 14(6): e0215668. 

Enard, David and Petrov, Dmitri A. (2018). Evidence that RNA Viruses Drove Adaptive Introgression between Neanderthals and Modern Humans. Cell 175(2): 360-371. [Abstract]

Endicott P, Ho SYW, Stringer C (2010) Using genetic evidence to evaluate four palaeoanthropological hypotheses for the timing of Neanderthal and modern human origins. J Hum Evol 59:87–95

Metin I. Eren and Stephen J. Lycett. (2012). Why Levallois? A Morphometric Comparison of Experimental ‘Preferential’ Levallois Flakes versus Debitage Flakes. PLoS ONE 7(1): e29273.

Eski, Yarin. (2023). Born of Violence: The Neanderthal Extinction, Genocide and Colonisation, pp. 23-38. In: A Criminology of the Human Species: Setting an Unsettling Tone. Palgrave Macmillan Cham.

Estalrrich, Almudena, Alarcón, José Antonio and Rosas, Antonio. (2016). Evidence of toothpick groove formation in Neandertal anterior and posterior teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23166 [Abstract]

Estalrrich, Almudena and Rosas, Antonio. (In Press, 2015). Division of labor by sex and age in Neandertals: an approach through the study of activity-related dental wear. Journal of Human Evolution. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.07.007 [Abstract]

Estalrrich, Almudena, Zaatari, Sireen El and Rosas, Antonio. (2017). Dietary reconstruction of the El Sidrón Neandertal familial group (Spain) in the context of other Neandertal and modern hunter-gatherer groups. A molar microwear texture analysis. Journal of Human Evolution 104: 13-22. [Abstract]

Esteban, Irene, Rosa Maria Albert, Aleix Eixea, João Zilhão, and Valentín Villaverde. 2017. Neanderthal use of plants and past vegetation reconstruction at the Middle Paleolithic site of Abrigo de la Quebrada (Chelva, Valencia, Spain). Archaeological & Anthropological Sciences 9: 265-278.

Esteller-Cucala, Paula et al. (2020). Genomic analysis of the natural history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using Neanderthal and ancient Homo sapiens samples. Scientific Reports 10: 8622.

Estévez Escalera, Jordi. (2021). Vanishing carnivores: what can the disappearance of large carnivores tell us about the Neanderthal world? Journal? [Summary]

Fabbri, Pier Francesco et al. (2016). Middle paleolithic human deciduous incisor from Grotta del Cavallo, Italy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23044 [Abstract]

Fabre V, Condemi S, Degioanni A (2009) Genetic evidence of geographical groups among Neanderthals. PLoS One 4(4):e5151.

Fagoaga, Ana et al. (In Press, 2017). Palaeoecological implications of Neanderthal occupation at Unit Xb of El Salt (Alcoi, eastern Spain) during MIS 3 using small mammals proxy. Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.10.024 [Abstract]

Fagoaga, Ana et al. (2019a). Palaeoecological insights for the disappearance of Neanderthals: Stratigraphic Unit V from El Salt (Alcoi, eastern Spain) through a small mammals study. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 530: 163-175. [Abstract]

Fagoaga, Ana et al. (2019a). Palaeoecological context for the extinction of the Neanderthals: A small mammal study of Stratigraphic Unit V of the El Salt site, Alcoi, eastern Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 530: 163-175.

Fagoaga, Ana et al. (2021). Erratum to “Palaeoecological context for the extinction of the Neanderthals: A small mammal study of Stratigraphic Unit V of the El Salt site, Alcoi, eastern Spain” [Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 530 (2019) 163–175]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 569: 110222.

Fagoaga, Ana et al. (2023). Redefining the MIS 3 climatic scenario for Neanderthals in northeastern Iberia: A multi-method approach. Quaternary Science Reviews 313 108186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108186

Fennell, K. J. and Trinkaus, E. 1997: Bilateral femoral and tibial periostitis in the La Ferrassie 1 Neandertal. Journal of Archaeological Science 24, 985-995.

Fernández-García, Mónica et al. (In Press, 2018). Paleoenvironmental context of Neanderthal occupations in northeastern Iberia: The small-mammal assemblage from Abric Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.06.031 [Abstract]

Fernández-García, Mónica et al. (2022). New insights in Neanderthal palaeoecology using stable oxygen isotopes preserved in small mammals as palaeoclimatic tracers in Teixoneres Cave (Moià, northeastern Iberia). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14: 106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01564-9

Fernández-Jalvo, Y. and Andrews, P. (2019). Spy cave (Belgium) Neanderthals (36,000y BP). Taphonomy and peri-mortem traumas of Spy I and Spy II: Murder or accident. Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.028

Fernández-Laso M.C., Navarro M.G.C., García-Antón M.D. & Rivals F. 2011. Territorial mobility of Neanderthal groups: a case study from Level M of Abric Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain). In N.J. Conard & J. Richter (eds): Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence and Technology: One Hundred Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study, pp. 187–202. Springer, Dordrecht.

Fernández-Laso, María Cristina et al. (2020). Refitting bones: Spatial relationships between activity areas at the Abric Romaní Level M (Barcelona, Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29: 102188.

Finlayson C (ed). (2001). Neanderthals and modern humans in Late Pleistocene Eurasia. Gibraltar Government heritage Publications, Gibraltar

Finlayson, Clive. (2004). Neanderthals and Modern Humans: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 265 pp.

Finlayson, Clive (2009). The Humans Who Became Extinct: Why Neanderthals Died Out and We Survived. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 278 pp. [256 pp.?]

Finlayson, Clive. (2019). The Smart Neanderthal. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Finlayson, C., Brown, K., Blasco, R., Rosell, J., Negro, J. J., Bortolotti, G. R. et al. (2012). Birds of a Feather: Neanderthal Exploitation of Raptors and Corvids. PLoS ONE 7(9): e45927.

Finlayson C, Carrión JS (2007). Rapid ecological turnover and its impact on Neanderthal and other human populations. Trends in Ecology & Evolution (Personal Edition) 22(4): 213–22.

Finlayson, Clive; Fa, Darren A.; Jiménez Espejo, Francisco; Carrión, Jóse S.; Finlayson, Geraldine; Giles Pacheco, Francisco; Rodríguez Vidal, Joaquín; Stringer, Chris; Martínez Ruiz, Francisca. (2008). Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar—The persistence of a Neanderthal population. Quaternary International 181(1): 64-71.

Finlayson, Clive; Giles Pacheco, Francisco (2000). "The Southern Iberian Peninsula in the Late Pleistocene: Geography, Ecology and Human Occupation". In Stringer, Chris; Barton, R.N.E.; Finlayson, Clive. Neanderthals on the Edge: Papers from a Conference Marking the 150th Anniversary of the Forbes' Quarry Discovery, Gibraltar. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Finlayson, C; Pacheco, Fg; Rodríguez-Vidal, J; Fa, Da; Gutierrez, López, Jm; Santiago, Pérez, A; Finlayson, G; Allue, E; Baena, Preysler, J; Cáceres, I; Carrión, Js; Fernández, Jalvo, Y; Gleed-Owen, Cp; Jimenez, Espejo, Fj; López, P; López, Sáez, Ja; Riquelme, Cantal, Ja; Sánchez, Marco, A; Guzman, Fg; Brown, K; Fuentes, N; Valarino, Ca; Villalpando, A; Stringer, Cb; Martinez, Ruiz, F; Sakamoto, T (2006). Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe. Nature 443(7113): 850-853.

Finlayson, Stewart, Finlayson, Geraldine, Guzman, Francisco Giles and Finlayson, Clive. (2019). Neanderthals and the cult of the Sun Bird. Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.04.010

Fiorenza, L. et al. Molar macrowear reveals Neanderthal eco-geographic dietary variation. PLoS One 6, e14769 (2011)

Fiorenza L, et al. (2015) To meat or not to meat? New perspectives on Neanderthal ecology. Am J Phys Anthropol 156(Suppl 59): 43-71.

Fiorenza, Luca, Benazzi, Stefano et al. (2019). Dental macrowear and cortical bone distribution of the Neanderthal mandible from Regourdou (Dordogne, Southwestern France). Journal of Human Evolution 132: 174-188. [Abstract]

Flores J (1998) A mathematical model for the Neanderthal extinction. J Theor Biol 191:295–298

Foecke, Kimberly K. et al. (2018a). Alternatives to Neanderthal Hypercarnivory - Experimental Study of the d15N Values of Meat during Putrefaction, pp. A13. Paleoanthropology Society Meeting Abstracts, Austin, TX, 10-11 APRIL 2018. PaleoAnthropology 2018: A1-A40.

Foecke, Kimberly, Brooks, A. and France, C. (2018b). Alternatives to Neanderthal Hypercarnivory - Experimental Study of the δ15N Values of Meat During Putrefaction. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2018, 12 December, abstract #B53K-2204. [Abstract]

Fornai, Cinzia et al. (2014). Enamel thickness variation of deciduous first and second upper molars in modern humans and Neanderthals. Journal of Human Evolution 76: 83-91. [Abstract]

Fowler, Tom. (2020). La Pasiega Panel 78: A Possible Neanderthal-Magdalenian Palimpsest Depicting Waterfalls at the Head of the Asón Valley. Report. 1-80 pp.

Fraipont J, and Lohest M. 1887. La race humaine de Néanderthal ou de Canstadt en Belgique. Archs Biol Paris 7:587-757.

Franciscus R. 1999. Neandertal nasal structures and upper respiratory tract "specialization". Proc Nat Acad Sci 96:1805-1809.

Franciscus RG, Churchill SE (2002) The costal skeleton of Shanidar 3 and a reappraisal of Neandertal thoracic morphology. J Hum Evol 42:303–356

Frayer, David W. (1992). The persistence of Neanderthal features in post-Neanderthal Europeans, pp. 179-188. In G Bräuer and F Smith. eds.: Continuity or Replacement: Controversies in Homo sapiens Evolution. Rotterdam: AA Balkema.

Frayer, David W. (1997). Perspectives on Neanderthals as ancestors. In G Clark and C Willermet. eds.: Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, p 107-116.

Frayer, David W. (2017). Talking Hyoids and Talking Neanderthals, pp. 233-237. In: Marom, Assaf and Hovers, Erella (eds.). Human Paleontology and Prehistory: Contributions in Honor of Yoel Rak. Springer International Publishing. [Abstract]

Frayer, David W. et al. (2021). Krapina and the case for Neandertal symbolic behavior. Current Anthropology 6: 713-731. [Abstract]

French, J. C. (In Press, 2019). The use of ethnographic data in Neanderthal archaeological research: recent trends and their interpretative implications. Hunter Gatherer Research. [Abstract]

Froehle, A. W. and Churchill, S. E. (2009). Energetic competition between Neandertals and Anatomically Modern Humans. PaleoAnthropology 2009: 96-116.

Fu Q, et al. (2015) An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor. Nature 524(7564):216–219.

Gabucio MJ, Bargalló A (2012) Neanderthal subsistence change around 55 kyr. In: Cascalheira J, Gonçalves C (eds) Final Proceedings. IV Jornadas de Jovens em investigação arqueológica. Volume II. Tipografia Tavirense, Faro, pp 193–200.

Gabucio, Maria Joana, Cáceres, Isabel, Rivals, Florent et al. (2016). Unraveling a Neanderthal palimpsest from a zooarcheological and taphonomic perspective. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. DOI: 10.1007/s12520-016-0343-y [Abstract]

Gabucio, Maria Joana, Fernández-Laso, María Cristina and Rosell, Jordi. (2018). Turning a rock shelter into a home. Neanderthal use of space in Abric Romaní levels M and O. Historical Biology 30(6): 743-766. [Abstract]

Maria Joana Gabucio, Isabel Cáceres, Antonio Rodríguez-Hidalgo, Jordi Rosell, Palmira Saladié. (2014). A wildcat (Felis silvestris) butchered by Neanderthals in Level O of the Abric Romaní site (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain). Quaternary International 326-327: 307-318. [Abstract]

Gabucio, Maria Joana, Cáceres, Isabel, Rosell, Jordi, Saladié, Palmira and Vallverdú, J. (2014). From small bone fragments to Neanderthal activity areas: The case of Level O of the Abric Romaní (Capellades, Barcelona, Spain). Quaternary International 330: 36-51. [Abstract]

Gabucio, Maria Joana et al. (2023). Using GIS and Geostatistical Techniques to Identify Neanderthal Campsites at archaeolevel Ob at Abric Romaní. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 15: 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-023-01715-6

Gaffney, Dylan. (2020). Pleistocene Water Crossings and Adaptive Flexibility Within the Homo Genus. Journal of Archaeological Research 29: 255-326.

Gale R, Carruthers W (2000) Charcoal and charred seed remains from Middle Paleolithic levels at Gorham’s and Vanguard caves. In: Stringer CB, Barton RNE, Finlayson JC (eds) Neanderthals on the edge: papers from a conference marking the 150th anniversary of the forbes’ quarry discovery. Gibraltar, pp 207–210

Galván, Bertila et al. (2014). New evidence of early Neanderthal disappearance in the Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Human Evolution 75: 16-27. [Abstract]

Galván, Bertila et al. (2014). “El Salt. The Last Neanderthals Of The Alicante Mountains (Alcoy, Spain)” in Pleistocene and Holocene hunter-gatherers in Iberia and the Gibraltar Strait. The current archaeological record, 380–388 (R. Sala Ramos, Ed., Burgos, Univ. de Burgos y Fundación Atapuerca).

Gamble C. 2011. The social and material life of Neanderthals. In N.J. Conard & J. Richter (eds): Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence and Technology: One Hundred Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study, pp. 157–166. Springer, Dordrecht.

García-Antón M.D., Granda L.M. & Navarro M.G.C. 2011. Level G of Las Fuentes de San Cristóbal (Southern Pyrenees, Spain): availability of lithic resources and territory management. In N.J. Conard & J. Richter (eds): Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence and Technology: One Hundred Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study, pp. 203-219. Springer, Dordrecht.

García-Martínez, Daniel et al. (2017). The costal remains of the El Sidrón Neanderthal site (Asturias, northern Spain) and their importance for understanding Neanderthal thorax morphology. Journal of Human Evolution 111: 85-101. [Abstract]

García-Martínez, Daniel et al. (2020). Early development of the Neanderthal ribcage reveals a different body shape at birth compared to modern humans.  Sci. Adv. 6: eabb4377.

García-Tabernero, Antonio, Peña-Melián, Angel and Rosas, Antonio. (2018). Primary visual cortex in neandertals as revealed from the occipital remains from the El Sidrón site, with emphasis on the new SD-2300 specimen. Journal of Anatomy. DOI: 10.1111/joa.12812 [Abstract]

Garofoli, Duilio. (2017). Ornamental Feathers without Mentalism: A Radical Enactive View on Neanderthal Body Adornment, pp. 279-???. In: Durt, Christoph, Fuchs, Thomas and Tewes, Christian (eds.). Embodiment, Enaction, and Culture: Investigating the Constitution of the Shared World. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Garralda, María Dolores et al. (In Press, 2014). Neanderthals from El Salt (Alcoy, Spain) in the context of the latest Middle Palaeolithic populations from the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Human Evolution. [Abstract]

Garralda, María Dolores, Maureille, Bruno et al. (2020). The Neanderthal teeth from Marillac (Charente, Southwestern France): Morphology, comparisons and paleobiology. Journal of Human Evolution 138: 102683. [Abstract]

Garralda, María Dolores, Maureille, Bruno, Pautrat, Yves and Vandermeersch, Bernard. (2008). La molaire d’enfant néandertalien de Genay (Côte-d’Or, France). Réflexions sur la variabilité dentaire des Néandertaliens. PALEO 20: 89-100.

Garralda, María Dolores, Maureille, Bruno, Pautrat, Yves and Vandermeersch, Bernard. (2008). La molaire d’enfant néandertalien de Genay (Côte-d’Or, France). Réflexions sur la variabilité dentaire des Néandertaliens. PALEO 20: 307-317.

Garralda, María Dolores, Maureille, Bruno and Vandermeersch, Bernard. (2014). Hyperostosis frontalis interna in a Neandertal from Marillac (Charente, France). Journal of Human Evolution 67: 76-84. [Abstract]

Garralda, M.D.; Weiner, S.; Arensburg, B.; Maureille, B.; Vandermeersch, B. (2022). Dental Paleobiology in a Juvenile Neanderthal (Combe-Grenal, Southwestern France). Biology 11: 1352. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091352

Gat A (1999) Social organization, group conflict and the demise of Neanderthals. Mank Quart 39: 437-454.

Gaudzinski-Windheuser S. & Roebroeks W. 2011. On Neanderthal subsistence in last interglacial forested environments in Northern Europe. In N.J. Conard & J. Richter (eds): Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence and Technology: One Hundred Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study, pp. 61–71. Springer, Dordrecht.

Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine et al. (2018). Evidence for close-range hunting by last interglacial Neanderthals. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2: 1087-1092.

Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Sabine et al. (2023). Hunting and processing of straight-tusked elephants 125.000 years ago: Implications for Neanderthal behavior. Sci. Adv. 9: eadd8186.

Germonpré M, Udrescu M, Fiers E (2012) Possible evidence of mammoth hunting at the Neanderthal site of Spy (Belgium). Quat. Int. 337: 28-42.

Gershon, Elliot S. and Segman, Ronen H. (2021). Perceptions of the other -- A Continuity of Racism by Anatomically Modern Humans Against Neanderthals and against Jews. Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology 9(2): 17-27. https://doi.org/10.15640/jaa.v9n1a2

Ghasidian E, Kafash A, Kehl M, Yousefi M, Heydari-Guran S (2023) Modelling Neanderthals’ dispersal routes from Caucasus towards east. PLoS ONE 18(2): e0281978. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281978

Giacobini G, and de Lumley M-A. 1984. Les Néandertaliens de la Caverna delle Fate (Finale, Ligurie-Italienne). C R Acad Sci Série D 296:712-715.

Giacobini G, de Lumley M-A, Yokoyama Y, and Nguyen H-V. 1984. Neanderthal child and adult remains from a Mousterian deposit in Northern Italy (Caverna Delle Fate, Finale Ligure). J Hum Evol 13:687-707.

Gibbons, Ann. (2016). Neandertal genes linked to modern diseases. Science 351(6274): 648-649. [Abstract]

Gibbons, Ann. (2017). Neandertal genome reveals greater legacy in the living. Science 358(6359): 21. [Summary]

Gibbons, Ann. (2021a). DNA from cave dirt traces Neanderthal upheaval. Science 372(6539): 222-223. DOI: 10.1126/science.372.6539.222 [Summary]

Gibbons, Ann. (2021b). Genomes offer rare glimpse of Neanderthal family groups. Science 372(6548): 1251-1252. DOI: 10.1126/science.372.6548.1251 [Summary]

Gilmore, Cassandra C. and Weaver, Timothy D. (2016). Comparative perspective on antemortem tooth loss in Neandertals. Journal of Human Evolution 92: 80-90. [Abstract]

Gilpin, William, Feldman, Marcus W. and Aoki, Kenichi. (2016). An ecocultural model predicts Neanderthal extinction through competition with modern humans. PNAS 113(8): 2134-2139.

Glunčić, Matko et al. (2023). Tandem NBPF 3mer HORs (Olduvai triplets) in Neanderthal and two novel HOR tandem arrays in human chromosome 1 T2T-CHM13 assembly. Scientific Reports 13: 14420. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-41517-3

Gokcumen O., Zhu Q., Mulder L.C.F., Iskow R.C., Austermann C., Scharer C.D., Raj T., Boss J.M, Sunyaev S., Price A., Stranger B., Simon V. & Lee C. 2013. Balancing selection on a regulatory region exhibiting ancient variation that predates human–Neandertal divergence. PLoS Genet., 9: 1-12. [relevant citation?]

Gokhman, David et al. (2014). Reconstructing the DNA Methylation Maps of the Neandertal and the Denisovan. Science 344(6183): 523-527. [Abstract]

Goldfield, Anna E. (2017). The Role of Physiology and Behavior in the Replacement of Neanderthals by Anatomically Modern Humans in Europe. Dissertation. [Abstract]

Golovanova, L. (2015a). Les hommes de Néandertal du Caucase du Nord: Entre l’ouest et l’est. Anthropologie (Paris) 119: 45-66.

Golovanova, L. V. (2015b). Les hommes de Néandertal du Caucase du Nord : entre l’Ouest et l’Est.
L'Anthropologie, 119(2): 254-301.

Golovanova LV, Hoffecker JF, Kharitonov VM, Romanova G. (1999). Mezmaiskaya Cave: A Neanderthal occupation in the northern Caucasus. Curr Anthropol 40: 77-86.

Gómez-Olivencia, Asier. (In Press, 2015). The costal skeleton of the Neandertal individual of La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1. Annales de Paléontologie. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2015.04.005 [Abstract]

Gómez-Olivencia, Asier, Arlegi, Mikel, Barash, Alon, Stock, Jay T. and Been, Ella. (2017). The Neandertal vertebral column 2: The lumbar spine. Journal of Human Evolution 106: 84-101. [Abstract]

Gómez-Olivencia, Asier et al. (In Press, 2015). La Ferrassie 8 Neandertal child reloaded: New remains and re-assessment of the original collection. Journal of Human Evolution. [Abstract]

Gómez-Olivencia, Asier et al. (In Press, 2018). The costal skeleton of the Regourdou 1 Neandertal. Journal of Human Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.12.005 [Abstract]

Gómez-Olivencia, A., Eaves-Johnson, K. L., Franciscus, R. G., Carretero, J. M and Arsuaga, J.-L. (2009). Kebara 2: New insights regarding the most complete Neandertal thorax. Journal of Human Evolution 57: 75-90.

Gómez-Olivencia, Asier et al. (2018). First data of Neandertal bird and carnivore exploitation in the Cantabrian Region (Axlor; Barandiaran excavations; Dima, Biscay, Northern Iberian Peninsula). Scientific Reports 8: 10551.

Asier Gómez-Olivencia et al. (2018). 3D virtual reconstruction of the Kebara 2 Neandertal thorax. Nature Communications 9: 4387).

Gómez-Robles, Aida. (2019). Dental evolutionary rates and its implications for the Neanderthal–modern human divergence. Sci. Adv. 2019;5: eaaw1268.

Aida Gómez-Roblesa, José María Bermúdez de Castro, Juan-Luis Arsuaga, Eudald Carbonell and P. David Polly. (2013). No known hominin species matches the expected dental morphology of the last common ancestor of Neanderthals and modern humans. PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.1302653110 [Abstract]

Goval, E. (2012). Neandertal settlements in northern France. Paris, France: Cnrs Éditions Inrap. 312 pp.

Graham, John Witold. (2022). Othering and ordering in the Middle Palaeolithic: a text analysis approach to Neanderthal studies, 1970-2019. PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen.

Graves, P. (1991). New Models and Metaphors for the Neanderthal Debate. Current Anthropology 32(5): 513-541.

Gravina, Brad, Bachellerie, François et al. (2018). No Reliable Evidence for a Neanderthal-Châtelperronian Association at La Roche-à-Pierrot, Saint-Césaire. Scientific Reportsvolume 8: 15134.

Gravina, Brad, d'Errico, Francesco and Bachellerie, François. (2022). Disentangling Neandertal-modern human interactions in Western Europe: a heuristic odyssey. In: Clack, Timothy and Brittain, Marcus (ed.). Archaeologies of Cultural Contact: At the Interface. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gravina, B., Mellars, P. and Bronk Ramsey, C. (2005). Radiocarbon dating of interstratified Neanderthal and early modern human occupations at the Châtelperronian type-site. Nature 438: 51-56

Green RE, Briggs AW, Krause J, Prüfer K, Burbano HA, Siebauer M, Lachmann M, Pääbo S. (2009). The Neandertal genome and ancient DNA authenticity. EMBO J. 28(17): 2494-2502.

Green R.E., Krause J., Briggs A.W., Maricic T., Stenzel U., Kircher M., Patterson N., Li H., Zhai W., Fritz M.H., Hansen N.F., Durand E.Y., Malaspinas A.S., Jensen J.D., Marques-Bonet T., Alkan C., Prüfer K., Meyer M., Burbano H.A., Good J.M., Schultz R., Aximu-Petri A., Butthof A., Höber B., Höffner B., Siegemund M., Weihmann A., Nusbaum C., Lander E.S., Russ C., Novod N., Affourtit J., Egholm M., Verna C., Rudan P., Brajkovic D., Kucan Z., Gusic I., Doronichev V.B., Golovanova L.V., Lalueza-Fox C., de la Rasilla M., Fortea J., Rosas A., Schmitz R.W., Johnson P.L., Eichler E.E., Falush D., Birney E., Mullikin J.C., Slatkin M., Nielsen R., Kelso J., Lachmann M., Reich D. & Pääbo S. 2010. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science, 328: 710-722.

Green RE, Krause J, Ptak SE, Briggs AW, Ronan MT, Simons JF, Du L, Egholm M, Rothberg JM, Paunovic M, Paabo S. (2006). Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA. Nature 444(7117): 330‐336.

Green, R. E.; Malaspinas, As; Krause, J; Briggs, Aw; Johnson, Pl; Uhler, C; Meyer, M; Good, Jm; Maricic, T; Stenzel, U; Prüfer, K; Siebauer, M; Burbano, Ha; Ronan, M; Rothberg, Jm; Egholm, M; Rudan, P; Brajković, D; Kućan, Z; Gusić, I; Wikström, M; Laakkonen, L; Kelso, J; Slatkin, M; Pääbo, S (2008). A complete Neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing. Cell 134(3): 416–26.

Green, Richard E. et al. (2010). A Draft Sequence of the Neanderthal Genome. Science 328(5979): 710-722.

Greenbaum, Gili et al. (2019). Was inter-population connectivity of Neanderthals and modern humans the driver of the Upper Paleolithic transition rather than its product? Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 316-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.011

Greenbaum, Gili et al. (2019). Disease transmission and introgression can explain the long-lasting contact zone of modern humans and Neanderthals. Nature Communications 10: 5003.

Greer, Cory et al. (2021). Deleterious variants in genes regulating mammalian reproduction in Neanderthals, Denisovans and extant humans. Human Reproduction 36(3): 734-755. [Abstract]

Gregory, Michael D. et al. (2021). Neanderthal-derived genetic variation in living humans relates to schizophrenia diagnosis, to psychotic symptom severity, and to dopamine synthesis. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Part B 186(5): 329-338. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32872

Groote, Isabelle De. (2011a). Femoral curvature in Neanderthals and modern humans: A 3D geometric morphometric analysis. Journal of Human Evolution 60(5): 540-548. [Abstract]

Groote, Isabelle De. (2011b). The Neanderthal lower arm. Journal of Human Evolution 61(4): 396-410. [Abstract]

Grunberg, M. (2002). Middle Palaeolithic birch-bark pitch. Antiquity 76: 15-16.

Guatelli-Steinberg D., Reid D.J., Bishop T.A., Larsen C.S. & Trinkaus E. (2005). Anterior tooth growth periods in Neandertals were comparable to those of modern humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(40): 14197-14202.

Guattelli-Steinberg D, Spenser Larsen C, Hutchinson D (2004) Prevalence and the duration of linear enamel hypoplasia: a comparative study of Neandertals and Inuit foragers. J Hum Evol 47: 67-84.

Guérin, Guillaume et al. (2023). A Third Neanderthal Individual from La Ferrassie Dated to the End of the Middle Paleolithic. PaleoAnthropology 1: 98-118. https://doi.org/10.48738/2023.iss1.811 [Abstract]

Guil-Guerrero, José Luis. (2022). Could carbohydrates from food-animals have supported a balanced diet for Neanderthals? Journal of Archaeological Science 146: 105664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2022.105664

Guil-Guerrero, José Luis and Manzano-Agugliaro, Francisco. (2022). Worldwide research trends on Neanderthals. Journal of Quaternary Science.

Guimarães, Santiago Wolnei Ferreira and Silva, Hilton P. (2020). What have the revelations about Neanderthal DNA revealed about Homo sapiens? Anthropological Review (1): 93-107.

Gunbin, Konstantin V. et al. (2015). The evolution of Homo sapiens denisova and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis miRNA targeting genes in the prenatal and postnatal brain. BMC Genomics 2015 16(Suppl 13): S4.

Gunz, Philipp and Harvati, Katerina. (2007). The Neanderthal “chignon”: Variation, integration, and homology. Journal of Human Evolution 52(3): 262–274. [Abstract]

Gunz, Philipp, Neubauer, Simon, Golovanova, L., Doronichev, V., Maureille, Bruno and Hublin, Jean-Jacques. (2012). A uniquely modern human pattern of endocranial development. Insights from a new cranial reconstruction of the Neandertal newborn from Mezmaiskaya. J. Hum. Evol., 62: 300-313.

Gunz, Philipp, Neubauer, Simon, Maureille, Bruno and Hublin, Jean-Jacques. (2010). Brain development after birth differs between Neanderthals and modern humans. Curr. Biol., 20: R921-R922.

Gunz, Philipp, Neubauer, Simon, Maureille, Bruno and Hublin, Jean-Jacques. (2011). Virtual reconstruction of the Le Moustier 2 newborn skull. Implications for Neandertal ontogeny. PALEO 22: 155-172.

Gunz, Philipp, Tilot, Amanda K. et al. (In Press, 2018). Neandertal Introgression Sheds Light on Modern Human Endocranial Globularity. Current Biology. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.065

Gupta, Deepak, Ambalavanan, Sivanoli and Bangaru, Pandu Ranga Rao. (2016). Connecting The Dots in Theoretical Anthropology: Was This One of The Earliest Contemplation About Homo sapiens sapiens' Fight for Survival and Interactions with Homo sapiens neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens denisova? WebmedCentral PRIMATOLOGY 7(9): WMC005184.

Haeusler, Martin et al. (2019). Morphology, pathology, and the vertebral posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal. PNAS. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820745116 [Abstract]

Haeusler, Martin and Rothschild, Bruce. (2021). Possible Vertebral Brucellosis Infection in a Neanderthal. Research Square (preprint). DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-567955/v1

Hajdinjak, M. et al. (2018). Reconstructing the genetic history of late Neanderthals. Nature 555: 652-656.

Hajdinjak, Mateja et al. (2021). Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry. Nature 592: 253-257.

Hallak, Keren Levinstein and Rosset, Saharon. (2023). Dating Ancient Splits in Phylogenetic Trees, with Application to the Human-Neanderthal Split. Research Square preprint. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2991806/v1

Ham, E., Underdown, S. J., & Houldcroft, C. (2019). The relative roles of maternal survival and inter-personal violence as selection pressures on the persistence of Neanderthal hypercoagulability alleles in modern Europeans. Annals of Human Biology. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460.2019.1622038 [Abstract]

Hardy, B. L. (2004). Neanderthal behaviour and stone tool function at the Middle Paleolithic site of La Quina, France. Antiquity 78: 547-565.

Hardy, Bruce L. (2010). Climatic variability and plant food distribution in Pleistocene Europe: Implications for Neanderthal diet and subsistence. Quaternary Science Reviews 29(5-6): 662-679. [Abstract]

B. L. Hardy, S. Buckley, and M. Huffman. (2013). Neanderthal self-medication in context. Antiquity 87: 873-878.

B. L. Hardy and M.-H. Moncel. (2011). Neanderthal use of fish, mammals, birds, starchy plants and wood 125-250,000 years ago. PLoS ONE 6: e23768.

Hardy, B. L., Moncel, M.-H. et al. (2020). Direct evidence of Neanderthal fibre technology and its cognitive and behavioral implications. Scientific Reports 10: 4889.

Hardy, Bruce L. et al. (2013). Impossible Neanderthals? Making string, throwing projectiles and catching small game during Marine Isotope Stage 4 (Abri du Maras, France). Quaternary Science Reviews 82: 23-40. [Abstract]

Hardy K., Buckley S., Collins M.J., Estalrrich A., Brothwell D., Copeland L, García-Tabernero A., García-Vargas S., de la Rasilla M., Lalueza-Fox C., Huguet R., Bastir M., Santamaría D., Madella M., Wilson J., Cortés A.F. & Rosas A. 2012. Neanderthal medics? Evidence for food, cooking, and medicinal plants entrapped in dental calculus. Naturwissenschaften, 99: 617-626.

Hardy, Karen et al. (2022). Reconstructing Neanderthal diet: The case for carbohydrates. Journal of Human Evolution 162: 103105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103105

Harris, Kelley and Nielsen, Rasmus. (2017). Q&A: Where did the Neanderthals go? BMC Biology 15:73.

Harvati, K. (2003a). The Neanderthal taxonomic position: models of intra-and inter-specific craniofacial variation. Journal of Human Evolution 44(1): 107-132.

Harvati, K. (2003b). Quantitative analysis of Neanderthal temporal bone morphology using 3-D geometric morphometrics. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:323–338.

Harvati, K. (2011). Neanderthals: Fossil evidence and DNA. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 68(4): 379-392.

Harvati, Katerina, Frost, S. R. and McNulty, K. P. (2004). Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: Implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(5): 1147-1152.

Harvati K, Harrison T (eds) Neanderthals revisited: new approaches and perspectives. Springer, Dordrecht

Harvati, Katerina, Panagopouloub, Eleni and Karkanasb, Panagiotis. (2003). First Neanderthal remains from Greece: the evidence from Lakonis. Journal of Human Evolution 45(6): 465-473. [Abstract]

Harvati K, Darlas A, Bailey SE, Rein TR, El Zaatari S, Fiorenza L, Kullmer O, Psathi E (2013) New Neanderthal remains from Mani peninsula S. Greece: the Kalamakia Middle Palaeolithic cave site. J Hum Evol 64: 486-499.

Harvati-Papatheodorou, Katerina. (2013). Neanderthals, pp. 538-556. In: Begun, David R. (ed.). A Companion to Paleoanthropology. Wiley-Blackwell. 648 pp. [Abstract]

Hawks, J. (2013). Significance of Neandertal and Denisovan genomes in human evolution. Annual Review of Anthropology, 42, 433–449.

Hawks, John. (2021). Accurate depiction of uncertainty in ancient DNA research: The case of Neandertal ancestry in Africa. Journal of Social Archaeology. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1469605321995616 [Abstract]

Heim JL (1974) Les hommes fossiles de La Ferrassie. (Dordogne) et le problème de la définition des Néanderthaliens classiques. Anthropologie 78:312–378.

Heim J-L (1982) Les Enfants Néandertaliens de La Ferrassie: Etude Anthropologique et Analyse Ontogenique des Hommes de Neandertal (Masson, Paris).

Hein, Michael et al. (2021). Eemian landscape response to climatic shifts and evidence for northerly Neanderthal occupation at a palaeolake margin in northern Germany. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms. 46: 2884-2901.

Helmuth H (1998). Body height, body mass and surface area of the Neanderthals. Zeitschrift Für Morphologie Und Anthropologie 82 (1): 1–12.

Henrion, Juliette et al. (2023). New Neanderthal remains from the Châtelperronian-attributed layer X of the Grotte du Renne (Arcy-sur-Cure, France). Journal of Human Evolution 181: 103402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103402

Henry, A. G.; Brooks, A. S.; Piperno, D. R. (2011). Microfossils in calculus demonstrate consumption of plants and cooked foods in Neanderthal diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(2): 486-491.

Henry AG, Brooks AS, Piperno DR (2014) Plant foods and the dietary ecology of Neanderthals and early modern humans. J Hum Evol 69:44–54.

Henry, D. O., H. J. Hietala, A. M. Rosen, Y. E. Demidenko, V. I. Usik, and T. L. Armagan. (2004). Human behavioral organization in the Middle Paleolithic: were Neanderthals different? American Anthropologist 106: 17-31.

Henry, D. O. et al., “Middle Paleolithic behavioral organization: 1993 excavation of Tor Faraj, Southern Jordan,” Journal of Field Archaeology, vol. 23, pp. 31–53, 1996.

Hernaiz-García, María et al. (2024). Diet of Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens from macrowear analysis of mandibular molars. Journal of Archaeological Science 164: 105950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2024.105950

Herrera, Kristian J., Somarelli, Jason A., Lowery, Robert K. and Herrera, Rene J. (2009). To what extent did Neanderthals and modern humans interact? Biological Reviews 84(2): 245-257. [Abstract]

Heuvelmans, B.; Porshnev, B.F. L'homme de Néanderthal est toujours vivant 1974.

Heydari-Guran S, Benazzi S, Talamo S, Ghasidian E, Hariri N, Oxilia G, et al. (2021). The discovery of an in situ Neanderthal remain in the Bawa Yawan Rockshelter, West-Central Zagros Mountains, Kermanshah. PLoS ONE 16(8): e0253708. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253708

Heyes, Peter and MacDonald, Katharine. (2015a). Energetic comparison between Neandertals and Anatomically Modern Humans: no significant difference due to uncertainty in body mass estimation. Proceedings of the European Society for the study of Human Evolution 4: 119. [Abstract]

Heyes, Peter and MacDonald, Katharine. (2015b). Neandertal energetics: Uncertainty in body mass estimation limits comparisons with Homo sapiens. J. Hum. Evol. 85: 193-197.

Heyes P, et al. (2016) Selection and use of manganese dioxide by Neanderthals. Sci Rep.

Higgitt, Ryan. (2020). Neanderthal and the fossilization of the Third World. Social Studies of Science. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312720983460

Higham, Tom, Ramsey CB, Karavanić I, Smith FH, Trinkaus E. (2006). Revised direct radiocarbon dating of the Vindija G1 Upper Paleolithic Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(3): 553-557.

Higham, T. et al. (2012). Chronology of the site of Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, France: implications for Neanderthal symbolic behaviour. Before Farming 2011(2): [pagination?]. [Abstract]

Higham, T. et al. (2014) The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance. Nature 512(7514): 306-309.

Hills, George (1974). Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar. London: Robert Hale & Company.

Hitchcock, Michael. (2019). Gorham’s and Vanguard Caves: A zooarchaeological analysis in the context of Neanderthal diets. Thesis, The University of Reading.

Hlusko, Leslea J. et al. (2013). Neanderthal teeth from moula-guercy, Ardèche, France. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 151(3): 477-491. [Abstract]

Hockett, Bryan and Haws, Jonathan A. (2005). Nutritional ecology and the human demography of Neandertal extinction. Quat Int 137: 21-34.

Hockett, Bryan and Haws, Jonathan A. (2009). Continuity in animal resource diversity in the Late Pleistocene human diet of Central Portugal. Before Farming 2009(2): [pagination?]. [Abstract]

Hoffecker, John F. (1997). The Archaeology of the European Neanderthals: East and West. The Review of Archaeology 18(1): 1-11.

Hoffecker, John F. (In Press, 2018). The complexity of Neanderthal technology. PNAS. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800461115 [Abstract]

Hoffmann, D. L., C. D. Standish, Marcos García-Diez, Paul B. Pettitt, J. A. Milton, João Zilhão, José Javier Alcolea-González, P. Cantalejo-Duarte, Hipólito Collado, and Rodrigo De Balbín. 2018. U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art. Science 359: 912-915.

Hoffmann, D. L. et al. (2018). Response to Comment on “U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art”. Science 362(6411): eaau1736.

Hoffmann DL, Angelucci DE, Villaverde V, Zapata J, Zilhão J. Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals 115,000 years ago. Science Advances 2018: 4: earr 5255.

Hofreiter M (2011) Drafting human ancestry: what does the Neanderthal genome tell us about hominid evolution? Commentary on Green et al. (2010). Hum Biol 83: 1-11.

Thun Hohenstein, U., 2001. Strategie di sussistenza e comportamento dell’Uomo di Neandertal. Analisi archeozoologica dei livelli musteriani del Riparo Tagliente, Grotta della Ghiacciaia (Italia) e Abric Romaní (Spagna). Thése de Doctorat inédite, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, pp. 210.

Holgueras, Millán Mozota. (2020). Middle palaeolithic bone retouchers: a key tool for understanding the management of subsistence among neanderthal groups, pp. 134-153. In: Gibaja, Juan F., Marreiros, Joao and Mazzucco, Niccolò (eds.). Hunter-Gatherers’ Tool-Kit: A Functional Perspective. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 338 pp.

Holliday, T. (1997). Postcranial evidence of cold adaptation in European Neandertals. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 104(2): 245-258.

Holliday, T. (1999). Qafzeh-Skhul, West Asian "Neandertals" and modern human origins. J. Hum. Evol. 36: A7-A8.

Holliday, T. W. (2006). Neanderthals and modern humans: An example of a mammalian syngameon? In K. Harvati & T. Harrison (Eds.), Neanderthals revisited: New approaches and perspectives (pp. 281–298). Dordrecht: Springer.

Holloway RL (1985) The poor brain of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis: see what you please. In: Delson E (ed) Ancestors: the hard evidence. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 319-324.

Hölzchen, E., Sommer, C. and Hertler, C. (2022). NeMo – An Agent-based Model for Simulating Neanderthal Mobility. In A. W. Kandel, M. N. Haidle, & C. Sommer (Eds.), Human Origins – Digital Future: An International Conference about the Future of Archaeological and Paleoanthropological Databases (pp. 45-46). Propylaeum, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.11588/propylaeum.882.c13443

Hopkins, Rachel J. A. et al. (2022). Single amino acid radiocarbon dating of two Neanderthals found at Šal’a (Slovakia). Radiocarbon 64(1): 87-100.
https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2021.113

Hopponen, Satu. 2014. Homininien ääntöväylärekonstruktioiden tarkastelua kvantaaliteorian valossa [An overview of hominin vocal tract reconstructions in the light of quantal theory]. Joensuu: University of Eastern Finland. (MA Thesis.) [relevant citation?]

Hopponen, Satu. (2016). Evolutionary viewpoints on quantal vowels: A review of arguments for and against the existence of quantal vowels in H. neanderthalensis. Sky Journal of Linguistics 29: 161-178.

Hortolà P, Martínez-Navarro B. (2012). The Quaternary megafaunal extinction and the fate of Neanderthals: An integrative working hypothesis. Quaternary International.

Houghton, P. 1993. Neandertal supralaryngeal vocal tract. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 90(2): 139146.

Howell, F. (1951). The place of Neanderthal man in human evolution. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 9: 379-416.

Howell, F. Clark. (1957). The evolutionary significance of variation and varieties of “Neanderthal” man. The Quarterly Review of Biology 32(4): 330–347.

Howells, W. W. (1975a). Neanderthal Man: facts and figures. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 18: 7-18.

Howells, W. (1975b). Neanderthal man: Facts and figures. In R Tuttle. ed.: Paleoanthropology, Morphology and Paleoecology. The Hague: Mouton, p 389-407.

Hublin, Jean-Jacques. 1978. Quelques caractères apomorphes du crâne néandertalien et leur interprétation phylogénique. C R Acad Sci D287:923-926.

Hublin, Jean-Jacques. (1980). La Chaise Suard, Engis 2 et La Quina H 18: développement de la morphologie occipitale externe chez l’enfant prénéandertalien et néandertalien. C R Acad Sci Paris 291: 669-672.

Hublin, Jean-Jacques. (1988a). Caractères derivés de la region occipito-mastoïdienne chez les Néandertaliens. L‘Anatomie, L‘Homme de Néandertal 3: 67-73.

Hublin, Jean-Jacques. (1988b). Les plus ancients répresentants de la lignée prenéanderthalienne. L‘Anatomie, L‘Homme de Néandertal 3:81–94

Hublin, Jean-Jacques. (1998). Climatic changes, paleogeography and the evolution of Neanderthals. In: Aoki K, Bar-Yosef O (eds) Neanderthals and modern humans in Western Asia. Plenum Press, New York, pp 295-310.

Hublin, Jean-Jacques. (2009). Out of Africa: modern human origins special feature: the origin of Neandertals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(38): 16022-16027.

Hublin, Jean-Jacques. (2013). The Middle Pleistocene Record: On the Ancestry of Neandertals, Modern Humans and Others??, pp. 517-537. In: Begun, David R. (ed.). A Companion to Paleoanthropology. Wiley-Blackwell. 648 pp. [Abstract]

Hublin, Jean-Jacques. (2014). Anthropology. How to build a Neandertal. Science 344(6190):1338–1339.

Hublin, Jean-Jacques, Roebroeks W (2009) Ebb and flow or regional extinctions? On the character of Neandertal occupation of northern environments. C R Palevol 8(5): 503-509.

Hublin Jean-Jacques., Spoor F., Braun M., Zonneveld F. and Condemi, S. (1996). A late Neanderthal associated with Upper Palaeolithic artefacts. Nature 381: 224-226.

Hublin, Jean-Jacques, Talamo S., Julien M., David F., Connet N., Bodu P., Vandermeersch B. and Richards M.P. 2012. Radiocarbon dates from the Grotte du Renne and Saint-Césaire support a Neandertal origin for the Châtelperronian. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109: 18743-18748.

Hublin, Jean-Jacques, Weston, D., Gunz, P., Richards, M., Roebroeks, W., Glimmerveen, J. and Anthonis, L. 2009: Out of the North Sea: the Zeeland Ridges Neandertal. Journal of Human Evolution 57, 777-785.

Hunt, C.O. and Pomeroy, E. and Reynolds, Tim and Tilby, E. and Barker, G. (2023) Shanidar et ses fleurs? Reflections on the palynology of the Neanderthal ‘Flower Burial’ hypothesis. Journal of Archaeological Science , ISSN 0305-4403. (In Press)

Hussain, Shumon T., Weiss, Marcel and Nielsen, Trine Kellberg. (2022). Being-with other predators: Cultural negotiations of Neanderthal-carnivore relationships in Late Pleistocene Europe. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 66: 101409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2022.101409

Ivanhoe, F. (1970). Was Virchow right about Neandertal? Nature 227: 577-579.

Jacobs, Zenobia et al. (2019). Timing of archaic hominin occupation of Denisova Cave in southern Siberia. Nature 565: 594-599. [Abstract]

Jagoda, Evelyn et al. (2022). Detection of Neanderthal Adaptively Introgressed Genetic Variants That Modulate Reporter Gene Expression in Human Immune Cells. Molecular Biology and Evolution 39(1): msab304. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab304

Jambrina-Enríquez, Margarita et al. (2019). n-Alkyl nitriles and compound-specific carbon isotope analysis of lipid combustion residues from Neanderthal and experimental hearths: Identifying sources of organic compounds and combustion temperatures. Quaternary Science Reviews 222: 105899.

Klement, Rainer J. (2022). Was there a need for high carbohydrate content in Neanderthal diets? American Journal of Biological Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24643

Klervia Jaouen, Adeline Le Cabec, Frido Welker, Jean-Jacques Hublin, Marie Soressi, Sahra Talamo. (2019). Exceptionally high δ15N values in collagen single amino acids confirm Neandertals as high-trophic level carnivores. PNAS 116(11): 4928-4933.

Jaouen, Klervia et al. (2022). A Neandertal dietary conundrum: Insights provided by tooth enamel Zn isotopes from Gabasa, Spain. PNAS 119(43): e2109315119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2109315119

Jaubert, Jacques, Sophie Verheyden, Dominique Genty, Michel Soulier, Hai Cheng, Dominique Blamart, Christian Burlet, Hubert Camus, Serge Delaby, and Damien Deldicque. 2016. Early Neanderthal constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France. Nature 534: 111–14.

Jelínek, J. (1966). Jaw of an intermediate type of Neanderthal man from Czechoslovakia. Nature 212: 701-702.

Jelínek, J. (1989). Late Neanderthal from Kulna cave and the systems' theory. In B Vandermeersch. ed.: L'Homme de Neandertal: L'Extinction. Liège: Études et Récherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège, p 129.

Jiménez-Arenas, Juan Manuel et al. (2019). Virtual reconstruction and re-evaluation of the Neanderthal frontal bone from Carigüela Cave (Granada, Spain). Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.014

Jiménez-Espejo, Francisco J. et al. (2007). Climate forcing and Neanderthal extinction in Southern Iberia: insights from a multiproxy marine record. Quaternary Science Reviews 26(7-8): 836-852. [Abstract]

Johansson, S. (2014). The thinking Neanderthals: What do we know about Neanderthal cognition?. WIREs - Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 5(6): 613-620. [Abstract]

Jones, Dan. (2006). The neander code. New Scientist 192(2577): 44-47. [Abstract]

Jordá-Pardo JF (2007) The wild river and the last Neanderthals: a palaeoflood in the geoarchaelogical record of the Jarama Canyon (central range, Guadalajara province, Spain). Geodin Acta 20:209–217.

Jordan, Paul. (2000). Neanderthal: Neanderthal Man and the Story of Human Origins. Sutton Publishing. 256 pp.

Jordan, Paul. (2001). Neanderthal: Neanderthal Man and the Story of Human Origins. The History Press.

Jöris O., Uomini N. (2019) Evidence for Neanderthal Hand Preferences from the Late Middle Palaeolithic Site of Buhlen, Germany: Insights into Neanderthal Learning Behaviour, pp. 77-94. In: Nishiaki Y., Jöris O. (eds) Learning Among Neanderthals and Palaeolithic Modern Humans. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Springer, Singapore. [Abstract]

Jovanović, Mihailo et al. (2022). New paleoecological perspectives on Late Pleistocene Neanderthals in northern Balkans: the rodent assemblages from Smolućka cave (Serbia). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14: 169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01624-0

Juric I, Aeschbacher S, Coop G (2016) ?e strength of selection against Neanderthal introgression. PLOS Genet.

Kadowaki, Seiji. (2013). Issues of Chronological and Geographical Distributions of Middle and Upper Palaeolithic Cultural Variability in the Levant and Implications for the Learning Behavior of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, pp. 59-91. In: Akazawa, Takeru, Nishiaki, Yoshihiro and Aoki, Kenichi (eds.). Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans: Volume 1. Tokyo: Springer.

Kapitány, R., Nielsen, M., Shipton, C. and Langley, M. (In Press, 2020). Homo neanderthalensis and the evolutionary origins of ritual in Homo sapiens. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences. [Abstract]

Karavanić, Ivor et al. (2021). A palaeoecological view of the last Neanderthals at the crossroads of south‐central Europe and the central Mediterranean: long‐term stability or pronounced environmental change with human responses. Journal of Quaternary Science. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3279 [Abstract]

Karriger, Whitney Michelle. (2020). Non-Human Primates as Models for Craniofacial Ontogeny in Neandertals and Modern Humans. PhD thesis, Tulane University. [Preview]

Karriger, Whitney M., Schmidt, Christopher W. and Smith, Fred H. (2016). Dental Microwear Texture Analysis of Croatian Neandertal Molars. PaleoAnthropology 2016: 172-184.

Katanić, Isidora. (2022). Anthropogenic traces on the skeletal remains of H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis. Thesis, Masaryk University.

Kato, Hirofumi. (2013). The Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition in Siberia: Three Regional Sketches for Replacement, pp. 93-103. In: Akazawa, Takeru, Nishiaki, Yoshihiro and Aoki, Kenichi (eds.). Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans: Volume 1. Tokyo: Springer.

M. Kehl, et al. (2013). Late Neandertals at Jarama VI (Central Iberia)? Q. Res., 80: 218-234. 10.1016/j.yqres.2013.06.010

Kehl, M. et al. Dating the last Neanderthals in Central Iberia - New evidence from Abrigo del Molino, Segovia, Spain. Geophysical Research Abstracts 19, 6402 (2017).

Keith, A. 1911 The early history of the Gibraltar cranium. Nature 87: 313-314.

Keith, A. (1918). Discovery of Neanderthal Man in Malta. Nature 101: 404-405.

Keith A. (1924). Neanderthal man in Malta. J Roy Anthrop Inst 54:251-274

Keith, A. and Sinclair, G. (1924). Neanderthal Man in Malta with an account of the survey of Dalam Cave (Ghar Dalam). Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 54: 251-275.

Kent, Lauren. (2017). Health-related care for the Neanderthal Shanidar 1, pp. 83-91. In: McKay, Daniel (ed.). ANU Undergraduate Research Journal: Volume Eight, 2016. ANU eView.

Khrameeva, E. E., Bozek, K., He, L., Yan, Z., Jiang, X., Wei, Y., et al. (2014). Neanderthal ancestry drives evolution of lipid catabolism in contemporary Europeans. Nature Communications 5: 1-8.

Kindler, Lutz et al. (2020). THE LAST INTERGLACIAL (EEMIAN) LAKELAND OF NEUMARKNORD (SAXONY-ANHALT, GERMANY). SEQUENCING NEANDERTHAL OCCUPATIONS, ASSESSING SUBSISTENCE OPPORTUNITIES AND PREY SELECTION BASED ON ESTIMATIONS OF UNGULATE CARRYING CAPACITIES, BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND ENERGY VALUES, pp. 67-104. In: A. García-Moreno / J. M. Hutson / G. M. Smith / L. Kindler / E. Turner / A. Villaluenga / S. GaudzinskiWindheuser, Human behavioural adaptations to interglacial lakeshore environments. RGZM – Tagungen 37 (Mainz und Heidelberg [Propylaeum] 2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.11588/propylaeum.647

King, W. (1863) The Neanderthal Skull. The Anthropological Review 1: 393-394.

King, W. (1864). The reputed fossil man of the Neanderthal. Quarterly Journal of Science 1: 88-97.

Kislev, Meidad and Barkai, Ran. (2019). Neanderthal and Woolly Mammoth molecular resemblance: Genetic similarities might underlie cold adaptation suite. Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints. 140.

Klein, Richard G. 2003. Whither the Neanderthals? Science 299: 1525-1527.

Klein RG, Steele TE (2008) Gibraltar data are too sparse to inform on Neanderthal exploitation of coastal resources. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: E115.

Kobayashi, Yutaka. (2013). A Simulation Study on the Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans in Europe: Implications of Climate Change, Cultural Diversification, and the Shape of the Continent, pp. 237-243. In: Akazawa, Takeru, Nishiaki, Yoshihiro and Aoki, Kenichi (eds.). Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans: Volume 1. Tokyo: Springer.

Kolendrianou, Maria et al. (2020). The Palaeolithic cave of Kalamakia (Mani Peninsula), Greece: new insights on the palaeoenvironment using microvertebrates and mesowear analysis of ruminant teeth. Heliyon 6(5): e03958.

Koller, Dora et al. (2022). Denisovan and Neanderthal archaic introgression differentially impacted the genetics of complex traits in modern populations. BMC Biology 20: 249. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01449-2

Koller J, Baumer U, Mania D (2001) High-tech in the Middle Palaeolithic: Neandertal-manufactured pitch identified. Eur J Archaeol 4(3): 385-397.

Kolobova, Kseniya et al. (2022). How Neanderthals gripped retouchers: experimental reconstruction of the manipulation of bone retouchers by Neanderthal stone knappers. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14: 26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01495-x

Kolobova, Kseniya et al. (2023). New data on Neanderthal behavior in the Altai Region, Russia. Research Square preprint. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2822718/v1

Kolodny, Oren and Feldman, Marcus W. (2017). A parsimonious neutral model suggests Neanderthal replacement was determined by migration and random species drift. Nature Communications 8: 1040.

Kondo O, Dodo Y (2000) The postcranial bones of the Neanderthal child of burial no. 1. Neanderthal Burials: Excavations of the Dederiyeh Cave, Afrin, Syria, eds Akazawa T, Muhesen S (International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Kyoto).

Konjicija, Jelena. (2017). Dating the Demise: A review based on direct radiocarbon dates of late Pleistocene Neanderthal fossils in Eurasia. Masters Thesis, Leiden University. [Abstract]

Kozowyk, Paul R. B., Langejans, Geeske H. J., Dusseldorp, Gerrit L. and and Niekus, Marcel J. L. Th. (2020). Reply to Schmidt et al.: Interpretation of Paleolithic adhesive production: Combining experimental and paleoenvironmental information. PNAS 117(9): 4458-4459.

Kozowyk, Paul R. B., Marie Soressi, D. Pomstra, and Geeske Langejans. 2017. Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: Implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology. Scientific Reports 7: 8033.

Krause, J., Lalueza-Fox, C., Orlando, L., Enard, W., Green, R. E., Burbano, H. A., et al. (2007). The derived FOXP2 variant of modern humans was shared with Neandertals. Current Biology 17: 1908-1912.

Krause J, Orlando L, Serre D, Viola B, Prüfer K, Richards MP, Hublin JJ, Hanni C, Derevianko AP, Pääbo S (2007) Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia. Nature 449: 902-904.

Krings M, Capelli C, Tschentscher F, Geisert H, Meyer S, von Haeseler A, Grossschmidt K, Possnert G, Paunovič M, and Pääbo S. 2000. A view of Neandertal genetic diversity. Nat Genet 26:144-6.

Krings M, Geisert H, Schmitz R, Krainitzki H, and Pääbo S. 1999. DNA sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region II from the Neandertal type specimen. Proc Nat Acad Sci 96:5581-5585.

Krings, M; Stone, A; Schmitz, Rw; Krainitzki, H; Stoneking, M; Pääbo, S (1997). Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell 90(1): 19-30.

Krovitz GE (2003) Shape and growth differences between Neandertals and modern humans: Grounds for a species-level distinction? Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo, eds Thompson JL, Krovitz GE, Nelson AJ (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp 320–342.

Krueger, Kristin L. et al. (2017). Anterior dental microwear textures show habitat-driven variability in Neandertal behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 105: 13-23. [Abstract]

Krueger KL, Willman JC, Matthews GJ, Hublin J-J, Pérez-Pérez A (2019) Anterior tooth-use behaviors among early modern humans and Neandertals. PLoS ONE 14(11): e0224573.

Kuhlwilm M, et al. (2016) Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals. Nature 530(7591):429–433.

Kuhn S.L. & Stiner M.C. 2006. What’s a mother to do? The division of labor among Neandertals and modern humans in Eurasia. Curr. Anthropol. 47: 953-980.

Kundu, Shirshendu et al. (2014). Ancient DNA and Neanderthals Mystery. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 5(4): 1189-1213.

Kupczik, Kornelius and Hublin, Jean-Jacques. (2010). Mandibular molar root morphology in Neanderthals and Late Pleistocene and recent Homo sapiens. Journal of Human Evolution 59(5): 525–541. [Abstract]

Kurtén, Björn Olof Lennartson. (1978). Den Svarta Tigern. Stockholm, Sweden: ALBA Publishing. [translation: Dance of the Tiger]

Kurtén, Björn Olof Lennartson. (1982). Mammutens rådare: En roman om istiden. Publisher? [translation: Singletusk].

Kuykendall, Kevin L. et al. (2018). Where are All the Neanderthals? An Archaeological and Paleoanthropological Survey of Paleolithic Cave Sites in Britain, pp. A17. Paleoanthropology Society Meeting Abstracts, Austin, TX, 10-11 APRIL 2018. PaleoAnthropology 2018: A1-A40.

Kuzmin, Yaroslav V. et al. (2021). Denisovans, Neanderthals, and Early Modern Humans: A Review of the Pleistocene Hominin Fossils from the Altai Mountains (Southern Siberia). Journal of Archaeological Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-021-09164-2 [Abstract]

Kyparissi-Apostolika, Nina and Manolis, Sotiris K. (2021). Reconsdieration of the Antiquity of the Middle Palaeolithic Footpritns from Theopetra Cave (Thessaly, Greece), pp. 169-182. In: Pastoors, Andreas and Lenssen-Erz, Tilman (eds.). Reading Prehistoric Human Tracks: Methods & Material. Springer.

La Porta, A. (2019). Neanderthal stone-tipped spear technology: an experimental and archaeological investigation. Doctoral thesis, University of Exeter. [Abstract]

Lagle, Susan Elisabeth. (2021). Reindeer Hunters of the Middle Paleolithic: Investigating Neandertal Subsistence Strategies in Quina Mousterian Contexts of Southwestern France. UC Davis. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6g21n84j

Laitman, Jeffrey T. (2017). Extreme cousins of ours who are no more: From massive Gigantopithecus to diminutive Flores “hobbits”. The FASEB Journal 31(1): Supplement 86.4. [Abstract]

Lalueza-Fox, Carles. (2021). Neanderthal assimilation? Nature Ecology & Evolution. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01421-3

C. Lalueza-Fox, E. Gigli, M. de La Rasilla, J. Fortea, and A. Rosas. (2009). “Bitter taste perception in Neanderthals through the analysis of the TAS2R38 gene,” Biology Letters 5: 809-811.

Lalueza-Fox C, Krause J, Caramelli D, Catalano G, Milani L et al. (2006) Mitochondrial DNA of an Iberian Neandertal suggests a population affinity with other European Neandertals. Curr Biol 16: R629-R630.

Lalueza-Fox C, Römpler H, Caramelli D, Stäubert C, Catalano G, Hughes D, Rohland N, Pilli E, Longo L, Condemi S, Rasilla M, Fortea J, Rosas A, Stoneking M, Schöneberg T, Bertranpetit J, Hofreiter M (2007) A Melanocortin 1 receptor allele suggests varying pigmentation among Neanderthals. Science 318:1453–1455

Lalueza-Fox C., Rosas A., Estalrrich A., Gigli E., Campos P.F., García-Tabernero A., García- Vargas S., Sánchez-Quinto F., Ramírez O.,
Civit S., Bastir M., Huguet R., Santamaría D., Gilbert M.T., Willerslev E. & de la Rasilla M. 2011. Genetic evidence for patrilocal mating behavior among Neandertal groups. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108: 250-253.

Lalueza-Fox C, Sampietro ML, Caramelli D, Puder Y, Lari M et al. (2005) Neanderthal evolutionary genetics, mitochondrial DNA data from the Iberian Peninsula. Mol Biol Evol 22:1077–1081.

Langley, M. C., Clarkson, C., & Ulm, S. (2008). Behavioural complexity in Eurasian Neanderthal populations: a chronological examination of the archaeological evidence. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 18, 289-307.

Lari M, Rizzi E, Milani L, Corti G, Balsamo C, Lalueza-Fox C, Sampietro ML, Caramelli D, Puder Y, Lari M, Calafell F, Martínez-Maza C, Bastir M, Fortea J, Rasilla M, Bertranpetit J, Rosas A (2010) The Microcephalin Ancestral Allele in a Neanderthal Individual. PLoS One 5(5):e10648

Lari, Martina et al. (In Press, 2015). The Neanderthal in the karst: First dating, morphometric, and paleogenetic data on the fossil skeleton from Altamura (Italy). Journal of Human Evolution. [Abstract]

Lateur N., Moncel M.-H., Mocochain L. and Fernandes P. (2023). Fréquentations des réseaux karstiques profonds par Néanderthal. Nouveaux exemples à la grotte de Saint-Marcel (Ardèche, France). Comptes Rendus Palevol 22(15): 265-277. https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a15

Leder, Dirk et al. (2021). A 51,000-year-old engraved bone reveals Neanderthals’ capacity for symbolic behaviour. Nature Ecology & Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01487-z [Abstract]

Leder, Dirk et al. (2022). The engraved giant deer bone from Einhornhöhle and the state of Neanderthal ‘art’. 63rd Conference of the Hugo Obermaier Society April the 19th to 23rd 2022, Berlin.

Leichliter, J. N., Lüdecke, T., Foreman, A. D., Kindler, L., Tutken, T., Tacail, T., et al. (2022). Nitrogen isotope analysis of 125,000-year-old tooth enamel from the Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthal site of Neumark-Nord 2, Germany. American journal of biological anthropology 177: 107-107. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24514.

Leierer, Lucia, Jambrina-Enríquez M, HerreraHerrera AV, Connolly R, Hernández CM, Galván B, et al. (2019). Insights into the timing, intensity and natural setting of Neanderthal occupation from the geoarchaeological study of combustion structures: A micromorphological and biomarker investigation of El Salt, unit Xb, Alcoy, Spain. PLoS ONE 14(4): e0214955.

Leierer, Lucia et al. (2021). Approaching Neanderthal behavior through the geoarchaeological study of combustion structures: Investigations in soil micromorphology and lipid biomarkers. Dissertation, Universidad de La Laguna.

Lemanik, Anna, Nadachowski, Adam and Socha, Paweł. (2022). Biostratigraphic significance of the root vole (Alexandromys oeconomus) for dating late Middle and early Late Pleistocene (MIS 8-MIS 3) Neanderthal sites in southern Poland. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14: 112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01580-9

Mauch Lenardić, Jadranka; Marjanac, Ljerka; Pavleković, Jelena; Jurgec, Kruno; Karavanić, Ivor; Janković, Ivor; Mihelić, Sanjin Protecting and Preserving a Neandertal cave site: An appeal to save Vindija cave // Sense and Sustainability: International Conference on Archaeology and Tourism Zagreb, Hrvatska, 2019. (predavanje, nije recenziran, neobjavljeni rad, stručni) [Abstract]

E. Lev and M. E. Kislev, “The subsistence and the diet of the “Neanderthal” man in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel,” in Ramat Ha’nadiv Project—Research Report Series, A. Perevolotsky, Ed., Publication No. 9, 1993.

E. Lev, M. E. Kislev, and O. Bar-Yosef, “Mousterian vegetal food in Kebara Cave. Mt. Carmel,” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 32, pp. 475–484, 2005.

Lewin, Roger. (1991). Neanderthals puzzle the anthropologists. New Scientist, 20 April: 27.

Lewis-Williams, David. (2002). The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art, 320 pgs, Thames & Hudson, London, England.

Lewis-Williams, David. (2009). “Of People and Pictures: The Nexus of Upper Palaeolithic Religion, Social Discrimination and Art” in Becoming Human: Innovation in Prehistoric Material and Spiritual Culture, 135–158, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Lieberman, Philip. 1994. Functional tongues and Neanderthal vocal tract reconstruction: A reply to Houghton (1993). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 95(4): 443-452.

Lieberman, Philip. (2007). Current views on Neanderthal speech capabilities: A reply to Boë et al. (2002). Journal of Phonetics 35(4): 552–563.

Lieberman, Philip and Crelin, Edmund S. (1971). On the speech of Neanderthal man. Linguistic Inquiry 2(2): 203-222.

Ligkovanlis, Stefanos. (2022). Hand-Preference and Lithic Production-Exploring Neanderthal Handedness Rates through the Study of Hertzian Fracture Features on Lithic Blanks. Open Quaternary 8(1): 4. http://doi.org/10.5334/oq.111

Liu, Cheng. (2021). A Cathedral with Disconnected Chapels? Reassessing the Cognitive Capacities of Neanderthals in Light of Recent Archaeological Discoveries. Journal of Cognition and Culture 21(3-4): 243-260. [Abstract]

Livraghi, Alessandra et al. (In Press, 2019). Neanderthal ecology and the exploitation of cervids and bovids at the onset of MIS4: a study on De Nadale cave, Italy. Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.11.024 [Abstract]

Livraghi, Alessandra et al. (2022). Neanderthals’ hunting seasonality inferred from combined cementochronology, mesowear, and microwear analysis: case studies from the Alpine foreland in Italy. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14: 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01514-5

Lloveras, Lluís. (2018). The bird assemblage from the Middle Palaeolithic level I of Arbreda Cave: A taphonomic story. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 21: 758-770. [Abstract]

Lohse, K., & Frantz, L. A. (2014). Neandertal admixture in Eurasia confirmed by maximum-likelihood analysis of three genomes. Genetics 196: 1241-1251.

Lombard, Marlize and Moncel, Marie-Hélène. (2023). Neanderthal Hunting Weapons Re-Assessed: A Tip Cross-Sectional Area Analysis of Middle Palaeolithic Point Assemblages from South Eastern France. Quaternary 6(1): 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat6010017

Longrich, Nicholas R. (November 3, 2020). War in the time of Neanderthals: how our species battled for supremacy for over 100,000 years. The Conservation. Available from: https://theconversation.com [Accessed 18 April 2021]

López-García, J., Livraghi, Alessandra, Romandini, Matteo and Peresani, Marco. (2018). Environmental and climatic reconstruction of the Neanderthal site of De Nadale cave (Zovencedo, Berici Hills, Northeastern Italy) through the small mammal assemblages. 29-30 [Abstract]

Lopez-Onaindia, Diego et al. (2023). Neanderthal teeth from Lezetxiki (Arrasate, Iberian Peninsula): New insights and reassessment. Am J Biol Anthropol. 2023: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24694

Lorenzo C, Navazo M, Díez JC, Sesé C, Arcederillo D, Jordá-Pardo JF (2012) New human fossil to the last Neanderthals in central Spain (Jarama VI, Valdesotos, Guadalajara, Spain). J Hum Evol 62:720–725

Lowe J, Barton N, Blockley S, Bronk Ramsey C, Cullen VL, Davies W, Gamble C, Grant K, Hardiman M, Housley R, Lane CS, Lee S, Lewis M, MacLeod A, Menzies M, Müller W, Pollard M, Price C, Roberts AP, Rohling EJ, Satow C, Smith VC, Stringer CB, Tomlinson EM, White D, Albert P, Arienzo I, Barker G, Borick D, Carandente A, Civetta L, Ferrier C, Guadelli JL, Karkanas P, Koumouzelis M, Müller UC, Orsi G, Pross J, Rosi M, Shalamanov-Korobar L, Sirakov N, Tzedakis PC (2012) Volcanic ash layers illuminate the resilience of Neanderthals and early modern humans to natural hazards. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:13532–13537

Lowery RK, Uribe G, Jimenez EB, Weiss MA, Herrera KJ, Regueiro M, Herrera RJ (2013) Neanderthal and Denisova genetic affinities with contemporary humans: introgression versus common ancestral polymorphisms. Gene 530:83–94.

Marina Lozano, Maria Eulàlia Subirà, José Aparicio, Carlos Lorenzo, Gala Gómez-Merino. (2013). Toothpicking and Periodontal Disease in a Neanderthal Specimen from Cova Foradà Site (Valencia, Spain). PLoS ONE 8(10): e76852.

Lumley, Henry de, 2009. “The Emergence of Symbolic Thought: The Principal Steps of Hominisation Leading Towards Greater Complexity” in Becoming Human: Innovation inPrehistoric Material and Spiritual Culture, 10–26, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

de Lumley H, and de Lumley M-A. (1971). Découvertes de restes humaines antenéanderthaliens a la caune de L'Arago. CR Acad Sc Paris 272:1739-1742.

MacDonald, Katharine. (2019). Strong Differences Between Neanderthals and AMHs Cannot Be Inferred from Ethnographic Evidence for Skill and Learning in Hunting, pp. 149-158. In: Nishiaki Y., Jöris O. (eds). Learning Among Neanderthals and Palaeolithic Modern Humans. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Springer, Singapore. [Abstract]

Macià, Moisès Coll et al. (2021a). Different historical generation intervals in human populations inferred from Neanderthal fragment lengths and patterns of mutation accumulation. bioRxiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.25.432907

Macià, Moisès Coll et al. (2021b). Different historical generation intervals in human populations inferred from Neanderthal fragment lengths and mutation signatures. Nature Communications 12: 5317. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25524-4

Madella M, Jones MK, Goldberg P, Goren Y, Hovers E (2002) The exploitation of plant resources by Neanderthals in Amud cave (Israel): the evidence from Phytolith studies. J Archaeol Sci 29: 703-719.

Madison, Paige. (2016a). The most brutal of human skulls: measuring and knowing the first Neanderthal. BJHS 49(3): 411-432.

Madison, Paige. (In Press, 2016b). A forgotten fossil: The wild Homo calpicus of Gibraltar. Endeavour. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2016.09.005 [Abstract]

Madison, Paige. (2020). Characterized by Darkness: Reconsidering the Origins of the Brutish Neanderthal. Journal of the History of Biology 53: 493-519.

Madison, Paige. (2021). Brutish Neanderthals: History of a merciless characterization. Evolutionary Anthropology 30(6): 366-374. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.21918

Mahoney, Patrick, McFarlane, Gina, Smith, B Holly, Miszkiewicz, Justyna J., Cerrito, Paola, Liversidge, Helen, Mancini, Lucia, Dreossi, Diego, Veneziano, Alessio, Bernardini, Frederico, and others. (2021) Growth of Neanderthal infants from Krapina (120-130 ka), Croatia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 288 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2079

Majkić, Ana et al. (2017). Sequential Incisions on a Cave Bear Bone from the Middle Paleolithic of Pešturina Cave, Serbia. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. doi:10.1007/s10816-017-9331-5 [Abstract]

Mallegni, F., Piperno, M., and Segre, A (1987). Human remains of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis from the Pleistocene deposit of Sants Croce Cave, Bisceglie (Apulia), Italy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 72(4): 421-429.

Mann, A. and Monge, J. 2006: A Neandertal parietal fragment from Krapina (Croatia) with a serious cranial trauma. Periodicum Biologorum 108, 495-502.

Manzi G, and Passarello P. 1995. At the archaic/modern boundary of the genus Homo: The Neandertals from Grotta Breuil. Curr Anthropol 35:355-366.

Marciani, Giulia et al. (2020). Neanderthal occupation during the tephra fall-out: Technical and hunting behaviours, sedimentology and settlement patterns in SU 14 of Oscurusciuto rock shelter (Ginosa, southern Italy). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12: 152. [Abstract]

Marco, Yolanda Carrión, Calatayud, Pere Guillem, Eixea, Aleix et al. (2019). Climate, environment and human behaviour in the Middle Palaeolithic of Abrigo de la Quebrada (Valencia, Spain): The evidence from charred plant and micromammal remains. Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 152-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.11.032

Marean, CW (1998) A critique of the evidence for scavenging by Neanderthals and early modern humans: new data from Kobeh Cave (Zagros Mountains, Iran), Die Kielders Cave 1 layer 10, South Africa. J Hum Evol 35: 111-136.

Marín J, Saladié P, Rodríguez-Hidalgo A, Carbonell E (2017) Neanderthal hunting strategies inferred from mortality profiles within the Abric Romaní sequence. PLoS ONE12(11): e0186970.

Marín, Juan et al. (2019). Neanderthal logistic mobility during MIS3: Zooarchaeological perspective of Abric Romaní level P (Spain). Quaternary Science Reviews 225: 106033. [Abstract]

Marín, Juan et al. (2020). Neanderthal faunal exploitation and settlement dynamics at the Abri du Maras, level 5 (south-eastern France). Quaternary Science Reviews 243: 106472. [Abstract]

Marín, Juan et al. (2021). What Neanderthals and AMH ate: reassessment of the subsistence across the Middle–Upper Palaeolithic transition in the Vasco‐Cantabrian region of SW Europe. Journal of Quaternary Science 2021: 1-15.

Ana B. Marín-Arroyo and Bojana Mihailović. (2017). The Chronometric Dating and Subsistence of Late Neanderthals and Early Anatomically Modern Humans in the Central Balkans: Insights from Šalitrena Pećina (Mionica, Serbia). Journal of Anthropological Research. [Abstract]

Mariotti Lippi, M. et al. (2023). New evidence of plant food processing in Italy before 40ka. Quaternary Science Reviews 312: 108161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108161

Märker, Michael and Bolus, Michael. (2018). Explorative Spatial Analysis of Neandertal Sites using Terrain Analysis and Stochastic Environmental Modelling. GI_Forum 2018(2): 21-38.

Marom, Assaf and Rak, Yoel. (2018). Mechanical implications of the mandibular coronoid process morphology in Neandertals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23440 [Abstract]

Marquet J-C, Freiesleben TH, Thomsen KJ, Murray AS, Calligaro M, Macaire J-J, et al. (2023) The earliest unambiguous Neanderthal engravings on cave walls: La Roche-Cotard, Loire Valley, France. PLoS ONE 18(6): e0286568. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286568

Marquet, Jean-Claude and Lorblanchet, Michel. (2003). A Neanderthal face? The proto-figurine from La Roche-Cotard, Langeias (Indre-et-Loire, France). Antiquity 77(298): 661-670.

Marquet, J.-C., Lorblanchet, M., Egels, Y., Esquerre-Pourtere, J. and Hesse, M.-S., 2014. “Les Productions a Caractere Symbolique du Site Mousterien de La Roche-Cotard a Langeais (Indre-et-Loire, France) dans leur Context Geologique” in Paléo, Revue d’Archéologie Préhistorique, vol. 25: 169–194, Musée National de Préhistoire, Société des Amis du Musée National de Préhistoire et de la Recherche Archéologique (SAMRA), Les Eyzies de Tayac, France.

Márquez, S., Pagano, A. S., Delson, E., Lawson, W. and Laitman, J. T. (2014). The Nasal Complex of Neanderthals: An Entry Portal to their Place in Human Ancestry. Anat. Rec. 297: 2121-2137.

Marra, Fabrizio, Ceruleo, P., Jicha, B., Pandolfi, L. Petronio, Salari, L. (2015). A new age within MIS 7 for the Homo neanderthalensis of Saccopastore in the glacio-eustatically forced sedimentary successions of the Aniene River Valley, Rome. Quaternary Science Reviews 129: 260-274. [Abstract]

Marra, F., Ceruleo, P., Pandolfi, L., Petronio, C., Rolfo, M. F. and Salari, L. (2017). The Aggradational Successions of the Aniene River Valley in Rome: Age Constraints to Early Neanderthal Presence in Europe. PLoS ONE 12(1): e0170434.

F. Marra, M. F. Rolfo, M. Gaeta and F. Florindo. (2020). Anomalous Last Interglacial Tyrrhenian sea levels and Neanderthal settling at Guattari and Moscerini caves (central Italy). Scientific Reports 10: 11929. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68604-z

Marris, Emma. 2018. Neanderthal Artists Made Oldest-Known Cave Paintings. Nature. Available online: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02357-8

Marshack, Alexander, 1976. “Implications of the Paleolithic Symbolic Evidence for the Origin of Language” in American Scientist 64(March-April): 136-145.

Marshack, A., 1988. “La Pensee Symbolique et l’Art” in L’Homme de Neandertal Dossiers de l’Anthropologie, vol. 124: 80-90. [relevant citation?]

Marshack, A., 1988. “The Neanderthals and the Human Capacity of Symbolic Thought: Cognitive and Problem-Solving Aspects of Mousterian Symbol” in L’Homme de Neandertal. vol. 5 La Pensee, M. Otte, ed. Etudes et Recherches Archeologiques de l’Universite de Liege (ERAUL), (32): 57–92, Universite de Liege, Liege, Belgium.

Marshall, Michael. (2023). The earliest Neanderthal art. New Scientist 258(3445): 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(23)01179-X

Martin, Robert M. G., Hublin, Jean-Jacques, Gunz, Philipp and Skinner, Matthew M. (2017). The morphology of the enamel–dentine junction in Neanderthal molars: Gross morphology, non-metric traits, and temporal trends. Journal of Human Evolution 103: 20-44. [Abstract]

Martisius, Naomi L. et al. (2020). Non-destructive ZooMS identification reveals strategic bone tool raw material selection by Neandertals. Scientific Reports 10: 7746.

Mason, Paul H. and Short, Roger V. (2011). Neanderthal-human Hybrids. Hypothesis 9: 1-5.

Mateos, Ana et al. (In Press, 2014). Neandertal growth: What are the costs? Journal of Human Evolution. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.09.003 [Abstract]

Mathis F, Bodu P, Dubreuil O, Salomon H. PIXE identification of the provenance of ferruginous rocks used by Neanderthals. Nuclear Instruments Methods in Physics Research B 2014; 331: 275-279.

Maureille B (2002a) La redécouverte du nouveau-né néandertalien Le Moustier 2. PALEO 14:221–238.

Maureille B (2002b) A lost Neanderthal neonate found. Nature 419(6902): 33-34.

Maureille B (2005) The rediscovery of Le Moustier 2 Neandertal specimen. The Neanderthal Adolescent Le Moustier 1: New Aspects, New Results, ed Ullrich H (Staatliche Museenzu Berlin–Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin), pp. 63-72.

Maureille B, Bar D (1999) The premaxilla in Neandertal and early modern children: ontogeny and morphology. J Hum Evol 37: 137-152.

Maureille B, Tillier A-M (2008) Répartition géographique et chronologique des sepultures néandertaliennes. Première Humanité, Gestes Funéraires des Néandertaliens, eds Vandermeersch B, Cleyet-Merle J-J, Jaubert J, Maureille B, Turq A (Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Paris), pp 66–74.

Maureille B, Turq A (2005) Le Moustier sites’ excavations and their importance in French archaeology. The Neanderthal adolescent Le Moustier 1: New Aspects, New Results (Staatliche Museenzu Berlin–Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin), pp 21–28.

Mayor, Alejandro et al. (2022). An instance of Neanderthal mobility dynamics: a lithological approach to the flint assemblage from stratigraphic unit viii of El Salt rockshelter (Alcoi, eastern Iberia). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 44: 103544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103544

Mayoral, Eduardo et al. (2021). Tracking late Pleistocene Neandertals on the Iberian coast. Scientific Reports 11: 4103.

Mazo, Carlos and Alcolea, Marta. (In Press, 2019). New data concerning Neanderthal occupation in the Iberian System – First results from the late Pleistocene (MIS 3) Aguilón P5 cave site (NE Iberia). Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.07.025 [Abstract] [NB: the en dash should be a hyphen but it produces a 403 error]

P. P. A. Mazza et al., “A new Paleolithic discovery: tarhafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed,” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 33, pp. 1310–1318, 2006.

Mcdermott, F; Grün, R; Stringer, Cb; Hawkesworth, Cj (1993). Mass-spectrometric U-series dates for Israeli Neanderthal/early modern hominid sites. Nature 363(6426): 252–255.

McGrath, Kate et al. (2021). 3D enamel profilometry reveals faster growth but similar stress severity in Neanderthal versus Homo sapiens teeth. Sci Rep. 11: 522.

Medarametla, Rakesh et al. (2014). Prediction of Genome and Protein Structures of Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis Using NCBI Tools. J Data Mining Genomics Proteomics R1: 001. doi:10.4172/2153-0602.R1-001

Melchionna, Marina. (2018). Small and isolated: ecology and fragmentation of Neanderthals. Fossilia 2018: 53-56.

Melchionna, Marina et al. (In Press, 2018). Fragmentation of Neanderthals' pre-extinction distribution by climate change. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.031 [Abstract]

Melchionna, Marina et al. (2020). The brute that never was, life and death of Neanderthal man. Bulletin of Regional Natural History (BORNH) [2020](13 December): 1-9.

Mellars, P. (1996). The Neanderthal Legacy: An Archaeological Perspective from Western Europe. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univ Press. xix + 471 pp.

Mellars, P. (1999). CA Forum on Theory of Anthropology: The Neanderthal Problem Continued. Current Anthropology 40(3): 341-364.

Mellars P. 2004. Neandertals and the modern human colonization of Europe. Nature 432: 461-465.

Mellars P (2010) Neanderthal symbolism and ornament manufacture: The bursting of a bubble? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 20147–20148.

Mellars P. & French J.C. 2011. Tenfold population increase in Western Europe at the Neandertal-to-modern human transition. Science, 333: 623-627.

Mellars, P. A., Otte, M. and Straus, L. G. (1999). The Neanderthal problem continued. Current Anthropology 40: 341-364.

Mendez, Fernando L. et al. (2016). The Divergence of Neandertal and Modern Human Y Chromosomes. The American Journal of Human Genetics 98(4): 728-734. [Abstract]

Meneganzin, Andra and Bernardi, Massimo. (2023). Were Neanderthals and Homo sapiens 'good species'? Quaternary Science Reviews 303: 107975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.107975

Meneganzin, Andra and Currie, Adrian. (2022). Not by demography alone: Neanderthal extinction and null hypotheses in paleoanthropological explanation. Biology and Philosophy 37(6): 1-23. doi:10.1007/s10539-022-09881-y

ALEX MENEZ (2018) CUSTODIAN OF THE GIBRALTAR SKULL: THE HISTORY OF THE GIBRALTAR SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. Earth Sciences History: 2018, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 34-62. [Abstract]

Mercier N, Valladas H, Joron JL, Reyss JL, Lévêque F, Vandermeersch, B (1991) Thermoluminescense dating of the late Neanderthal remains from Saint-Césaire. Nature 351: 737-739.

Metz L.Néandertal en armes. Des armes et de l'arc, au tournant du 50' millénaire en France méditerranéenne. Doctoral thesis Université Aix-Marseille, 2015.

Meyer, V. 2013: Apport de la Reconstruction Virtuelle du Bassin de Regourdou 1 (Dordogne, France) à la Connaissance de l’Obstétrique Néandertalienne. Thèse de Doctorat, Université Bordeaux 1.

Meyer, Valentine, Bruzek, Jaroslav, Couture, Christine, Madelaine, Stéphane and Maureille, Bruno. (2011). Description morphologique des restes pelviens de Regourdou 1 (Montignac, Dordogne, France). PALEO 22: 207-222.

Mihailović, Dušan et al. (2022). Neanderthal settlement of the Central Balkans during MIS 5: Evidence from Pešturina Cave, Serbia. Quaternary International 610: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2021.09.003

Mills, Josephine Rose. (n.d.). Tracking the Hunters: Geochemical Profiling of Middle Palaeolithic Stone Artefacts to Reconstruct Neanderthal Landscape Use in the La Manche Region. Thesis.

Miras, Yannick et al. (2020). Neanderthal plant use and stone tool function investigated through non-pollen palynomorphs analyses and pollen washes in the Abri du Maras, South-East France. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 33: 102569. [Abstract]

Mithen, Steven. (2014). The Cognition of Homo neanderthalensis and H. sapiens: Does the Use of Pigment Necessarily Imply Symbolic Thought?, pp. 7-16. In: Takeru Akazawa, Naomichi Ogihara, Hiroki C Tanabe and Hideaki Terashima (eds.). Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans, Volume 2. [Abstract]

Moclán, Abel et al. (2021). A neanderthal hunting camp in the central system of the Iberian Peninsula: A zooarchaeological and taphonomic analysis of the Navalmaíllo Rock Shelter (Pinilla del Valle, Spain). Quaternary Science Reviews 269: 107142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107142

Moclán, Abel et al. (2023). Identifying activity areas in a neanderthal hunting camp (the Navalmaíllo Rock Shelter, Spain) via spatial analysis. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 15: 44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-023-01746-z

Modolo, Marta et al. (2018). Space, time and movements: how bone refits can be used to reconstruct Neanderthal’s occupational models: the case of Abric Romaní (Barcelona, Spain) and Riparo Tagliente (Verona, Italy). 13th ICAZ International Conference, Ankara, Turkey, 2nd-7th September 2018. Bone refits in faunal analysis: case studies and applications in archaeological assemblages.

Molnar S, Molnar IM (1985) The prevalence of enamel hypoplasia among the Krapina Neanderthals. Am Anthropol 87: 536-549.

Moncel, Marie-Hélène, Chacón, M. Gema et al. (2021). Late Neanderthal short-term and specialized occupations at the Abri du Maras (South-East France, level 4.1, MIS 3). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 13: 45. [Abstract]

Moncel M-H, Fernandes P, Willmes M, James H, Grün R. (2019). Rocks, teeth, and tools: New insights into early Neanderthal mobility strategies in South-Eastern France from lithic reconstructions and strontium isotope analysis. PLoS ONE 14(4): e0214925.

Moncel, M-H. and Rivals, F. (2011). On the question of short-term Neanderthal site occupations: Payre, France (MIS 8-7), and Taubach/Weimar, Germany (MIS 5). J Anthropol Res 67: 47-75.

Janet Monge, Morrie Kricun, Jakov Radovčić, Davorka Radovčić, Alan Mann, David W. Frayer. (2013). Fibrous dysplasia in a 120,000+ year old Neandertal from Krapina, Croatia. PLoS ONE 8(6): e64539.

Montes-Barquín, R. and Lasheras Corruchaga, J. A. (eds.). (2005). Neandertales cantábricos: estado de la cuestión. Monografías del Museo Nacional y Centro de Investigación de Altamira, Santillana del Mar.

Morin E, Laroulandie V (2012) Presumed symbolic use of diurnal raptors by neanderthals. PlosOne 7 (3) e32856.

Morales, Juan Ignacio et al. (2023). A new assemblage of Late Neanderthal remains from Cova Simanya (NE Iberia). Front. Earth Sci. 11. doi:10.3389/feart.2023.1230707

Moroni, Adriana et al. (2019). Late Neandertals in central Italy. High-resolution chronicles from Grotta dei Santi (Monte Argentario - Tuscany). Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 130-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.11.021

Mounier, Aurélien, Balzeau, Antoine, Caparros, Miguel and Grimaud-Hervé, Dominique. (2016). Brain, calvarium, cladistics: A new approach to an old question, who are modern humans and Neandertals? Journal of Human Evolution 92: 22-36. [Abstract]

Mounier, A. and Caparros, M. (2015). Le statut phylogénétique d’Homo heidelbergensis – étude cladistique des homininés du Pléistocène moyen. BMSAP. DOI: 10.1007/s13219-015-0127-4 [Abstract]

Mounier, Aurélien and Lahr, Marta Mirazón. (2016). Virtual ancestor reconstruction: Revealing the ancestor of modernhumans and Neandertals. Journal of Human Evolution 91: 57-72.

Muñiz, Fernando et al. (2019). Following the last Neanderthals: Mammal tracks in Late Pleistocene coastal dunes of Gibraltar (S Iberian Peninsula). Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 297-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.01.013

Muratova, Gulnur. (2023). Neanderthal subsistence and spatial behavior at a Paleolithic site of Bronze Cave, Georgia. Unpublished. http://nur.nu.edu.kz/handle/123456789/7275

Murphy, Elliot and Benítez-Burraco, Antonio. (2017). Paleo-oscillomics: Reconstructing language-relevant computational capacities in Neanderthals from the molecular basis of neural oscillations. BioRxiv.

Murphy, Elliot and Benítez-Burraco, Antonio. (2018). Paleo-oscillomics: inferring aspects of Neanderthal language abilities from gene regulation of neural oscillations. J Anthropol Sci. 96: 111-124. [Abstract]

Murray, John et al. (2015). The Contribution of William King to the Early Development of Palaeoanthropology. Irish Journal of Earth Sciences [2015], 16 pp.

Musgrave, J. H. (1973). The phalanges of Neandethal and Upper Palaeolithic hands, pp. 59-85. In: Day, M (ed.). Human Evolution. London: Taylor and Francis.

Nabais, Mariana Vilas Boas de Castro. (2018). Neanderthal Subsistence in Portugal: What Evidence? Archaeology International 21: 95-100.

Nabais, Mariana Vilas Boas de Castro. (2021). Neanderthal Diets in Portugal: Small and Large Prey Consumption during the Marine Isotope Stage 5 (MIS-5). Doctoral thesis (Ph.D), UCL (University College London). [available after 1 July 2022]

Nabais, Mariana Vilas Boas de Castro, Portero, Rodrigo and Zilhão, João. (2023). Neanderthal brown crab recipes: A combined approach using experimental, archaeological and ethnographic evidence. Historical Biology. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2023.2220005

Nabais, Mariana Vilas Boas de Castro and Zilhão, João. (2019). The consumption of tortoise among Last Interglacial Iberian Neanderthals. Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 225-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.024

Naito, Yuichi I., Chikaraishi, Yoshito, Drucker, Dorothée G., Ohkouchi, Naohiko, Semal, Patrick, Wißing, Christoph and Bocherens, Hervé. (2016). Ecological niche of Neanderthals from Spy Cave revealed by nitrogenisotopes of individual amino acids in collagen. Journal of Human Evolution 93: 82-90.

Navazo M, Jordá Pardo JF, Burow C, Kehl M, Pastoors A, Weniger GC and Wood R (in press) Last Neanderthal occupations at central Iberia. The lithic industry of Jarama VI rock shelter (Valdesotos, Guadalajara, Spain). Quatern Int

Navazo, Marta, Santamaría, Claudia and Santamaría, Marta. (2022). Using Cores as Tools: Use-wear Analysis of Neanderthal Recycling Processes in Level 4 at Prado Vargas (Cornejo, Merindad de Sotoscueva, Burgos, Spain). Lithic Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2022.2108276

Neves A.G.M. & Serva M. 2012. Extremely rare interbreeding events can explain Neanderthal DNA in living humans. PLoS ONE 7: 1-10.

Neubauer, Fernanda. (2014). A Brief Overview of the Last 10 Years of Major Late Pleistocene Discoveries in the Old World: Homo floresiensis, Neanderthal, and Denisovan. Journal of Anthropology 2014(581689): 1-7.

Nguyen, Vincent Lam. (2011). Exploration of Extinct Genomes Using Bioinformatics. Thesis?

Nicholson, Christopher M. (2017). Eemian paleoclimate zones and Neanderthal landscape-use: A GIS model of settlement patterning during the last interglacial. Quaternary International 438(B): 144-157.

Nielsen, Trine Kellberg et al. (In Press, 2016). Investigating Neanderthal dispersal above 55°N in Europe during the Last Interglacial Complex. Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.039 [Abstract]

Nowell, April. (2023). Rethinking Neandertals. Annual Review of Anthropology 52. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-052621-024752

Marcel J. L. Th. Niekus, Paul R. B. Kozowyk, Geeske H. J. Langejans, Dominique Ngan-Tillard, Henk van Keulen, Johannes van der Plicht, Kim M. Cohen, Willy van Wingerden, Bertil van Os, Bjørn I. Smit, Luc W. S. W. Amkreutz, Lykke Johansen, Annemieke Verbaas, Gerrit L. Dusseldorp. (2019). Middle Paleolithic complex technology and a Neandertal tar-backed tool from the Dutch North Sea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116(44): 22081-22087.

Marin-Monfort, María Dolores et al. (2021). Contribution of small mammal taphonomy to the last Neanderthal occupations at the El Salt site (Alcoi, southeastern Spain). Quaternary Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2021.4 [Abstract]

Mayor, Alejandro et al. (2020). On identifying Palaeolithic single occupation episodes: archaeostratigraphic and technological approaches to the Neanderthal lithic record of stratigraphic unit Xa of El Salt (Alcoi, eastern Iberia). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12: 84. [Abstract]

Nielsen, Trine Kellberg et al. (2019). Neanderthals at the frontier? Geological potential of southwestern South Scandinavia as archive of Pleistocene human occupation. Quaternary Science Reviews 221: 105870. [Abstract]

Niven, L. et al. (2012). Neandertal mobility and large-game hunting: The exploitation of reindeer during the Quina Mousterian at Chez-Pinaud Jonzac (Charente-Maritime, France). J. Hum. Evol. 63: 624-635.

Noonan, J.P., Coop, G., Kudaravalli, S., Smith, D., et al. (2006). Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA. Science 314(5802): 1113-1118.

Nowaczewska, W. (2011). Are Homo sapiens nonsupranuchal fossa and Neanderthal suprainiac convergent traits? Am J Phys Anthropol. 144: 552-563.

Nowaczewska, W., Binkowski, M., Benazzi, Stefano et al. (2020a). Neanderthal remains from Stajnia Cave in the light of new scientific data, pp. 91-92. In: Sobczyk A., Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kasprzak M., Kotowski A., Marciszak A., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2020 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 124 pp.

Nowaczewska, W., Binkowski, M., Kubicka, A. M., Piontek, J., Balzeau, A. (2019). Neandertal-like traits visible in the internal structure of non-supranuchal fossae of some recent Homo sapiens: The problem of their identification in hominins and phylogenetic implications. PLoS ONE 14(3): e0213687.

Nowaczewska, W., Binkowski, M., Benazzi, Stefano et al. (2020b). Neanderthal remains from Stajnia Cave in the light of new scientific data, pp. 91-92. In: Sobczyk A., Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kasprzak M., Kotowski A., Marciszak A., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2020 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 124 pp.

Nowaczewska, W., Dąbrowski, P., Stringer, Ch.B., Compton, T., Kruszynski, R., Nadachowski, A., Socha, P., Binkowski, M., Urbanowski, M. 2013. The tooth of Neanderthal child from Stajnia Cave, Poland. Journal of Human Evolution 64: 225-231.

Nowell, A. (2010). Defining behavioral modernity in the context of Neandertal and anatomically modern human populations. Annual Review of Anthropology, 39, 437-452.

Ochando, Juan et al. (2019). Silvicolous Neanderthals in the far West: the mid-Pleistocene palaeoecological sequence of Bolomor Cave (Valencia, Spain). Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 247-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.015

Ochando, Juan et al. (2020). Neanderthals in a highly diverse, mediterranean-Eurosiberian forest ecotone: The pleistocene pollen record of Teixoneres Cave, northeastern Spain. Quaternary Science Reviews 241: 106429. [Abstract]

Ochando, Juan et al. (In Press, 2020). The late quaternary pollen sequence of Toll Cave, a palaeontological site with evidence of human activities in Northeastern Spain. Quaternary International. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.06.048 [Abstract]

Ochando, Juan et al. (2022). Iberian Neanderthals in forests and savannahs. Journal of Quaternary Science 37(2): 335-362. doi:10.1002/jqs.3339

Ocobock, Cara, Lacy, Sarah and Niclou, Alexandra. (2021). Between a rock and a cold place: Neanderthal biocultural cold adaptations. Evol Anthropol. doi: 10.1002/evan.21894 [Abstract]

Odwak H (2000) Long bone robusticity and claviculo-humeral proportions of the Amud 7 Neandertal baby. Am J Phys Anthropol (Supplement 30):241.

Ogihara, N., Amano H., Kikuchi T., Morita Y., Suzuki H., Kondo O. (2018). Digital Reconstruction of Neanderthal and Early Homo sapiens Endocasts, pp. 9-32. In: Bruner, E., Ogihara, N. and Tanabe, H. (eds.). Digital Endocasts. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Tokyo: Springer. [Abstract]

Ogilvie, M. D., Curran, B. K. and Trinkaus, E. (1989). Prevalence and pattern of dental enamel hypoplasia among the Neandertals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 79: 25-41.

Ogilvie, M. D., Hilton, C. E. and Ogilvie, C. D. 1998: Lumbar anomalies in the Shanidar 3 Neandertal. Journal of Human Evolution 35: 597-610.

Olsen, Siri Topsø and White, Suzanna. (2022). Facial Morphologies of Middle Pleistocene Europe: Implications for Middle Pleistocene Hominin Phylogeny and the Evolution of Homo neanderthalensis. Preprint.

Omura, Keiichi. (2014). The Ability to Objectify Conventional Styles of Problem-Solving: A Hypothesis on the Difference in Learning Ability Between Modern Humans and Neanderthals, pp. 25-31. In: Akazawa, Takeru, Ogihara, Naomichi, Tanabe, Hiroki C. and Terashima, Hideaki (eds.). Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans: Volume 2. Tokyo: Springer.

Onac, Bogdan P. et al. (2005). U–Th ages constraining the Neanderthal footprint at Vârtop Cave, Romania. Quaternary Science Reviews 24(10-11): 1151-1157. [Abstract]

Orlando L, Darlu P, Toussaint M, Bonjean D, Otte M, Hänni C (2006) Revisiting Neandertal diversity with a 100,000 year old mtDNA sequence. Curr Biol 16:400–402

Ovchinnikov, Iv; Götherström, A; Romanova, Gp; Kharitonov, Vm; Lidén, K; Goodwin, W (2000). "Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus". Nature 404(6777): 490–3.

Ovchinnikov IV, Götherström A, Romanova GP, Kharitonov VM, Lidén K, and Goodwin W. 2000. Comparison of modern human and Neanderthal DNA. Nature 404: 490-493.

Overmann, Karenleigh A. and Coolidge, Frederick L. (2013). Human species and mating systems: Neandertal-Homo sapiens reproductive isolation and the archaeological and fossil records. Journal of Anthropological Sciences 91: 1-20.

Oxilia, Gregorio et al. (2022). Direct evidence that late Neanderthal occupation precedes a technological shift in southwestern Italy. American Journal of Biological Anthropology. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24593

Pääbo, Svante. (2014). Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes. London & New York: Basic Books. 288 pp.

Pablos, Adrián et al. (2019). Neandertal foot remains from Regourdou 1 (Montignac-sur-Vézère, Dordogne, France). Journal of Human Evolution 128: 17-44. [Abstract]

Pagano, Anthony Santino et al. (2019a). Neanderthal Eustachian tube morphology lowered population-wide fitness and contributed to extinction. The FASEB Journal 33(1): 612.15. [Abstract]

Pagano, Anthony Santino et al. (Accepted, 2019). Reconstructing the Neanderthal Eustachian Tube: New Insights on Disease Susceptibility, Fitness Cost, and Extinction. The Anatomical Record. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24248 [Abstract]

Le Page, Michael. (2022). Neanderthal family values. New Scientist 256(3409): 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(22)01876-0

Palancar, Carlos A. et al. (2020a). Krapina atlases suggest a high prevalence of anatomical variations in the first cervical vertebra of Neanderthals. Journal of Anatomy. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13215 [Abstract]

Palancar, Carlos A. et al. (2020b). Comparative anatomy and 3D geometric morphometrics of the El Sidrón atlases (C1). Journal of Human Evolution 149: 102897. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102897 [Abstract]

Panera, J., Rubio-Jara, S., Yravedra, J., Blain, H-A., Sesé, C. and Pérez-González, A. (2014). Manzanares Valley (Madrid, Spain): a good country for Proboscideans and Neanderthals. Quat Int 326-327: 329-343

Papagianni, Dimitra and Morse, Michael A. (2015). The Neanderthals Rediscovered: How Modern Science Is Rewriting Their Story (Revised and Updated Edition). Thames & Hudson. 208 pp.

Patou-Mathis, M. Neanderthal subsistence behaviours in Europe. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 10, 379–395 (2000)

Patte, E. 1957: L’Enfant Néanderthalien du Pech de l’Azé. Masson, Paris.

Patte E. 1959. La dentition des Néandertaliens. Ann Paleon (vert) 45.

Patou-Mathis, Marylène. (2018). Neandertal de A à Z. Paris: Allary Editions.

Patou-Mathis, Marylène et al. (In Press, 2018). The evidence from Vindija Cave (Croatia) reveals diversity of Neandertal behaviour in Europe. Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.06.023 [Abstract]

A. Paunescu, “La passage du Paleolithique moyen au Paleolithique Superieur Entre les Carpates et le Prut,” in L’homme de Neanderthal, J. K. Kozlowski, Ed., La mutation, Etudes et Recherches Archeologiques de l’Universite de Liege, vol. 31, pp. 133–147, 1988.

Paunescu, A. (1989). Le Paleolithique et le Mesolithique de Roumanie (un bref aperçu). Anthropologie 93: 123-158.

Pearce, Eiluned. (2018). Neanderthals and Homo sapiens: Cognitively Different Kinds of Human?, pp. 181-196. In: Di Paolo L., Di Vincenzo F., De Petrillo F. (eds) Evolution of Primate Social Cognition. Interdisciplinary Evolution Research. Springer, Cham. [Abstract]

Pearce E., Stringer C. and Dunbar R. I. M. (2013). New insights into differences in brain organization between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans. Proc. R. Soc. B, 280(1758): 1-7.

Pearson, Alannah, Polly, P. David and Bruner, Emiliano. (2019). Temporal lobe morphology in Neanderthals and modern humans. 9th Annual Meeting of the European Society for the study of Human Evolution (ESHE), 2019, p. 145.

Pearson, J. (2007). Hunters, fishers and scavengers: a review of the isotope evidence for Neanderthal diet. Before Farming 2007(2): [pagination?]. [Abstract]

Pearson, Osbjorn M., Cordero, R. M. and Busby, A. M. (2006). How different were Neanderthals' habitual activities? A comparative with diverse groups of recent humans, pp. 135-156. In: Harvati, K. and Harrison, T. (eds.). Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer.

Pearson, Osbjorn M., Pablos, Adrián et al. (2020). A Partial Neandertal Foot From the Late Middle Paleolithic of Amud Cave, Israel. PaleoAnthropology 2020: 98-125.

Pearson, Osbjorn M. and Sparacello, Vitale S. (2017). Behavioral Differences Between Near Eastern Neanderthals and the Early Modern Humans from Skhul and Qafzeh: An Assessment Based on Comparative Samples of Holocene Humans, pp. 175-186. In: Marom, Assaf and Hovers, Erella (eds.). Human Paleontology and Prehistory: Contributions in Honor of Yoel Rak. Springer International Publishing. [Abstract]

Pederzani, Sarah, Britton, Kate, Jones, Jennifer Rose, Lucía, Agudo Pérez, Geiling, Jeanne Marie and Marín-Arroyo, Ana B. (2023). Late Pleistocene Neanderthal exploitation of stable and mosaic ecosystems in northern Iberia shown by multi-isotope evidence. Quaternary Research. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2023.32

Peeters, Susan and Zwart, Hub. (2020). Neanderthals as familiar strangers and the human spark: How the ‘golden years’ of Neanderthal research reopen the question of human uniqueness. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 42: 33.

Pelletier, Maxime et al. (2017). Rabbits in the grave! Consequences of bioturbation on the Neandertal “burial” at Regourdou (Montignac-sur-Vézère, Dordogne). Journal of Human Evolution 110: 1-17. [Abstract]

Pelletier, Maxime et al. (2019). The exploitation of rabbits for food and pelts by last interglacial Neandertals. Quaternary Science Reviews 224: 105972. [Abstract]

Pennisi, Elizabeth. (2007). Ancient DNA. No sex please, we're Neandertals. Science 316(5827): 967.

Pennisi, Elizabeth. (2009). Neandertal Genomics: Tales of a Prehistoric Human Genome. Science 323(5916): 866-871.

Pereira-Pedro, Ana Sofia et al. (2020). A morphometric comparison of the parietal lobe in modern humans and Neanderthals. Journal of Human Evolution 142: 102770. [Abstract]

Peresani, Marco. (2022). Inspecting human evolution from a cave. Late Neanderthals and early sapiens at Grotta di Fumane: present state and outlook. Journal of Anthropological Sciences 100: 71-107. https://doi.org/10.4436/jass.10016

Peresani, Marco, Fiore I, Gala M, Romandini M, Tagliacozzo A (2011) Late Neandertals and the intentional removal of feathers as evidenced from bird bone taphonomy at Fumane Cave 44 ka B.P., Italy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(10): 3888-3893.

Peresani, Marco et al. (2021). A taste for the unusual. Green, flat pebbles used by late Neanderthals. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 64: 101368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101368

Pérez, Leopoldo et al. (2019). A High Temporal Resolution Zooarchaeological Approach to Neanderthal Subsistence Strategies on the Southeastern Iberian Peninsula: El Salt Stratigraphic Unit Xa (Alicante, Spain), pp. 237-289. In: Cascalheira, J. and Picin, A. (eds.). Short-Term Occupations in Paleolithic Archaeology. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Cham: Springer. [Abstract]

Pérez-Criado, Laura and Rosas, Antonio. (2017a). Evolutionary anatomy of the Neandertal ulna and radius in the light of the new El Sidrón sample. Journal of Human Evolution 106: 38-53. [Abstract]

Pérez-Criado, Laura et al. (2017b). Humeral laterality in modern humans and Neanderthals: a 3D geometric morphometric analysis. Anthropological Science. DOI: 10.1537/ase.170610

Peta, Kimberly T. et al. (2014). Neanderthal Contribution to the Modern Human Gene Pool is Minor. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Research 3(1): 1813-1821.

Petr, Martin et al. (2020). The evolutionary history of Neandertal and Denisovan Y chromosomes. bioRxiv preprint. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.983445

Pettitt P.B. 2000. Neanderthal lifecycles: developmental and social phases in the lives of the last archaics. World Archaeol., 31(3): 351-366.

Pettitt, Paul. (2002). The Neanderthal dead: exploring mortuary variability in Middle Palaeolithic Eurasia. Before Farming 2002(1): [pagination?]. [Abstract]

Pettitt, Paul. (2003). Is this the infancy of art? Or the art of an infant? A possible Neanderthal face from La Roche-Cotard, France. Before Farming 2003(4): 1-3. [Abstract]

Pettitt, Paul. (2006). Homo neanderthalensis (King 1864). Before Farming 2006(3): 1-3.

Picin, Andrea. (2022). Deconstructing Neanderthals' Mobility from an Environmental Perspective, pp. 13-45. In: Sobkowiak-Tabaka, I. et al (eds.). Quantifying Stone Age Mobility: Scales and Parameters. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Picin, Andrea and Carbonell, Eudald. (In Press, 2016). Neanderthal mobility and technological change in the northeastern of the Iberian Peninsula: The patterns of chert exploitation at the Abric Romaní rock-shelter. Comptes Rendus Palevol. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2015.09.012 [Abstract]

Picin, Andrea et al. (2020a). Neanderthal mobile toolkit in short-term occupations at Teixoneres Cave (Moia, Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102165

Picin, Andrea et al. (2020b). Climate change and Neanderthals dispersal during the last glacial in central Europe: new insights from Stajnia Cave, pp. 99-100. In: Sobczyk A., Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kasprzak M., Kotowski A., Marciszak A., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2020 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 124 pp.

Picin, Andrea et al. (2021). New perspectives on Neanderthal dispersal and turnover from Stajnia Cave (Poland). Scientific Reports 10: 14778. [author correction: "Marjolein D. Bosch was omitted from the author list in the original version of this Article"]

Pingfu, Chen. (2016). New Finds in China Suggesting Different Story of Human Evolutionary History. BCAS 30(3): 156-160.

Pinhasi R. Higham T.F.G., Golovanova L.V. & Doronichev V.B. (2011). Revised age of late Neanderthal occupation and the end of the Middle Paleolithic in the northern Caucasus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108(21): 8611-8616.

Pinhasi R, Nioradze M, Tushabramishvili N, Lordkipanidze D, Pleurdeau D, Moncel MH, Adler DS, Stringer C, Higham TFG (2012). New chronology for the Middle Palaeolithic of the southern Caucasus suggests early demise of Neanderthals in this region. J Hum Evol 63: 770-780.

de Pinillos, Marina Martínez et al. (2020). Inner morphological and metric characterization of the molar remains from the Montmaurin-La Niche mandible: The Neanderthal signal. Journal of Human Evolution 145: 102739. [Abstract]

Pinto-Llona, Ana Cristina and Grandal-d'Anglade, Aurora. (2022). Sorting the riddle of the Neanderthal to anatomically modern human boundary in Sopeña (Asturias, Spain): New dates and a preliminar Bayesian analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 45: 103607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103607

Piperno M, Scichilone G (eds) The Circeo 1 Neanderthal skull; studies and documentation. Instituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Rome.

Pirson, Stéphane et al. (2017). Spy and Scladina Caves: A Neandertal’s Story, pp. 357-383. In: Demoulin, Alain (ed.). Landscapes and Landforms of Belgium and Luxembourg (World Geomorphological Landscapes (WGL) series). Cham: Springer. [Abstract]

Piveteau J, de Lumley H, and de Lumley MA. 1963. Découverte de restes néandertaliens dans la grotte de l'Hortus (Valflaunes, Herault). CR Acad Sc Paris 256: 40-44.

Polk, J. D. (2004). Influences of limb proportions and body size on locomotor kinematics in terrestrial primates and fossil hominins. Journal of Human Evolution 47: 237-252.

Pomeroy, E., Bennett, P., Hunt, C., Reynolds, T., Farr, L., Frouin, M., Holman, J., et al. (year?). New Neanderthal remains associated with the ‘Flower Burial’ at Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan. Antiquity. doi: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.43209 [Abstract]

Ponce de León M.S., Golovanova L., Doronichev V., Romanova G., Akazawa T., Kondo O., Ishida H. & Zollikofer C.P. (2008). Neanderthal brain size at birth provides insights into the evolution of human life history. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(37): 13764-13768.

Ponce de León M, Zollikofer C (2001) Neanderthal cranial ontogeny and its implications for late hominid diversity. Nature 412(6846): 534-538.

Pons-Branchu, Edwige et al. (2020). U-series dating at Nerja cave reveal open system. Questioning the Neanderthal origin of Spanish rock art. Journal of Archaeological Science 117: 105120. [Abstract]

Posth, C. et al. (2017). Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals. Nat. Commun. 8: 16046.

Pratas, Diogo, Hosseini, Morteza, Silva, Raquel M., Pinho, Armando J. and Ferreira, Paulo J. S. G. (?). Visualization of distinct DNA regions of the modern human relatively to a Neanderthal genome. 8'th Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (IbPRIA)

Graham W. Prescott, David R. Williams, Andrew Balmford, Rhys E. Green, and Andrea Manica. (2012). Reply to Lima-Ribeiro et al.: Human arrival scenarios have little influence on interpretations of late Quaternary extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1208586109

Price, Michael. (2020). Africans, too, carry Neanderthal genetic legacy. Science 367(6477): 497. [Summary]

Prüfer K, Racimo F, Patterson N, Jay F, Sankararaman S, Sawyer S, Heinze A, Renaud G, Sudmant PH, de Filippo C, Li H, Mallick S, Dannemann M, Fu Q, Kircher M, Kuhlwilm M, Lachmann M, Meyer M, Ongyerth M, Siebauer M, Theunert C, Tandon A, Moorjani P, Pickrell J, Mullikin JC, Vohr SH, Green RE, Hellmann I, Johnson PLF, Blanche H, Cann H, Kitzman JO, Shendure J, Eichler EE, Lein ES, Bakken TE, Golovanova LV, Doronichev VB, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Viola B, Slatkin M, Reich D, Kelso J, Pääbo S (2014) The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature 505(7481): 43-49.

Prüfer, K. et al. (2017). A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Vindija Cave in Croatia. Science 358: 655-658.

Qualm, Rolf et al. (In Press, 2015). The Neandertals of northeastern Iberia: New remains from the Cova del Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona). Journal of Human Evolution. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.02.002. [Abstract]

Rae, T. C., Koppe, T. and Stringer, C. (2011). The Neanderthal face is not cold adapted. Journal of Human Evolution 60: 234-239.

Radovčić D, Sršen AO, Radovčić J, Frayer DW (2015) Evidence for Neandertal jewelry: modified white-tailed eagle claws at Krapina. PLoS One 10(3):e0119802.

Radović, Predrag et al. (2019). The first Neanderthal specimen from Serbia: Maxillary first molar from the Late Pleistocene of Pešturina Cave. Journal of Human Evolution 131: 139-151. [Abstract]

Rak Y. 1986. The Neandertal: a new look at an old face. J Hum Evol 15:151-164.

Rak Y (1993) Morphological variation in Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens in the Levant: a biogeographic model. In: Kimbel WH, Martin LB (eds) Species, species concepts, and primate evolution. Plenum Press, New York, pp 523-536

Rak Y (1998) Does any Mousterian cave present evidence of the two hominid species? In: Akazawa T, Aoki K, Bar-Yosef O (eds) Neandertals and modern humans in western Asia. Plenum Press, New York, pp 353–366

Rak, Y. and Arensburg, B. (1987). Kebara 2 neanderthal pelvis: first look at a complete inlet. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 73: 227–231.

Rak, Y., Ginzburg, A. and Geffen, E. (2002). Does Homo neanderthalensis play a role in modern human ancestry? The mandibular evidence. Am J Phys Anthropol 119: 199-204.

Rak, Y., Kimbel, W. and Hovers, E. (1994). A Neanderthal Infant from Amud Cave, Journal of Human Evolution 26: 313-324.

Rak, Yoel and Marom, Assaf. (2016). Opposing Extremes of Zygomatic Bone Morphology: Australopithecus boisei versus Homo neanderthalensis. The Anatomical Record. DOI: 10.1002/ar.23491 [Abstract]

Ramírez Rozzi FV, Bermúdez de Castro JM (2004) Surprisingly growth in Neanderthals. Nature 428: 936-939.

Rampelli, Simone et al. (2021). Components of a Neanderthal gut microbiome recovered from fecal sediments from El Salt. Communications Biology 4: 169.

Ready, Elspeth. (2012). Neandertal foraging during the late Mousterian in the Pyrenees: New insights based on faunal remains from Gatzarria Cave. Journal of Archaeological Science (In Press). [Abstract]

Real, Cristina et al. (2019). Neanderthal subsistence and short-term human occupation patterns during MIS 5. New data from Abrigo de la Quebrada (Valencia, Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 28: 102056. [Abstract]

Reilly, Patrick F. et al. (2022). The contribution of Neanderthal introgression to modern human traits. Current Biology 32(18): R970-R983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.027

Reinscheid, Rainer K. et al. (2021). Neandertal introgression and accumulation of hypomorphic mutations in the neuropeptide S (NPS) system promote attenuated functionality. Peptides 138: 170506. [Abstract]

Relethford JH. 2001a. Absence of regional affinities of Neandertal DNA with living humans does not reject multiregional evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:95-8.

Remal, G. J. (2013). Harvard professor blasts Neanderthal clone baby rumor on web. Boston Herald. January 22. http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2013/01/harvard_professor_blasts_neanderthal_clone_baby_rumor_web

Rendu, W. Hunting behavior and Neanderthal adaptability in the Late Pleistocene site of Pech-de-l’Azé I. J. Archaeol. Sci. 37, 1798–1810 (2010).

Rendu W, et al. (2014) Evidence supporting an intentional Neandertal burial at La Chapelle-aux-Saints. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(1): 81-86.

Renfrew, Colin, 2009. “Introduction: Becoming Human: Changing Perspectives on the Emergence of Human Values” in Becoming Human: Innovation in Prehistoric Material and Spiritual Culture, 1–9, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Rey-Rodríguez, Iván et al. (2016). Last Neanderthals and first Anatomically Modern Humans in the NW Iberian Peninsula: Climatic and environmental conditions inferred from the Cova Eirós small-vertebrate assemblage during MIS 3. Quaternary Science Reviews 151: 185-197. [Abstract]

Rey-Rodríguez, Iván et al. (2020). Exploring the landscape and climatic conditions of Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans in the Middle East: the rodent assemblage from the late Pleistocene of Kaldar Cave (Khorramabad Valley, Iran). Quaternary Science Reviews 236: 106278. [Abstract]

Rhodes, Sara E. (2019). Of Mice and (Neanderthal) Men: The small mammal record of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in the Swabian Jura, Germany. Dissertation, der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen.

Richard, Maïlys et al. (2019). New electron spin resonance (ESR) ages from Geißenklösterle Cave: A chronological study of the Middle and early Upper Paleolithic layers. Journal of Human Evolution 133: 133-145. [Abstract]

Richard, Maïlys et al. (2021). Timing of Neanderthal occupations in the southeastern margins of the Massif Central (France): A multi-method approach. Quaternary Science Reviews 273: 107241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107241

Richards GD, Guipert G, Jabbour RS, Defleur AR. (2021). Neanderthal cranial remains from Baume Moula-Guercy (Soyons, Ardèche, France). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24256 [Abstract]

Richards, Gary D., Jabbour, Rebecca S., Guipert, Gaspard and Defleur, Alban. (2022a). Neanderthal child's occipital from Baume Moula-Guercy (Soyons, Ardèche, France). American Journal of Biological Anthropology 178(1): 69-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24489

Richards, Gary D., Jabbour, Rebecca S., Guipert, Gaspard and Defleur, Alban. (2022b). Endocranial Anatomy of the Guercy 1 Early Neanderthal from Baume Moula-Guercy (Soyons, Ardèche, France). The Anatomical Record. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25118

Richards MP, Pettitt PB, Trinkaus E, Smith FH, Paunovic M, Karavanic I (2000) Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: the evidence from stable isotopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:663–7666.

Richards MP, Trinkaus E (2009) Out of Africa: Modern human origins special feature: isotopic evidence for the diets of European Neanderthals and early modern humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(38): 16034-16039.

Richards M., Harvati K., Grimes V., Smith C., Smith T., Hublin J.-J, Karkanas P. & Panagopoulou E. 2008. Strontium isotope evidence of Neanderthal mobility at the site of Lakonis, Greece using laser-ablation PIMMS. J. Archaeol. Sci., 35: 1251-1256.

Richards MP, Pettitt PB, Trinkaus E, Smith FH, Paunović M, Karavanić I. (2000). Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97(13): 7663–6.

Richards M.P., Trinkaus E. & Klein R.G. 2009. Isotopic evidence for the diets of European Neanderthals and early modern humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106: 16034-16039.

Richards, M. P., Mannino, M. A., Jaouen, K., Dozio, A., Hublin, J-J. and Peresani, M. (2021). Strontium isotope evidence for Neanderthal and modern human mobility at the upper and middle palaeolithic site of Fumane Cave (Italy). PLoS ONE 16(8): e0254848. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254848

Richter J. 2001. For lack of a wise old man? Late Neanderthal land use patterns in the Altmühl River Valley, Southern Germany. In N. Conrad (ed): Middle Stone Age and Middle Palaeolithic Settlement Patterns, pp. 205–220. Kerns Verlag, Tübingen.

Julien Riel-Salvatore; Ingrid C. Ludeke; Fabio Negrino; Brigitte M. Holt. (2013). A Spatial Analysis of the Late Mousterian Levels of Riparo Bombrini (Balzi Rossi, Italy). Canadian Journal of Archaeology 37(1): 070-092. [Abstract]

Riel-Salvatore, Julien et al. (2022). The ‘Semi-Sterile Mousterian’ of Riparo Bombrini: evidence of a late-lasting Neanderthal refugium in Liguria. Journal of Quaternary Science 37(2): 268-282. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3411

Riga A, Boggioni M, Papini A, Buzi C, Profico A, Di Vincenzo F, et al. (2020) In situ observations on the dentition and oral cavity of the Neanderthal skeleton from Altamura (Italy). PLoS ONE 15(12): e0241713. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241713

Rink WJ, Schwarcz HP, Valoch K, Seitl L, and Stringer CB. (1996). ESR dating of Micoquian Industry and Neanderthal remains at Kulna Cave, Czech Republic. J. Arch. Sci. 23:889-901.

Rinker, David C. et al. (2019). Neanderthal introgression reintroduced functional alleles lost in the human out of Africa bottleneck. bioRxiv preprint. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/533257

Ríos, L. et al. (2019). Skeletal Anomalies in The Neandertal Family of El Sidrón (Spain) Support A Role of Inbreeding in Neandertal Extinction. Scientific Reports 9: 1697.

Rios-Garaizar, Joseba. (2020). Microlithic lithic technology of Neandertal shellfishers from El Cuco rockshelter (Cantabrian Region, northern Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 30: 102201. [Abstract]

Rios-Garaizar, Joseba and Eixea, Aleix. (2021). Lithic technological choices of late Neandertals in a mountain environment south of the Ebro Valley, Iberian Peninsula (Peña Miel level e). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 13: 123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01360-x [Abstract]

Rios-Garaizar, J. et al. Short-term Neandertal occupations in the late Middle Pleistocene of Arlanpe (Lemoa, northern Iberian Peninsula). Comptes Rendus Palevol 14, 233–244 (2015).

Rivals F, Schulz E, Kaiser TM (2009a) A new application of dental wear analyses: estimation of duration of hominid occupations in archaeological localities. J Hum Evol 56: 329-339. [relevant citation?]

Rivals F, Moncel MH, Patou-Mathis M (2009b) Seasonality and intra-site variation of Neanderthal occupations in the Middle Palaeolithic locality of Payre (Ardèche, France) using dental wear analyses. J Archaeol Sci 36: 1070-1078.

Rmoutilová, Rebeka et al. (2019). A case of marked bilateral asymmetry in the sacral alae of the Neandertal specimen Regourdou 1 (Périgord, France). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23968 [Abstract]

Roberts, Michael F. and Bricher, Stephen E. (2018). Modeling the disappearance of the Neanderthals using principles of population dynamics and ecology. Journal of Archaeological Science 100: 16-31. [Abstract]

Robles, Christopher Raymond. (2022). Examining the impact of Neanderthal DNA on modern human biology. PhD dissertation, University of California.

Rodriguez-Perez, Francisco Javier et al. (In Press, 2017). A 3D form comparative analysis of the Neandertal glenoid fossa in the context of the genus Homo. Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.07.031 [Abstract]

Rodríguez-Vidal, J., d’Errico, F., Pacheco, F. G., Blasco, R., Rosell, J., Jennings, R. P., Queffelec, A., Finlayson, G., Fa, D. A., López, J. M. G., Carrión, J. S., Negro, J. J., Finlayson, S., Cáceres, L. M., Bernal, M. A., Jiménez, S. F., & Finlayson, C. (2014). A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar. PNAS, 111, 13301–13306.

Roebroeks W, Hublin J-J, MacDonald K (2011) in Continuities and Discontinuities in Neandertal Presence: A Closer Look at Northwestern Europe. The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain, Developments in Quaternary Science, eds Ashton NM, Lewis SG, Stringer CB (Elsevier, Amsterdam), pp 113–123.

Roebroeks, Wil, Siera MJ, Nielsena TK, De Loeckera , Parés JM, et al. (2012) Use of red ochre by early Neanderthals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(6): 1889-1894.

Roebroeks, Wil and Soressi, Marie. (2016). Neandertals revised. PNAS 113(23): 6372-6379.

Rogers, Alan R. et al. (2019). Neanderthal-Denisovan ancestors interbred with a distantly-related hominin. bioRxiv preprint. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/657247

Roksandic, Mirjana, Radović, Predrag, Lindal, Joshua and Mihailović, Dušan. (2022). Early Neanderthals in contact: The Chibanian (Middle Pleistocene) hominin dentition from Velika Balanica Cave, Southern Serbia. Journal of Human Evolution 166: 103175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103175

Rolfo, Mario Federico et al. (2023). Neanderthal bones collected by hyena at Grotta Guattari, central Italy, 66–65 ka: U/Th chronology and paleoenvironmental setting. Quaternary Science Reviews 311: 108132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108132

Romagnoli, Francesca, Baena, Javier and Sarti, Lucia. (In Press, 2015). Neanderthal retouched shell tools and Quina economic and technical strategies: An integrated behaviour. Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.034 [Abstract]

Romandini, Matteo et al. (In Press, 2016). Neanderthal scraping and manual handling of raptors wing bones: Evidence from Fumane Cave. Experimental activities and comparison. Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.078 [Abstract]

Romandini, M., Gregorio, O., Bortolini, E., Peyrégne, S., Delpiano, D., Nava, A., et al. (2020). A late Neanderthal tooth from northeastern Italy. Journal of Human Evolution, 147: 102867. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102867. [Abstract]

Romandini, M., Peresani, M., Laroulandie, V., Metz, L., Pastoors, A., Vaquero, M., & Slimak, L. (2014). Convergent evidence of eagle talons used by late Neandertals in Europe: a further assessment on symbolism. PloS One, 9(7): e101278.

Romandini, Matteo, Silvestrini, Sara et al. (2023). Late Neanderthal “menu” from northern to southern Italy: freshwater and terrestrial animal resources. Quaternary Science Reviews 315: 108233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108233

Romero, Antonio J. et al. (2018). Neanderthal communities in the heart of the Iberian Peninsula: taphonomic and zooarchaeological study of the Mousterian site of Jarama VI (Guadalajara, Spain). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0625-7

Romero, Antonio J. et al. (2022). Neanderthal socioeconomic behaviour based on taphonomic and zooarchaeological study of the Mousterian site of Arrillor (Álava, Basque Country, Spain). Research Square preprint. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2180669/v1

Rosas A (2001) Occurrence of Neanderthal features in mandibles from the Atapuerca-SH Site. Am J Phys Anthropol 114: 74-91.

Rosas, Antonio, Bastir, Markus and Alarcón, Jose Antonio. (2019). Tempo and mode in the Neandertal evolutionary lineage: A structuralist approach to mandible variation. Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 62-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.02.025

Rosas, Antonio, Bastir, Markus, Martinez-Maza C, Garcia-Tabernero A, Lalueza-Fox C (2006) Inquiries into Neanderthal cranio-facial development and evolution: ‘accretion’ vs ‘organismic’ models. In: Harvati K, Harrison T (eds) Neanderthals revisited: new approaches and perspectives. Springer, Dordrecht.

Rosas, Antonio, Ferrando, Anabel et al. (2017). Neandertal talus bones from El Sidrón site (Asturias, Spain): A 3D geometric morphometrics analysis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23280. [Abstract]

Rosas, A. et al. Paleobiology and comparative morphology of a late Neandertal sample from El Sidron, Asturias, Spain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 19266–19271 (2006)

Rosas, Antonio et al. (2014). Temporal Lobe Sulcal Pattern and the Bony Impressions in the Middle Cranial Fossa: The Case of the El Sidrón (Spain) Neandertal Sample. The Anatomical Record. [Abstract]

Rosas, Antonio et al. (2016). Adult Neandertal clavicles from the El Sidrón site (Asturias, Spain) in the context of Homo pectoral girdle evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 95: 55-67. [Abstract]

Rosas, Antonio et al. (2017). The growth pattern of Neandertals, reconstructed from a juvenile skeleton from El Sidrón (Spain). Science 357(6357): 1282-1287. [Abstract]

Rose, Edward P. F. and Stringer, Christopher B. (1997). Gibraltar woman and Neanderthal Man. Geology Today 13(5): 179-184. [Abstract]

Rosell, Jordi et al. (In Press, 2015). A resilient landscape at Teixoneres Cave (MIS 3; Moià, Barcelona, Spain): The Neanderthals as disrupting agent. Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.077 [Abstract]

Rosell, Jordi and Blasco, Ruth. (2019). The early use of fire among Neanderthals from a zooarchaeological perspective. Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 268-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.002

Rosenberg, K. R. (1988). The functional significance of Neandertal pubic length. Current Anthropology 29: 595-617.

Rosendahl, W. and Darga, R. (2004). Homo sapiens neanderthalensis et Panthera leo spelaea—du nouveau a propos du site de Siegsdorf (Chiemgau), Baviere/Allemagne. Rev. Palaeobiol. 3: 2.

Rothschild, Bruce and Haeusler, Martin. (2021). Possible vertebral brucellosis infection in a Neanderthal. Scientific Reports 11: 19846. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99289-7

Ruan, Jiaoyang et al. (2023). Climate shifts orchestrated hominin interbreeding events across Eurasia. Science 381(6658): add4459. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add4459

Rudaya, Natalia, Vasiliev, Sergei, Viola, Bence, Talamo, Sahra and Markin, Sergei. (In Press, 2015). Palaeoenvironments during the period of the Neanderthals settlement in Chagyrskaya cave (Altai Mountains, Russia). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.12.007 [Abstract]

Ruebens, Karen. (2013). Regional behaviour among late Neanderthal groups in Western Europe: A comparative assessment of late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial tool variability. Journal of Human Evolution. [incomplete citation]

Ruebens, Karen, Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie et al. (2022). The Late Middle Palaeolithic Occupation of Abri du Maras (Layer 1, Neronian, Southeast France): Integrating Lithic Analyses, ZooMS and Radiocarbon Dating to Reconstruct Neanderthal Hunting Behaviour. Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology 5: 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-022-00113-z

Ruebens, Karen, Smith, Geoff M. et al. (2023). Neanderthal subsistence, taphonomy and chronology at Salzgitter‐Lebenstedt (Germany): a multifaceted analysis of morphologically unidentifiable bone. Journal of Quaternary Science.

Ruebens, Karen and Sykes, Rebecca M. Wragg. (In Press, 2015). Spatio-temporal variation in late Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthal behaviour: British bout coupé handaxes as a case study. Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.037 [Abstract]

Ruiz, Marta Navazo et al. (2020). Last Neanderthal occupations at Central Iberia: the lithic industry of Jarama VI rock shelter (Valdesotos, Guadalajara, Spain). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12: 45. [Abstract]

Ruiz, Marta Navazo et al. (2021). Late Neanderthal subsistence strategies and cultural traditions in the northern Iberia Peninsula: Insights from Prado Vargas, Burgos, Spain. Quaternary Science Reviews 254: 106795. [Abstract]

Rusch, Lucile et al. (2019). Neanderthal and carnivore occupations in unit II from the Upper Pleistocene site of Ramandils Cave, (Port-la-Nouvelle, Aude, France). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 28: 102038. [Abstract]

Russo, Gabriele et al. (2023). First direct evidence of lion hunting and the early use of a lion pelt by Neanderthals. Scientific Reports 13: 16405. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42764-0

Domingo C. Salazar-García, Robert C. Power, Alfred Sanchis Serra, Valentín Villaverde, Michael J. Walker, Amanda G. Henry. (2013). Neanderthal diets in central and southeastern Mediterranean Iberia. Quaternary International 318: 3-18. [Abstract]

Sánchez-Hernández, Carlos et al. (2019). Combined dental wear and cementum analyses in ungulates reveal the seasonality of Neanderthal occupations in Covalejos Cave (Northern Iberia). Scientific Reports 9: 14335.

Sánchez-Hernández, Carlos et al. (2014). Short, but repeated Neanderthal visits to Teixoneres Cave (MIS 3, Barcelona, Spain): a combined analysis of tooth microwear patterns and seasonality. Journal of Archaeological Science 49: 317-325.

Sánchez-Hernández, Carlos et al. (In Press, 2020a). Dietary traits of ungulates in northeastern Iberian Peninsula: Did these Neanderthal preys show adaptive behaviour to local habitats during the Middle Palaeolithic? Quaternary International. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.01.008 [Abstract]

Sánchez-Hernández, Carlos et al. (2020b). High-resolution Neanderthal settlements in mediterranean Iberian Peninsula: A matter of altitude? Quaternary Science Reviews 247: 106523. [Abstract]

Sánchez-Quinto F., Botigué L.R., Civit S., Arenas C., Ávila-Arcos M.C., Bustamante C.D. and Lalueza-Fox C. (2012). North African populations carry the signature of admixture with Neandertals. PLoS ONE 7: 1-6.

Sánchez-Romero, Laura et al. (2020). New insights for understanding spatial patterning and formation processes of the Neanderthal occupation in the Amalda I cave (Gipuzkoa, Spain). Scientific Reports 10:8733. [a brief author correction was issued]

Sanchis, Alfred et al. (In Press, 2018). Neanderthal and carnivore activities at Llonin Cave, Asturias, northern Iberian Peninsula: Faunal study of Mousterian levels (MIS 3)Activités de Néandertaliens et carnivores dans la grotte de Llonin, Asturies, Nord de la péninsule Ibérique : étude de la faune des niveaux moustériens (MIS 3). Comptes Rendus Palevol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2018.06.001 [Abstract]

Sandgathe, D. M. and Hayden, B. (2003). Did Neanderthals eat inner bark? Antiquity 77: 709-718.

Sandgathe, D. M. et al. (2011). On the role of fire in Neandertal adaptations in western Europe: Evidence from Pech de l’Azé and Roc de Marsal, France. PaleoAnthropology 2011: 216-242.

Sanguino-González, J. & Montes-Barquín, R. Nuevos datos para el conocimiento del Paleolítico Medio en la Región Cantábrica. La Cueva de Covalejos. In Neandertales Cantábricos. Estado de la Cuestión (eds Montes Barquín, R. & Lasheras Corruchaga, J. A.) 489–504 (Museo Nacional y Centro de Investigación de Altamira. Monografías no 20 2005).

Sankararaman S, Mallick S, Daneman M, Prüfer K, Kelso J, Pääbo S, Patterson N, Reich D (2014) The genomic landscape of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans. Nature 507(7492): 354-357.

Sankararaman S., Mallick S., Patterson N. et al. (2016). The Combined Landscape of Denisovan and Neanderthal Ancestry in Present-Day Humans. Current Biology 26(9): 1241-1247.

Sankararaman S., Patterson N., Li H., Pääbo S. & Reich D. (2012). The date of interbreeding between Neandertals and modern humans. PLoS Genet. 8: e1002947.

Sansalone, Gabriele et al. (2023). Homo sapiens and Neanderthals share high cerebral cortex integration into adulthood. Nature Ecology & Evolution 7: 42-50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01933-6

Santa Luca, A. P. (1978). A re-examination of presumed Neandertal-like fossils. J. Hum. Evol. 7: 619-636.

Carmen Santagata, Marie-Hélène Moncel and Jean-Paul Raynal. (In Press, 2017). Neanderthals and volcanic rocks. Opportunistic behaviour or optimized management? Comptes Rendus Palevol. [Abstract]

Santamaria D., Fortea J., de la Rasilla M., Martínez L., Martínez E., Cañaveras J. C., Sánchez-Moral S., Rosas A., Estalrrich A., García-Tabernero A. and Lalueza-Fox C. (2010). The technological and typological behaviour of a Neanderthal group from El Sidrón cave (Asturias, Spain). Oxford J. Archaeol. 29: 119-148.

Santamaría Díez, Marta et al. (2021). Atapuerca Neanderthal landscape at Fuente Mudarra site in Burgos, Spain, during Marine Isotope Stages 5–3. Quaternary Research 99: 248-269. [Abstract]

Sañudo P, Vallverdú J, Canals A et al (2012) Spatial Patterns in level J. In: High resolution archaeology and Neanderthal behavior. Time and space in level J of Abric Romaní (Capellades, Spain). Springer, New York, pp 47–76.

Sawyer GJ, Maley B (2005) Neanderthal reconstructed. The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist 283B(1): 23-31.

Schaaffhausen, H. 1857 Theile des menschlichen Skelettes im Neanderthal bei Hochdahl. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande und Westphalens 14, 50-52.

Schaefer, Nathan K. et al. (2021). An ancestral recombination graph of human, Neanderthal, and Denisovan genomes. Sci. Adv. 7: eabc0776.

Scherjon, F. (2019). Virtual Neanderthals: a study in agent-based modelling Late Pleistocene hominins in western Europe. Dissertation, Leiden University.

Schillaci, M.A., Froehlich, J.W., 2001. Nonhuman primate hybridization and the taxonomic status of Neanderthals. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 115: 157-166.

Schmidt, Patrick et al. (2019). Birch tar production does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity. PNAS. doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911137116 [Abstract]

Schmidt, Patrick et al. (2023). Production method of the Königsaue birch tar documents cumulative culture in Neanderthals. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 15: 84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-023-01789-2

Scholz, Michael et al. (2000). Genomic Differentiation of Neanderthals and Anatomically Modern Man Allows a Fossil–DNA-Based Classification of Morphologically Indistinguishable Hominid Bones. The American Journal of Human Genetics 66(6): 1927-1932. [Abstract]

Schmidt, Patrick et al. (2020). The Zandmotor data do not resolve the question whether Middle Paleolithic birch tar making was complex or not. PNAS 117(9): 4456-4457.

Schmitz RW, Serre D, Bonani G, Feine S, Hillgruber F, Krainitzki H, Pääbo S, Smith FH (2002) The Neandertal type site revisited: interdisciplinary investigations of skeletal remains from the Neander Valley, Germany. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99: 13342-13347.

Schwarcz HP, Simpson J, and Stringer CB. 1998. Neanderthal skeleton from Tabun: Useries dating by gamma ray spectrometry. J Hum Evol 35:635-645.

Schwartz, J. H. and Tattersall, I. (1996a). Significance of some previously unrecognized apomorphies in the nasal region of Homo neanderthalensis. Proc Nat Acad Sci 93:10852-10854.

Schwartz, J. H. and Tattersall, I. (1996b). Toward distinguishing Homo neanderthalensis from Homo sapiens, and vice versa. Anthropologie 34: 79-88.

Sciubba, Enrico. (2019). The Exergy Footprint as a Sustainability Indicator: An Application to the Neandertal-Sapiens Competition in the Late Pleistocene. Preprints 2019, 2019060129.

Scott, Beccy and Shaw, Andy (eds.). (2023). Repeopling La Manche: New Perspectives on Neanderthal Archaeology and Landscapes from La Cotte de St Brelade. Casemate. 216 pp.
 

Sepulchre, et al. (2007). H4 abrupt event and late Neanderthal presence in Iberia Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 258: 283-292.

Sergi, S. (1954). La mandibola neandertaliana Circeo II. Riv Antrop:305-344.

Sergi, S. (1958). Die Neandertalischen Paleanthropen in Italien. In GHR von Koenigswald. ed.: Hundert Jahre Neanderthaler. Utrecht, p 38-51.

Sergi, S. (1974). Il cranio neandertaliano del Monte Circeo (Circeo I). Roma: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.

Sergi S, and Ascenzi A. 1955. La mandibola neandertaliana Circeo III. Riv Antrop 42: 337-403.

Serre D, Langaney A, Chech M, Teschler-Nicola M, Paunovic M, Mennecier P, Hofreiter M, Possnert G, Pääbo S. (2004). No Evidence of Neandertal mtDNA Contribution to Early Modern Humans. PLoS Biology 2(3): E57.

Seymour, Roger S., Bosiocic, Vanya and Snelling, Edward P. (2016). Fossil skulls reveal that blood flow rate to the brain increased faster than brain volume during human evolution. R. Soc. Open Sci. 3: 160305.

Shackley, M. (1982). The case for Neanderthal survival: fact, fiction or faction? Antiquity 56: 31-41.

Shea, John J. (2008). Transitions or turnovers? Climatically-forced extinctions of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals in the east Mediterranean Levant. Quaternary Science Reviews 27(23-24): 2253-2270. [Abstract]

Sheets, J. and Gavan, J. (1977). Dental reduction from Homo erectus to Neanderthal. Curr. Anthropol. 18: 587-288.

Sherwood, Chet C. and Bradley, Brenda J. (2019). Brain Evolution: Mapping the Inner Neandertal. Current Biology 29(3): R95-R97. [Abstract]

Shipley, Gerhard P. and Kindscher, Kelly. (Accepted). Evidence for the Paleoethnobotany of the Neanderthal: A Review of the Literature. Scientifica. [automatic download]

Shipman, Pat. (2015a). The Invaders: How Humans and Their Dogs Drove Neanderthals to Extinction. Cambridge, Massachussetts: Belknap Press. 288 pp.

Shipman, Pat. (2015b). How we hounded out the Neanderthals. New Scientist 225(3012): 26-27. [Abstract]

Shreeve, James. (1995). The Neandertal Enigma: Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins. William Morrow & Co. 369 pp.

Shultz, Daniel R. et al (n.d.). Comparing fitness and drift explanations of Neanderthal replacement. arXiv:1810.12397 [q-bio.PE].

Silvert, Martin et al. (2019). Impact and evolutionary determinants of Neanderthal introgression on transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. bioRxiv preprint. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/532366

Singh, Manoj Kumar and Sunep, Tia. (2013). A Cumulative Case for full Humanness of Homo neanderthalensis. Indian Journal of Physical Anthropology and Human Genetics 32(1): 39-46.

A. Sistiaga, C. Mallol, B. Galvan, and R. E. Summons, “The Neanderthal meal: a new perspective using faecal biomarkers,” PLoS ONE, vol. 9(6), p. e101045, 2014.

Skoglund, P., Northoff, B.H., Shunkov, M.V., Derevianko, A.P., et al. (2014). Separating endogenous ancient DNA from modern day contamination in a Siberian Neandertal. PNAS 111(6): 2229-2234.

Skov, Laurits et al. (2020). The nature of Neanderthal introgression revealed by 27,566 Icelandic genomes. Nature 582: 78-83. [Abstract]

Skov, Laurits et al. (2022). Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals. Nature 610: 519-525. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05283-y

Skrzypek, Grzegorz, Wiśniewski, Andrzej and Grierson, Pauline F. (2011). How cold was it for Neanderthals moving to Central Europe during warm phases of the last glaciation? Quaternary Science Reviews 30(5-6): 481-487. [Abstract]

Slimak, Ludovic. (2019). For a cultural anthropology of the last Neanderthals. Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 330-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.019

Slimak, Ludovic et al. (2022). Modern human incursion into Neanderthal territories 54,000 years ago at Mandrin, France. Science Advances 8(6): eabj9496. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj9496

Slon, Viviane et al. (2017). Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from Pleistocene sediments. Science. DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9695

Slon, Viviane et al. (2018). The genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. Nature 561: 113-116. [Abstract]

Smith, Fred H. (1976). The Neandertal Remains from Krapina. Dept Anthropol Univ Tenn, Rep Invest 15: 1-359.

F.H. Smith, I. Jankovic, I. Karavanic The assimilation model, modern human origins in Europe, and the extinction of Neandertals Q. Int., 137 (2005) 7–19 10.1016/j.quaint.2004.11.016

Smith T.M., Tafforeau P, Reid D.J., Pouech J., Lazzari V., Zermeno J.P., Guatelli-Steinberg D., Olejniczak A.J., Hoffman A., Radovcic J., Makaremi M., Toussaint M., Stringer C. & Hublin J.-J. (2010). Dental evidence for ontogenetic differences between modern humans and Neanderthals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(49): 20923-20928.

Smith, Tanya M. et al. (2018). Wintertime stress, nursing, and lead exposure in Neanderthal children. Science Advances 4(10). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau9483

Smith FH (1991) The Neandertals: evolutionary dead ends or ancestors of modern people? J Anthropol Res 47: 219-238.

Smith, Fred H.; Ahern, James C. M.; Janković, Ivor; Karavanić, Ivor Continuity and Change in the Interpretation of Vindija Neandertal Morphology // Prehistoric hunter-gatherers and farmers in the Adriatic and neighbouring regions. Programme and abstracts / Kamenjarin, Ivanka ; Vukosavljević, Nikola ; Karavanić, Ivor ; Šuta, Ivan (ur.). Kaštela: Muzej grada Kaštela, 2015. str. 52-52 (predavanje, međunarodna recenzija, sažetak, znanstveni) [Abstract]

Smith FH, Janković I, Karavanić I (2005) The assimilation model, modern human origins in Europe, and the extinction of Neandertals. Quat Int 137: 7-19.

Smith, Geoff M. (2015). Neanderthal megafaunal exploitation in Western Europe and its dietary implications: A contextual reassessment of La Cotte de St Brelade (Jersey). Journal of Human Evolution 78: 181-201. [Abstract]

Smith, Tanya M., Austin, Christine et al. (2018). Wintertime stress, nursing, and lead exposure in Neanderthal children. Science Advances 4(10): eaau9483.
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau9483

Smith TM, Harvati K, Olejnizak AJ, Reid DJ, Hublin JJ, Panagopoulou E (2009) Dental development and enamel thickness in the Lakonis Neanderthal molar. Am J Phys Anthropol 138:112-118.

Smith TM, Tafforeau P, Reid DJ, Pouech J, Lazzari V, Zermeno JP, Guatelli-Steinberg D, Olejniczak AJ, Hoffman A, Radovcic J, Masrour M, Toussaint M, Stringer C, Hublin JJ (2010) Dental evidence for ontogenetic differences between modern humans and Neanderthals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(49): 20923-20928

Smith TM, Toussaint M, Reid DJ, Olejniczak AJ, Hublin JJ (2007) Rapid dental development in a Middle Paleolithic Belgian Neanderthal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(51): 20220-20225.

Soffer, Olga, 2010. “Defining Modernity, Establishing Rubicons, Imagining the Other - and the Neanderthal Enigma” in An Enquiring Mind: Studies in Honor of Alexander Marshack, Paul Bahn, ed. American School of Prehistoric Research Monograph Series, 287–313, Oxbow Books, Oxford, England.

Solecki, Ralph S. (1971). Shanidar: The First Flower People. New York: Alfred A. Knophf. xv + 290 pp.

Solecki, Ralph S. (1972). Shanidar: the humanity of Neanderthal man. London: Penguin.

Solecki, Ralph S. (1975). Shanidar IV: a Neanderthal flower burial in northern Iraq. Science 190: 880-881.

Song, Dana and Woodall, James. (2023). Neanderthal fiber technology innovations and the reduction of the biological cost of having offspring. Journal of Student Research 12(2). https://doi.org/10.47611/jsrhs.v12i2.4342

Sorensen, Andrew C. (2017). On the relationship between climate and Neandertal fire use during the last glacial in southwest France. Quaternary International 436: 114-128.

Sørensen, Bent. (2009). Energy use by Eem Neanderthals. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(10): 2201-2205.

Sørensen, Bent. (2011). Demography and the extinction of the European Neanderthals. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 30: 17-29.

Sorensen, M. V. and Leonard, W. R. (2001). Neandertal energetics and foraging efficiency. Journal of Human Evolution 40(6): 483-495.

Soressi, Marie. 2016. Archaeology: Neanderthals built underground. Nature 534: 43-44.

Soressi M, D’Errico F (2007) Pigments, gravures, parures: Les comportements symboliques controversés des Néandertaliens. Les Néandertaliens. Biologie et cultures, eds Vandermeersch B, Maureille B (Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, Documents Préhistoriques 23, Paris), pp 297–309.

Soressi M, Locht JL (2010) Les armes de chasse de Neandertal. Archéopages 27: 6-11.

Marie Soressi, Shannon P. McPherron, Michel Lenoir, Tamara Dogandžić, Paul Goldberg, Zenobia Jacobs, Yolaine Maigrot, Naomi L. Martisius, Christopher E. Miller, William Rendu, Michael Richards, Matthew M. Skinner, Teresa E. Steele, Sahra Talamo, and Jean-Pierre Texier. (2013). Neandertals made the first specialized bone tools in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110: 14186-14190.

Sorrentino, Rita et al. (2021). Unique foot posture in Neanderthals reflects their body mass and high mechanical stress. Journal of Human Evolution 161: 103093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103093

Sossa-Ríos, Santiago et al. (2022a). A moment in time: multidisciplinary evidence of an isolated Neanderthal occupation in Abric del Pastor (Alcoi, Iberian peninsula). ResearchSquare preprint. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1847197/v1

Sossa-Ríos, Santiago et al. (2022b). Multidisciplinary evidence of an isolated Neanderthal occupation in Abric del Pastor (Alcoi, Iberian Peninsula). Scientific Reports 12: 15883. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20200-z

Spagnolo, Vincenzo et al. (2019). Neanderthal activity and resting areas from stratigraphic unit 13 at the Middle Palaeolithic site of Oscurusciuto (Ginosa - Taranto, Southern Italy). Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 169-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.06.024

Spagnolo, Vincenzo et al. (2020a). Climbing the time to see Neanderthal behaviour’s continuity and discontinuity: SU 11 of the Oscurusciuto Rockshelter (Ginosa, Southern Italy). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12: 54. [Abstract]

Spagnolo, Vincenzo et al. (2020b). Neandertal camps and hyena dens. Living floor 150A at Grotta dei Santi (Monte Argentario, Tuscany, Italy). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 30: 102249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102249

Spencer F. 1984. The Neandertals and their evolutionary significance: a brief historical survey. In F Smith and F Spencer. eds.: The Origins of Modern Humans: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., p 1-49.

Speth, John D. (2012). Middle Palaeolithic subsistence in the Near East: zooarchaeological perspectives – past, present and future. Before Farming 2012(2): [pagination?]. [Abstract]

Speth, John D. (2017). Putrid Meat and Fish in the Eurasian Middle and Upper Paleolithic: Are We Missing a Key Part of Neanderthal and Modern Human Diet? PaleoAnthropology 2017: 44-72.

Speth, John D. (In Press, 2018). “Neanderthals, vitamin C, and scurvy”. Quaternary International. doi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.11.042 [Abstract]

Speth, John D. and Clark, Jamie. (2006). Hunting and overhunting in the Levantine Late Middle Palaeolithic. Before Raming 2006(3): [pagination?]. [Abstract]

Spikins, Penny, Andy Needham, Lorna Tilley, and Gail Hitchens. 2018. Calculated or caring? Neanderthal healthcare in social context. World Archaeology, 1-20.

Spikins, Penny, Needham, Andy, Wright, Barry et al. (2019). Living to fight another day: The ecological and evolutionary significance of Neanderthal healthcare. Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 98-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.08.011

Spinapolice E.E. 2012. Raw material economy in Salento (Apulia, Italy): new perspectives on Neanderthal mobility patterns. J. Archaeol. Sci.,
39: 680-689.

Spoor, Fred, Hulbin, Jean-Jacques, Braun, Marc and Zonneveld, Frans. (2003). The bony labyrinth of Neanderthals. Journal of Human Evolution 44(2): 141-165. [Abstract]

Srinivasan, Amrutha. (2020). A reevaluation of the phylogenetic tree for the genus Homo: a reclassification based on contemporary evidence. Honours thesis, University of Texas.

Starkovich, Britt M. (2023). Perception versus reality: Implications of elephant hunting by Neanderthals. Science Advances 9(5): adg6072.

Steegmann, A., Cerny, F., Holliday, T., 2002. Neandertal cold adaptation: Physiological and energetic factors. American Journal of Human Biology, 14(5): 566-583.

Stepanchuk, Vadim N., Vasilyev, Sergei V., Khaldeeva, Natalia I., Kharlamova, Natalia V. and Borutskaya, Svetlana B. (In Press, 2015). The last Neanderthals of Eastern Europe: Micoquian layers IIIa and III of the site of Zaskalnaya VI (Kolosovskaya), anthropological records and context. Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.042 [Abstract]

Stewart, J. R. (2004). Neanderthal–modern human competition? A comparison between the mammals associated with Middle and Upper Palaeolithic industries in Europe during OIS 3. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 14: 178-189.

Stewart, J. R. (2005). The ecology and adaptation of Neanderthals during the non-analogue environment of Oxygen Isotope Stage 3. Quaternary International 137: 35-46.

Stewart, J. R. (2007). Neanderthal extinction as part of the faunal change in Europe during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3. Acta Zool. Cracov. 50A: 93-124.

Stewart, J. R., García-Rodríguez, O. et al. (2019). Palaeoecological and genetic evidence for Neanderthal power locomotion as an adaptation to a woodland environment. Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 310-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.023

Stewart JR, van Kolfschoten T, Markova A, Musil R (2003) Neanderthals as part of the broader Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions? In: van Andel T, Davies W (eds) Neanderthals and modern humans in the European landscape during the last glaciation. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, pp 221–231.

Stewart J.R., Stringer C.B. 2012 Human evolution out of Africa: The role of refugia and climate change. Science 335(6074), 1317-1321.

Stewart TD (1960) Form of the pubic bone in Neanderthal man. Science 131(3411):1437-1438.

Stiner, M. C. (1994). Honor Among Thieves: A Zooarchaeological Study of Neandertal Ecology. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 447 pp.

Stiner, M. C. and Tchernov, E. (1998). Pleistocene species trends at Hayonim Cave: Changes in climate versus human behavior, pp. 241-262. In: Akazawa, T., Aoki, K. and Bar-Yosef, O. (eds.). Neanderthals and Modern Humans in West Asia. New York: Plenum Press.

Stoessel, Alexander, Romain David, Philipp Gunz, Tobias Schmidt, Fred Spoor, and Jean-Jacques Hublin. 2016. Morphology and function of Neandertal and modern human ear ossicles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113: 11489-11494.

Straus, Lawrence Guy. (2020). Neanderthal last stand? Thoughts on Iberian refugia in late MIS 3. Journal of Quaternary Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3252 [Abstract]

Stringer CB (1974) Population relationships of Later Pleistocene hominids: a multivariate study of available crania. J Archaeol Sci 1:317–342

Stringer, C. B. (1982). Towards a solution to the Neanderthal problem. J Hum Evol 11: 431-438.

Stringer, C. (1984). Ancestors: fate of the Neanderthal. Natural History 93: 6-12.

Stringer, Chris (2000). "Gibraltar and the Neanderthals 1848-1998". In Stringer, Chris; Barton, R.N.E.; Finlayson, Clive. Neanderthals on the Edge: Papers from a Conference Marking the 150th Anniversary of the Forbes' Quarry Discovery, Gibraltar. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Stringer, C. (2008). The Neanderthal-H. sapiens interface in Europe. Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology 2008: 315-323.

Stringer, Christopher "Chris" B., Barton, R. N. E. and Finlayson, J. C. (eds.). (2000). Neanderthals on the Edge: Papers from a Conference Marking the 150th Anniversary of the Forbes' Quarry Discovery, Gibraltar. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Stringer, Christopher "Chris" B. and Crété, Lucile. (2022). Mapping Interactions of H. neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens from the Fossil and Genetic Records. PaleoAnthropology 2: 401-412. https://doi.org/10.48738/2022.iss2.130

Stringer CB, Finlayson JC, Barton RNE, Fernandez-Jalvo Y, Caceres I, Sabin RC, Rhodes EJ, Currant AP, Rodriguez-Vidal J, Giles-Pacheco F, Riquelme-Cantal JA (2008) Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(38): 14319–14324

Stringer, Christopher "Chris" B. and Gamble, Clive. (1993). In Search of Neanderthals: Solving the Puzzle of Human Origins. London: Thames & Hudson. 248 pp.

Stringer C, Palike H, van Andel TH, Huntley B, Valdes P, Allen JRM (2003) Climatic stress and the extinction of Neanderthals. In: van Andel T, Davies W (eds) Neanderthals and modern humans in the European landscape during the last glaciation. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, pp 233–240

Stringer, Christopher "Chris" and Trinkaus, E. (1981). The Shanidar Neanderthal crania, pp. 129-165. In: Stringer, Christopher "Chris" (ed.). Aspects of Human Evolution. London: Taylor and Francis.

Stueve, Megan. (2017). Formed in the Image of God: The Theological Status of Neanderthals. OKH Journal 1(1). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18251/okh.v1i1.4 [Abstract]

Sutton, Mark Q. (2022). Family Plots: Patterns of Neanderthal Violence and Body Manipulation. Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology 10(1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.15640/jaa.v10n1a1

Svoboda JA (2005) The Neandertal extinction in eastern Central Europe. Quaternary International 137: 69-75.

Sykes, Rebecca Wragg. (2020). Kindred: Neanderthal Life, Love, Death and Art. London: Bloomsbury Sigma.

Sykes, Rebecca Wragg. (2022). Inside the Neanderthal mind. New Scientist 256(3406): 43-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(22)01781-X

Taçon, Paul. (2010). Neanderthals and us: conflicting new interpretations on our relationship to each other. Before Farming 2010(3): [pagination?]. [Abstract]

Tague, R. G. (1992). Sexual dimorphism in the human bony pelvis, with a consideration of the Neandertal pelvis from Kebara Cave, Israel. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 88: 1-21.

Tamvada, Kelli hamm. (2015). The biomechanical and behavioral significance of the Neanderthal femur. Dissertation, University at Albany, New York. xii + 297 pp.

Tanabe, Hiroki C., Kochiyama, Takanori, Ogihara, Naomichi and Sadato, Norihiro. (2014). Integrated Analytical Scheme for Comparing the Neanderthal Brain to Modern Human Brain Using Neuroimaging Techniques, pp. 203-207. In: Akazawa, Takeru, Ogihara, Naomichi, Tanabe, Hiroki C. and Terashima, Hideaki (eds.). Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans: Volume 2. Tokyo: Springer.

Tarli, Silvana M. Borgognini. (1983). A neanderthal lower molar from Fondo Cattíe (Maglie, Lecce). Journal of Human Evolution 12(4): 383-401. [Abstract]

Taskent, Ozgur et al. (2020). Analysis of Haplotypic Variation and Deletion Polymorphisms Point to Multiple Archaic Introgression Events, Including from Altai Neanderthal Lineage. Genetics. doi: https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303167

Taşkıran, Harun, Aydın, Yavuz, Özçelik, Kadriye and Erbil, Eşref. (2021). A new discovery of Neanderthal settlements in Turkey: Sürmecik open-air campsite in Western Anatolia. L'Anthropologie 125(1): 102838. [Abstract]

Tattersall, Ian. (1996). The Last Neanderthal: The Rise, Success, and Mysterious Extinction of Our Closest Human Relatives. Macmillan General Reference. 208 pp.

Tattersall, Ian, Schwartz JH (June 1999). Hominids and hybrids: The place of Neanderthals in human evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96(13): 7117-7119.

Tattersall, Ian, Schwartz JH (2006) The distinctiveness and systematic context of Homo neanderthalensis. In: Harvati K, Harrison T (eds) Neanderthals revisited: new approaches and perspectives. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 9-22.

Taylor, Ceri Liann. (2021). ‘Did Fred Flintstone Really Live with Dinosaurs?’: The Effect of Visual Media on the Public Perceptions of Human Evolution with a Specific Focus on Homo neanderthalensis. Masters thesis, Durham University.

Taylor, John S. (2014). Did Neanderthals and Denisovans have Our De Novo Genes? Journal of Molecular Evolution 78(6): 321-323.

Téllez, Edgar et al. (2022). Incidental burning on bones by Neanderthals: the role of fire in the Qa level of Abric Romaní rock-shelter (Spain). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14: 119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-022-01577-4

Terhune, Claire E. et al. (In Press, 2018). Mandibular ramus shape variation and ontogeny in Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis. Journal of Human Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.03.009 [Abstract]

Terlato, Gabriele et al. (2019). Large bovids on the Neanderthal menu: Exploitation of Bison priscus and Bos primigenius in northeastern Italy. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 25: 129-143. [Abstract]

Terlato, Gabriele et al. (2021). LATE NEANDERTHAL SUBSISTENCE AT SAN BERNARDINO CAVE (BERICI HILLS - NORTHEASTERN ITALY) INFERRED FROM ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA. Alpine and Mediterranean Quaternary, 34(2): 1-23.

Terradillos-Bernal M, Díez JC, Jordá-Pardo JF, Benito-Calvo A, Clemente I, Marcos-Sáiz FJ (2017) San Quirce (Palencia,Spain). A Neanderthal open air campsite with short term-occupation patterns. Quat Int 435: 15-128.

Terreros, José Yravedra-Sainz de los et al. (2015). Neanderthal and Homo sapiens subsistence strategies in the Cantabrian region of northern Spain. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. DOI: 10.1007/s12520-015-0253-4 [Abstract]

Tevzadze, Gigi, Kikvidze, Zaal, Mikeladze, Davit and Solomonia, Revaz. (2015). Lonely Neanderthal: Neurochemical Hypothesis for the Domestication of Animals and Plants. Kadmos 7: [pagination?]

Thompson, J. L., & Nelson, A. J. (2001). Relative postcranial and cranial growth in Neandertals and modern humans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 149.

Tikhonov, D. G., Zakharova, A. E. and Neustroeva, T. S. (2018). Does Yakut folklore contain information on Neanderthals and Denisovans? Istoricheskaya etnologiya – Historical Ethnology 3(1): 14-28.

Tillier, Anne-Marie. (1982). Les enfants néandertaliens de Devil's Tower (Gibraltar). Z Morph Anthrop 73: 125-148.

Tillier, Anne-Marie. (1983). Le crâne ďenfant ďEngis 2: un exemple de distribution descaractères juvéniles, primitifs et néanderthaliens. Bull Soc Roy Belge Anthropol Préhist. 94: 51-75.

Tillier, Anne-Marie. (1986). Quelques aspects de ľontogénèse du squelette crânien des Néanderthaliens. Anthropos (Brno) 23: 207-216.

Tillier, Anne-Marie. (1996). The Pech de ľAzé and Roc de Marsal children (Middle Paleolithic, France): skeletal evidence for variation in Neanderthal ontogeny. Hum Evol. 11: 113-119.

Tillier, Anne-Marie, Arensburg, B. and Duday, H. (1989). La mandibule et les dents du néandertalien de Kebara (Homo 2) Mont Carmel, Israel. Paleorient 15: 39-58.

Tillier, Anne-Marie, Hardy, Maurice, David, Francine, Girard, Michel and d’Iatchenko, Vladimir. (2013). À propos de deux molaires déciduales inférieures provenant des niveaux moustériens de la Grotte du Bison (Arcy-sur-Cure, Yonne, France): Un exemple de lésion cervicale inédite chez un enfant néanderthalien. PALEO 24: 271-278.

A-M. Tillier, M. Sansilbano-Collilieux, F. David, J. G. Enloe, M. Girard, M. Hardy, V. D’iatchenko, A. Roblin-Jouve, C. Tolmie. (2013). Les vestiges néanderthaliens provenant des niveaux moustériens I et J de la Grotte du Bison à Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne) : bilan actuel. BMSAP 25(1-2): 39-54. [Abstract]

Tillier, Anne-Marie et al. (2017). Evidence of Neanderthals in the Balkans: The infant radius from Kozarnika Cave (Bulgaria). Journal of Human Evolution 111: 54-62. [Abstract]

Timmermann, A.: Simulating Neanderthal extinction: the role of abrupt climate change, resource competition and interbreeding, EGU General Assembly 2020, Online, 4–8 May 2020, EGU2020-1724, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-1724, 2019

Tompkins RL, Trinkaus E (1987) La Ferrassie 6 and the development of Neandertal pubic morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol 73(2):233–239.

Topic´, B., Rašc´ic´-Konjhodžic´, H. & Cižek Sajko, M. Periodontal disease and dental caries from Krapina Neanderthal to contemporary man—skeletal studies. Acta Med. Acad. 41, 119–130 (2012).

Torres-Tamayo, Nicole et al. (2020). Three-dimensional geometric morphometrics of thorax-pelvis covariation and its potential for predicting the thorax morphology: A case study on Kebara 2 Neandertal. Journal of Human Evolution 147: 102854. [Abstract]

Tournepiche J.-F. 1994. Un néandertalien dévoré par des hyènes? La grotte de Rochelot (Saint-Amand de Bonnieure, Charente). Paléo 6: 319-321.

Tozzi, Arturo. (Preprint, 2017). Muscles of facial expression in extinct species of the genus Homo. bioRxiv doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/072884

Tozzi, Arturo. (2023). Non-ultrametric phylogenetic trees shed new light on Neanderthal introgression. Organisms Diversity & Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-023-00613-y

Trájer, Attila J. (2023). Ecological evaluation of the development of Neanderthal niche exploitation. Quaternary Science Reviews 310: 108127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108127

Trinkaus E. 1978a. Dental remains from the Shanidar adult Neanderthals. J. Hum. Evol. 7:369-382.

Trinkaus E. 1978b. Hard Times Among Neanderthals. Natural History 87:58-63.

Trinkaus, Erik. (1981). Neanderthal limb proportions and cold adaptation, pp. 187-224. In: Stringer, C. (ed.). Aspects of Human Evolution. London: Taylor and Francis.

Trinkaus, E. (1982). ‘Shanidar 3 Neandertal’. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 57: 37-60.

Trinkaus, Erik. (1983a). The Shanidar Neandertals. New York: Academic Press.

Trinkaus E (1983b) Neandertal postcrania and the adaptive shift to modern humans. The Mousterian Legacy: Human Biocultural Change in the Upper Pleistocene, ed Trinkaus E (British Archaeological Reports International, Oxford), Vol 164, pp 165-200.

Trinkaus E (1984) Neandertal pubic morphology and gestation length. Curr Anthropol 25:509–514.

Trinkaus E (1985) Pathology and the posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal. Am J Phys Anthropol 67:19-41

Trinkaus, E (1987) The Neandertal face: evolutionary and functional perspectives on a recent hominid face. J Hum Evol 16:429–443

Trinkaus, E. 1993. Variability in the position of the mandibular mental foramen and the identification of Neandertal apomorphies. Rev Anth 71:259-274.

Trinkaus, E. 1995. Neanderthal mortality patterns. J. Archaeol. Sci., 22(1): 121-142.

Trinkaus, E. (2003) Neandertal faces were not long; modern human faces are short. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:8142–8145.

Trinkaus, E. (2006) Modern human versus Neandertal evolutionary distinctiveness. Curr Anthropol 47:597–620.

Trinkaus, E. (2007). European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 104 (2007) 7367-7372.

Trinkaus E (2008) Kiik-Koba 2 and Neandertal axillary border ontogeny. Anthropol Sci 116:231–236.

Trinkaus, E. (2011). The postcranial dimensions of the La Chapelle aux Saints 1 Neandertal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 14, 461–468.

Trinkaus E (2012) Neandertals, early modern humans, and rodeo riders. J Archaeol Sci 39(12):3691–3693.

Trinkaus, Erik et al. (1999). Long Bone Shaft Robusticity and Body Proportions of the Saint-Césaire 1 Châtelperronian Neanderthal. Journal of Archaeological Science 26(7): 753–773. [Abstract]

Trinkaus, E., Athreya, S., Churchill, S., Demeter, F., Henneberg, M., Kondo, O., ... & Trinkaus, E. (2006). Modern human versus Neandertal evolutionary distinctiveness. Current Anthropology 47(4): 597-620. [Abstract]

Trinkaus, E., Holliday, T.W., Auerbach, B.M. 2014. Neandertal clavicle length. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 111, 4438-4442.

Trinkaus, E., Maley, B. and Buzhilova, A. P. 2008: Paleopathology of the Kiik-Koba 1 Neandertal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137, 106-112.

Trinkaus E, Ruff CB (1998) Cross-sectional geometry of Neandertal femoral and tibial diaphyses: implications for locomotion. Am J Phys Anthropol 78:315–316

Trinkaus, Erik and Shipman, Pat. (1993a). The Neandertals: Changing the Image of Mankind. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 478 pp.

Trinkaus E, Shipman P (1993b) Neandertals: images of ourselves. Evol Anthropol 1:194–201

Trinkaus, Erik and Shipman, Pat. (1994). The Neandertals: Of Skeletons, Scientists, and Scandal. New York: Vintage Books. [reprint edition, with changed subtitle]

Trinkaus, Erik and Smith, F. (1985). The fate of the Neanderthals, pp. 325-333. In: Delson, E. (ed.). Ancestors: The Hard Evidence. New York: Liss.

Trinkaus, E. & Zimmerman, M. (1982). ‘Trauma Among the Shanidar Neandertals’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 57: 61-76.

E. Tsoukala. 1999. Quaternary large mammals from the Apidima Caves (Lakonia, S. Peloponnese, Greece. Beitraege zur palaeontologie 24: 207-229.

Tucci, Serena et al. (2018). Evolutionary history and adaptation of a human pygmy population of Flores Island, Indonesia. Science 361(6401): 511-516. [Abstract]

Turk, Matija et al. (2018). The Mousterian Musical Instrument from the Divje babe I cave (Slovenia): Arguments on the Material Evidence for Neanderthal Musical Behaviour. L'Anthropologie 122(4): 679-706. [Abstract]

Turk, Matija et al. (2020). The Neanderthal Musical Instrument from Divje Babe I Cave (Slovenia): A Critical Review of the Discussion. Appl. Sci. 10: 1226.

Turner, Matthew D. (2023). Possible Causes of Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy in the La Ferrassie 1 Neanderthal. Cureus 15(3): e35721. doi:10.7759/cureus.35721

Turq, Alain, Faivre, Jean-Philippe, Gravina, Brad and Bourguignonc, Laurence. (In Press, 2016). Building models of Neanderthal territories from raw material transports in the Aquitaine Basin (southwestern France). Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.062 [Abstract]

Tyrell A, and Chamberlain A. 1998. Non-metric trait evidence for modern human affinities and the distinctiveness of Neanderthals. J Hum Evol 34:549-554.

Urbanowski, M., Socha, P., Dąbrowski, P., Nowaczewska, W., Sadakierska-Chudy, A., Dobosz, K.,
Stefaniak, K., Nadachowski, A., 2010. The first Neanderthal tooth found north of the Carpathian
Mountains. Naturwissenschaften 97: 411-415.

Uzunidis, Antigone. (2020). Large ungulates mobility and Neanderthal subsistence behaviours: A preliminary tooth microwear analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29: 102084.

Vaesen, Krist. (2023). Demographic explanations of neanderthal extinction: a reply to Currie and Meneganzin. Biology & Philosophy 38: 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-023-09899-w

Vaesen, K., Dusseldorp, Gerrit L. and Brandt, Mark J. (2021). An emerging consensus in palaeoanthropology: demography was the main factor responsible for the disappearance of Neanderthals. Scientific Reports 11: 4925.

Vaesen, K., Dusseldorp, Gerrit L. and Brandt, Mark J. (n.d.). What do palaeo-anthropologists believe about the disappearance of Neanderthals? Research Square reprint.

Vaesen, K., Dusseldorp, G. L. and Brandt, M. J. (2021). An emerging consensus in palaeoanthropology: Demography was the main factor responsible for the disappearance of Neanderthals. Scientific Reports 11(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84410-7

Vaesen, K., Scherjon, F., Hemerik, L. and Verpoorte, A. (2019). Inbreeding, Allee effects and stochasticity might be sufficient to account for Neanderthal extinction. PLoS ONE 14(11): e0225117.

Valde-Nowak, Paweł and Nadachowski, Adam. (2013, in press). Micoquian assemblage and environmental conditions for the Neanderthals in Obłazowa Cave, Western Carpathians, Poland. Quaternary International. [Abstract]

Valensi, P. and Psathi, E. (2004). Faunal exploitation during the Middle Palaeolithic in South-eastern France and North-western Italy. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 14: 256-272.

Valet, Jean-Pierre and Valladas, Hélène. (2010). The Laschamp-Mono lake geomagnetic events and the extinction of Neanderthal: a causal link or a coincidence? Quaternary Science Reviews 29(27-28): 3887-3893. [Abstract]

Valladas, Hélène, N. Merciera, L. Frogeta, E. Hoversb, J.L. Joronc, W.H. Kimbeld & Y. Rak. (1999). TL Dates for the Neanderthal Site of the Amud Cave, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 26(3): 259-268.

Vallois HV (1969) Le temporal Néanderthalien H 27 de La Quina. Étude anthropologique. Anthropologie 73: 365-400.

Vallverdú J, Gómez De Soler B, Vaquero M, Bischoff JL (2012b) The Abric Romaní site and the Capellades region. In: Carbonell E (ed) High resolution archaeology and Neanderthal behavior. Time and space in Level J of Abric Romaní (Capellades, Spain). Springer, New York, pp 19–46

Valoch, Karel. (1994). Europe (excluding the former USSR) in the period of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis and contemporaries. In: S. J. De Laet, A. H. Dani, J. L. Lorenzo, and R. B. Nunoo (eds.), History of Humanity. Volume I : Prehistory and the Beginnings of Civilization. Routledge.

van Binsbergen, Wim M. J. (year?). A Neanderthal stellar map? The La Ferrassie burial 6 block as a testimony of Neanderthal astronomy and star-orientated religion.

Van Laer, Bart et al. (2018). Molecular comparison of Neanderthal and Modern Human adenylosuccinate lyase. Scientific Reports 8: 18008.

Van Peer, Philip. (2021). The stratigraphic context of Spy Cave and the timing of Neanderthal disappearance in Northwest Europe. PNAS 118(26): e2106335118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106335118 [Abstract]

Vandermeersch B. 1985. The origin of the Neandertals. In E Delson. ed.: Ancestors: The Hard Evidence. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., p 306-309.

Vañura J. 1965. Neue Funde von Resten des Neanderthalmenschen aus der Höhle Švéduv stul (Schwedentisch Grotte) in Mährischen Karste. Brno.

Vaquero M, Chacón MG, Cuartero F, García-Antón MD, Gómez De Soler B, Martínez K (2012b) The lithic assemblage of level J. In: Carbonell E (ed) High resolution archaeology and Neanderthal behavior. Time and space in level J of Abric Romaní (Capellades, Spain). Springer, New York, pp 189-312.

Vaquero, M., Vallverdú, J., Rosell, J., Pastó, I., & Allué, E. (2001). Neandertal Behavior at the Middle Palaeolithic Site of Abric Romaní, Capellades, Spain. Journal of Field Archaeology 28(1-2): 93-114.

Velazquez-Arcelay, Keila et al. (2023). Neanderthal Introgression Shaped Human Circadian Traits. bioRxiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.02.03.527061

Velez, Alex Daniel. (2017). A Comparative Study of Neandertal Hearing Using 3D Virtual Reconstruction. Thesis. Binghamton University. [Abstract]

Vella, Yasmine Valentina. (2019). Evidence of Intentional Self Medication in Neanderthals Using Dental Calculus Analysis on Shanidar IV. Research proposal.

Venner, Stephen J. (2018). A New Estimate for Neanderthal Energy Expenditure. Thesis, Hunter College.

Benjamin Vernot and Joshua M. Akey. (2014). Resurrecting Surviving Neandertal Lineages from Modern Human Genomes. Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1245938

Vernot, B., S. Tucci, J. Kelso, J.G. Schraiber, A.B. Wolf, R.M. Gittelman, M. Dannemann, S. Grote, R.C. McCoy, H. Norton, L.B. Scheinfeldt, D.A. Merriwether, G. Koki, J.S. Friedlaender, J. Wakefield, S. Pääbo and J.M. Akey. 2016. Excavating Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from the genomes of Melanesian individuals. Science DOI: 10.1126/science.aad9416

Vernot, Benjamin et al. (2021). Unearthing Neanderthal population history using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA from cave sediments. Science 372(6542): eabf1667. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1667

Verpoorte, Alexander. (2006). Neanderthal energetics and spatial behaviour. Before Farming 2006(3): 1-6. [Abstract]

Vettese D, Borel A, Blasco R, Chevillard L, Stavrova T, Thun Hohenstein U, et al. (2022). New evidence of Neandertal butchery traditions through the marrow extraction in southwestern Europe (MIS 5–3). PLoS ONE 17(8): e0271816. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271816

Amélie Vialet, Laura Martín-Francés, Marina Martínez de Pinillos, Benoît Bertrand, Louise Magne, et al. (2024). Focus at 250 ka within the Neandertal lineage: comparison of teeth from Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais) and Payre (Ardèche) in France. 1849èmes journées de la SAP, Jan 2024, Bordeaux, France. ⟨hal-04434343⟩.

Vialet A, Modesto-Mata M, Martinón-Torres M, Martínez de Pinillos M, Bermúdez de Castro J-M (2018). A reassessment of the Montmaurin-La Niche mandible (Haute Garonne, France) in the context of European Pleistocene human evolution. PLoS ONE 13(1): e0189714.

Vicedomini, R., Polit, L., Condemi, S., Longo, L. and Carbone, A. (2021). Dietary adaptation in Neandertal, Denisovan and Sapiens revealed by gene copy number variation. bioRxiv preprint. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.30.466563

Vidal-Cordasco, M., Ocio, D., Hickler, T. and Marín-Arroyo, A. B. (2022). Ecosystem productivity affected the spatiotemporal disappearance of Neanderthals in Iberia. Nature Ecology & Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01861-5

Vidal-Matutano, Paloma, Hernández, Cristo M., Galván, Bertila and Mallol, Carolina. (2015). Neanderthal firewood management: evidence from Stratigraphic Unit IV of Abric del Pastor (Eastern Iberia). Quaternary Science Reviews 111: 81-93. [Abstract]

Vigilant L. & Langergraber K.E. 2011. Inconclusive evidence for patrilocality in Neandertals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108: E87.

Villa, G., Giacobini, G., 1995. Subvertical grooves of interproximal facets in Neandertal posterior teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 96: 51-62.

Villa G, and Giacobini G. 1996. Neandertal teeth from alpine caves of Monte Fenera (Piedmont, Northern Italy): Description of the remains and microwear analysis. Anthropologie 34:55-67.

Villa P, Pollarolo L, Conforti J, Marra F, Biagioni C, Degano I, et al. (2018). From Neandertals to modern humans: New data on the Uluzzian. PLoS ONE 13(5): e0196786.

Villa P, Roebroeks W (2014) Neandertal demise: An archaeological analysis of the modern human superiority complex. PLoS One 9(4):e96424.

Villa P. & Soriano S. 2010. Hunting weapons of Neanderthals and early modern humans in South Africa: similarities and differences. J. Anthropol. Res. 66(1): 5-38.

Villa P, Soriano S, Pollarolo L, Smriglio C, Gaeta M, D’Orazio M, et al. (2020). Neandertals on the beach: Use of marine resources at Grotta dei Moscerini (Latium, Italy). PLoS ONE 15(1): e0226690.

Villanea, Fernando A. and Schraiber, Joshua G. (2018). Multiple episodes of interbreeding between Neanderthal and modern humans. Nature Ecology & Evolution. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0735-8 [Abstract]

Villaverde, V. (ed.). (2001). De Neandertales a Cromanones. Los Inicios del Poblamiento Humano en las Tierras Valencianas. Universidad de Valencia.

Vincenzo, Fabio Di, Churchill, Steven E. and Manzi, Giorgio. (2012). The Vindija Neanderthal scapular glenoid fossa: Comparative shape analysis suggests evo-devo changes among Neanderthals. Journal of Human Evolution 62(2): 274-285. [Abstract]

Viscardi, Lucas Henriques et al. (2018). Searching for ancient balanced polymorphisms shared between Neanderthals and Modern Humans. Genetics and Molecular Biology 41(1): 67-81.

Vlahović, I. et al. (2020). Global repeat map algorithm (GRM) reveals differences in alpha satellite number of tandem and higher order repeats (HORs) in human, Neanderthal and chimpanzee genomes – novel tandem repeat database. MIPRO 2020/DSBE: 253-258.

VLČEK, E. (1969): Neandertaler der Tschechoslowakei. Academia, Prag 1969, 276.

Vlcek E (1973) Postcranial skeleton of a Neandertal child from Kiik-Koba, U.S.S.R. J Hum Evol 2:537–544.

VLČEK, E. (1995): Kamenný mozek. Výlitek mozkovny neandertálce, Hrádok v Gánovcích na Spiši. Vesmír, 74(11), 615-624.

VLČEK, E. et al. (1958): Zusammenfassender Bericht über den Fundort Gánovce und die Reste des Neandertalers in der Zips (ČSR). AÚ ČSAV Praha, 1958, 81.

Vogel, Gretchen. (2018). Ancient DNA reveals tryst between extinct human species. Science 361(6404): 737. [Abstract]

Waddell, P. J., J. Ramos, and X. Tan. (2011). Homo denisova, Correspondence Spectral Analysis, Finite Sites Reticulate Hierarchical Coalescent Models and the Ron Jeremy Hypothesis. arXiv (Quantitative Biology) 1112.6424, pp 1-43.

Wales, N. (2012). Modeling Neanderthal clothing using ethnographic analogues. Journal of Human Evolution 63(6): 781-795.

Walker, James, Clinnick, David and White, Mark. (2021). We Are Not Alone: William King and the Naming of the Neanderthals. American Anthropologist 123(4): 805-818.

M.J. Walker, et al. (2012). The excavation of buried articulated Neanderthal skeletons at Sima de las Palomas (Murcia, SE Spain). Q. Int., 259 (2012) 7–21 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.034

Walker MJ, Gibert J, López MV, Lombardi AV, Pérez-Pérez A, Zapata J, Ortega J, Higham T, Pike A, Schwenninger JL, Zilhão J, Trinkaus E (2008) Late Neandertals in Southeastern Iberia: Sima de las Palomas del Cabezo Gordo, Murcia, Spain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 20631-20636.

Walker MJ, Ortega J, Parmová K, López MV, Trinkaus E (2011) Morphology, body proportions, and postcranial hypertrophy of a female Neandertal from the Sima de las Palomas, southeastern Spain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(25):10087–10091.

Wall, J. D., Yang, M. A., Jay, F., Kim, S. K., Durand, E. Y., Stevison, L. S., . . . Slatkin, M. (2013). Higher Levels of Neanderthal Ancestry in East Asians Than in Europeans. Genetics.

Walther, D. (2005). Eine Siedlungsstelle des Neandertalers bei Buhlen, Kr. Waldeck-Frankenberg. Geschichtsblätter für Waldeck 93: 6-25.

Wang, Chuan-Chao, Farina, Sara E. and Li, Hui. (2013). Neanderthal DNA and modern human origins. Quaternary International 295: 126-129. [Abstract]

Wang, Pin-Yi et al. (2023). Distilling functional variations for human UGT2B4 upstream region based on selection signals and implications for phenotypes of Neanderthal and Denisovan. Scientific Reports 13: 3134. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29682-x

Wang, S., Lachance, J., Tishkoff, S. A., Hey, J., & Xing, J. (2013). Apparent Variation in Neanderthal Admixture among African Populations is Consistent with Gene Flow from Non-African Populations.Genome Biology and Evolution,5(11), 2075-2081. 

Warren, Rebecca Mae. (2009). The Potential Role of Fish in the Diet of Neanderthals: Ecology, Nutrition and Microscopic Residue Analysis. Honors Theses. Paper 38. [Abstract]

Weaver, T. D. (2003). The shape of the Neandertal femur is primarily the consequence of a hyperpolar body form. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(12): 6926-6929.

Weaver, T. D. (2009). The meaning of Neandertal skeletal morphology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 106(38), 16028–16033.

Weaver, Timothy D. et al. (2016). Neonatal postcrania from Mezmaiskaya, Russia, and Le Moustier, France, and the development of Neandertal body form. PNAS. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1523677113

Weaver TD, Hublin J-J (2009) Neandertal birth canal shape and the evolution of human childbirth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(20):8151–8156.

Weaver TD, Roseman C (2005) Ancient DNA, late neandertal survival, and modern-human-neandertal genetic admixture. Curr Anthropol 46:677–683

Weaver TD, Roseman CC, Stringer CB (2007) Were neandertal and modern human cranial differences produced by natural selection or genetic drift? J Hum. Evol. 53: 135-145.

Weaver, Timothy D. and Stringer, Chris. (2015). Unconstrained cranial evolution in Neandertals and modern humans compared to common chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Roayl Society, B: 282(1817): [pagination?].

Weidenreich, F. (1940). The "Neanderthal Man" and the ancestors of "Homo sapiens". American Anthropologist 42: 375-383.

Weinstein, Karen J. (2008). Thoracic morphology in Near Eastern Neandertals and early modern humans compared with recent modern
humans from high and low altitudes. Journal of Human Evolution 54(3): 287-295.

Wenzel, S. 2007. Neanderthal presence and behaviour in Central and Northwestern Europe during MIS 5e, in The climate
of past interglacials. F. Sirocko, M. Claussen, M. Goñi, T. Litt, Eds. 173-193. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Weyrich, Laura S. et al. (2017). Neanderthal behaviour, diet, and disease inferred from ancient DNA in dental calculus. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature21674 [Abstract]

White, M., Pettitt, P., & Schreve, D. (2016). Shoot first, ask questions later: Interpretative narratives of Neanderthal hunting.Quaternary Science Reviews,140, 1-20.

Whiting, Kai et al. (2018). Were Neanderthals Rational? A Stoic Approach. Open Access Humanities 7(2): 39.

Wißing, Christoph, Rougier, Hélène et al. (2019). Stable isotopes reveal patterns of diet and mobility in the last Neandertals and first modern humans in Europe. Scientific Reports 9: 4433.

Wißing, Christoph, Rougier, Hélène, Crevecoeur, Isabelle, Germonpré, Mietje, Naito, Yuichi I., Semal, Patrick and Bocherens, Hervé. (In Press, 2015). Isotopic evidence for dietary ecology of late Neandertals in North-Western Europe. Quaternary International 411: 327-345.
[Abstract]

Williams FL (2000) Heterochrony and the human fossil record: Comparing Neandertal and modern human craniofacial ontogeny, In Neanderthals on the Edge: 150th Anniversary Conference of the Forbes' Quarry Discovery (C. Stringer, R.N.E. Barton and C. Fenlayson, eds.). Oxbow Books: Oxford, UK, pp. 257–267.

Williams FL (2013) Neandertal craniofacial growth and development and its relevance for modern human origins. In The Origins of Modern Humans: Biology Reconsidered (Smith F and Ahern J, eds.). Wiley, pp. 253-284.

Williams FL, Godfrey LR and Sutherland MR (2002) Heterochrony and the evolution of Neandertal and modern human craniofacial form, In Human Evolution through Developmental Change (N. Minugh-Purvis and K. McNamara, eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, pp. 405–441.

Williams FL, Godfrey LR and Sutherland MR (2003) Diagnosing heterochronic perturbations in the craniofacial evolution of Homo (Neandertals and modern humans) and Pan (P. troglodytes and P. paniscus). In Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo (Thompson J Krovitz G and Nelson A, eds). Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, pp. 295-319.

Williams, Frank L'Engle et al. (In Press, 2022). The Ice Age diet of the La Quina 5 Neandertal of southwest France. L'Anthropologie. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2022.103056

Williams, Scott A. et al. (2022). Inferring lumbar lordosis in Neandertals andother hominins. PNAS Nexus 1(1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgab005

Williams, Sloan R. (2019). The Neanderthal and Denisovan Genomes, pp. 69-88. In: O'Rourke, Dennis H. (ed.). A Companion to Anthropological Genetics. John Wiley & Sons. [Summary]

Willman, John C. et al. (2019). Paleobiology and Taphonomy of a Middle Paleolithic Neandertal Tooth from Ciemna Cave, Southern Poland. Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-019-00026-4 [Abstract]

Willmes, Malte et al. (2016). A comprehensive chronology of the Neanderthal site Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 9: 309-319. [Abstract]

Wiśniewski, Andrzej et al. (In Press, 2019). Looking for provisioning places of shaped tools of the late Neanderthals: A study of a Micoquian open-air site, Pietraszyn 49a (southwestern Poland). Comptes Rendus Palevol. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2019.01.003 [Abstract]

Wolf, D. et al. (2018). Climate deteriorations and Neanderthal demise in interior Iberia. Scientific Reports 8: 7048.

Wolff H., Greenwood A. D. 2010. Did viral disease of humans wipe out the Neandertals? Med. Hypotheses 75: 99-105.

Wolpoff, M. H. (2009). How Neandertals inform human variation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139: 91-102.

Wolpoff, M. H., & Caspari, R. (2006). Does Krapina reflect early Neandertal paleodemography? Periodicum Biologorum 108: 425-432.

Wood, Bernard, ed. (2011). "Forbes' Quarry". Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.

Wood B., Collard M. 1999 The Human Genus. Science 284(5411), 65-71.

Wood, Rachel E. et al. (2013). Radiocarbon dating casts doubt on the late chronology of the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in southern Iberia. PNAS February 4, 2013 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1207656110 [Abstract]

Wood, R. E. et al. (2013). A new date for the Neanderthals from El Sidrón Cave (Asturias, Northern Spain). Archaeometry 55: 148-158.

Wragg Sykes RM (2015) To see a world in a hafted tool: Birch pitch composite technology, cognition and memory in Neanderthals. Settlement, Society and Cognition in Human Evolution: Landscapes in the Mind, eds Coward F, Hosfield R, Pope M, Wenban-Smith F (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp 117–137.

Wright, D.J.M. 1971 Syphilis and Neanderthal man. Nature 229, 409.

Wroe, Stephen et al. (2018). Computer simulations show that Neanderthalfacial morphology represents adaptation to cold and high energy demands, but not heavy biting. Proc. R. Soc. B 285(1876): 20180085.

Wroth, Kristen. (2018). Neanderthal plant use and phytolith taphonomy in the Middle Paleolithic of Southwest France. Dissertation, Boston University. [Abstract]

Wroth, Kristen et al. (2019). Neanderthal plant use and pyrotechnology: phytolith analysis from Roc de Marsal, France. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00793-9 [Abstract]

Wu, X.-j. and Bruner, E. (2016). The endocranial anatomy of maba 1. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22974 [Abstract]

Wynn, Thomas and Coolidge, Frederick L. (2004). The expert Neanderthal mind. J. Hum. Evol. 46: 467-487.

Wynn, Thomas and Coolidge, Frederick L. (2012). How to think like a Neandertal. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Wynn, Thomas and Coolidge, Frederick L. (2019). The Expert Performance Model of Neandertal Cognition, pp. 23-34. In: Nishiaki Y., Jöris O. (eds) Learning Among Neanderthals and Palaeolithic Modern Humans. Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans Series. Springer, Singapore. [Abstract]

Wynn, Thomas, Overmann, Karenleigh A. and Coolidge, Frederick L. (2016). The false dichotomy: a refutation of the Neandertal indistinguishability claim. Journal of Anthropological Sciences 94: 1-22.

Yang M., Malaspinas A.-S., Durand E.Y. & Slatkin M. 2012. Ancient structure in Africa unlikely to explain Neanderthal and non-African genetic similarity. Mol. Biol. Evol., 29: 2987-2995.

Yeshurun, Reuven et al. (2020). Site occupation dynamics of early modern humans at Misliya Cave (Mount Carmel, Israel): Evidence from the spatial taphonomy of faunal remains. Journal of Human Evolution 143: 102797. [Abstract]

Yokley, Todd R. et al. (2018). Cold Adaptation and the Neandertal Face, pp. A39. Paleoanthropology Society Meeting Abstracts, Austin, TX, 10-11 APRIL 2018. PaleoAnthropology 2018: A1-A40.

Yotova, Vania; Jean-Francois Lefebvre, Claudia Moreau, Elias Gbeha, Kristine Hovhannesyan, Stephane Bourgeois, Sandra Be´darida, Luisa Azevedo, Antonio Amorim, Tamara Sarkisian, Patrice Hodonou Avogbe, Nicodeme Chabi, Mamoudou Hama Dicko, Emile Sabiba Kou' Santa Amouzou, Ambaliou Sanni, June Roberts-Thomson, Barry Boettcher, Rodney J. Scott, and Damian Labuda (2011). An X-linked haplotype of the Neandertal origin is present among all non-African populations. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28: 1957-1962.

Yousefi, Masoud. (2021). Eco-cultural niche modeling of the ‎Homo neanderthalensis on the ‎central Iranian plateau. Quaterly Journal of Experimental Animal Biology 9(3): 55-65. [Abstract]

Yousefi, Masoud et al. (2020). Species distribution models advance our knowledge of the Neanderthals’ paleoecology on the Iranian Plateau. Scientific Reports 10: 14248.

José Yravedra and Lucía Cobo-Sánchez. (In Press, 2014). Neanderthal exploitation of ibex and chamois in southwestern Europe. Journal of Human Evolution. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.002 [Abstract]

Yravedra, J., Gómez-Castanedo, A., Aramendi-Picado, J., Montes-Barquín, R. & Sanguino-González, J. Neanderthal and Homo sapiens subsistence strategies in the Cantabrian region of northern Spain. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 8, 779–803 (2016).

José Yravedra, Joaquín Panera, Susana Rubio-Jara, Iván Manzano, Alfonso Expósito, Alfredo Pérez-gonzález, Enrique Soto, Mario López-recio. (2014). Neanderthal and Mammuthus interactions at EDAR Culebro 1 (Madrid, Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science 42: 500-508. [Abstract]

Yravedra, José et al. (In Press, 2018). Neanderthal diet in fluvial environments at the end of the Middle Pleistocene/early Late Pleistocene of PRERESA site in the ManzanaresValley (Madrid, Spain). Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.01.030 [Abstract]

El Zaatari, S., Grine, F. E., Ungar, P. S., & Hublin, J. (2011). Ecogeographic variation in Neandertal dietary habits: Evidence from occlusal molar microwear texture analysis.Journal of Human Evolution 61(4): 411-424.

El Zaatari, S., Grine, F. E., Ungar, P. S. & Hublin, J.-J. Neandertal versus modern human dietary responses to climatic fluctuations. PLoS One 11, e0153277 (2016)

Zanolli, Clément et al. (2019). A Neanderthal from the Central Western Zagros, Iran. Structural reassessment of the Wezmeh 1 maxillary premolar. Journal of Human Evolution 135: 102643. [Abstract]

Zavala, Elena I. et al. (2021). Pleistocene sediment DNA reveals hominin and faunal turnovers at Denisova Cave. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03675-0

Zeberg, Hugo et al. (In Press, 2020). A Neanderthal Sodium Channel Increases Pain Sensitivity in Present-Day Humans. Current Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.045

Zeuner F. 1940. The age of Neanderthal Man. Occ Paps Inst Archaeol Univ Lond 3:3-20.

Zhou, Sirui et al. (2021). A Neanderthal OAS1 isoform protects individuals of European ancestry against COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Nature Medicine. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01281-1

Zilberman U, and Smith P. 1992. A comparison of tooth structure in Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens sapiens: a radiographic study. J Anat 180: 387-393.

Zilhão, J. (2000). The Ebro frontier: a model for the late extinction of Iberian Neanderthals, pp. 111-121. In: C. Stringer, R.N.E. Barton, C. Finlayson (Eds.), Neandertals on the edge: 150th Anniversary Conference of the Forbes’ Quarry discovery, Gibraltar. Oxford: Oxbow Books, Oxford.

Zilhão, J. (2001). Anatomically archaic, behaviourally modern: the last Neanderthals and their destiny. Amsterdam: Stichting Nederlands Museum voor Anthropologie en Praehistoriae.

Zilhão J (2006) Neandertals and moderns mixed, and it matters. Evol Anthropol 15(5):183–195.

Zilhão, J. (2011). Aliens from outer time? Why the “human revolution” is wrong, and where do we go from here? In S. Condemi & G.-C. Weniger (Eds.), Continuity and discontinuity in the peopling of Europe. One hundred fifty years of Neanderthal study (pp. 331–366). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Zilhão, João. 2013. Neandertal-Modern Human Contact in Western Eurasia: Issues of Dating, Taxonomy, and Cultural Associations. In: T. Akazawa, Y. Nishiaki, K. Aoki (Eds.). Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans Volume 1. New York: Springer, pp. 21–57.

Zilhão, João. (2019). Tar adhesives, Neandertals, and the tyranny of the discontinuous mind. PNAS 116(44): 21966-21968. [Abstract]

Zilhão, João. (2021). The late persistence of the Middle Palaeolithic and Neandertals in Iberia: A review of the evidence for and against the “Ebro Frontier” model. Quaternary Science Reviews 270: 107098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107098

Zilhão, João et al. (2017). Precise dating of the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Murcia (Spain) supports late Neandertal persistence in Iberia. Heliyon 3: e00435.

Zilhão, João, Angelucci D.E., Badal-Garcia E., d’Errico F., Daniel F., Dayet L, Douka K., Higham T.F., Martínez-Sánchez M.J., Montes-Bernárdez R., Murcia-Mascarós S., Pérez-Sirvent C., Roldán-García C., Vanhaeren M., Villaverde V., Wood R. & Zapata J. (2010). Symbolic use of marine shells and mineral pigments by Iberian Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(3): 1023-1028.

Zilhão, João, Angelucci D. E., Araújo Igreja, M., Arnold, L. J. et al. (2020). Last Interglacial Iberian Neandertals as fisher-hunter-gatherers. Science 367: 6485. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz7943 [Abstract]

J. Zilhão, W. Banks, F. d’Errico Is the Modern vs. Neandertal dichotomy appropriate any longer for the technocomplexes of the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition? in: Abstracts, European Society for the Study of Human Evolution London, September 2015, p 215 or 240.

Zilhão J, and d'Errico F. (1999). The chronology and taphonomy of the earliest Aurignacian and its implications for the understanding of Neanderthal extinction. J World Prehist 13:1-68.

Zilhão, J., d'Errico, F. et al. (2011). Chronology of the site of Grotte du Renne, Arcy-sur-Cure, France: implications for radiocarbon dating. Before Farming 2011(3): [pagination?]. [Abstract]

J. Zilhão and P. Pettitt. (2006). On the new dates for Gorham's cave and the late survival of Iberian Neanderthals. Before Farming 2006(3): 95-122. [Abstract]

Zilio, Leandro et al. (2021). Examining Neanderthal and carnivore occupations of Teixoneres Cave (Moià, Barcelona, Spain) using archaeostratigraphic and intra-site spatial analysis. Sci Rep. 11: 4339.

Zimmer, C. 2013a. Bringing them back to life. National Geographic Magazine 223 (4): 28.

Zimmer, C. (2013b). Interbreeding with Neanderthals. Discover 34 (2): 38-44.

Zollikofer CPE, Ponce de León MS, Vandermeersch B, Lévêque F (2002) Evidence for interpersonal violence in the St. Césaire Neanderthal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:6444–6448

Zorich, Z. (2010). Should we clone neanderthals? The scientific, legal, and ethical obstacles. Archaeology 63(2): 34-41.

Zuarez-Chamba, Michael et al. (2021). Genomic benchmarking studies reveal variations of the polyubiquitination domain of the PSD95 protein in Homo neanderthalensis and other primates of the Hominidae family: Possible implications in cognitive functions? Bionatura 6(1): 1593-1601.

Zubrow E (1989) The demographic modeling of Neanderthal extinction. In: Mellars P, Stringer C (eds) The human revolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 212–231

http://www.essex.ac.uk/sociology/documents/research/publications/ug_journal/vol11/2014SC107_DanielRoberts_3final.pdf

http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/trove-of-neanderthal-bones-found-in-greek-cave-130402.htm

http://www.heritagedaily.com/2013/10/archaeologists-rediscover-the-lost-home-of-the-last-neanderthals/99236

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6174/1017.abstract

http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-4-431-54553-8

http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/01/22/molbev.msu405

http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v312/n2/full/scientificamerican0215-36.html

https://terhunelab.uark.edu/files/2015/04/Healy_et_al_2015_lowRes.pdf

https://twilightbeasts.wordpress.com/2015/05/01/neanderthals-and-us-were-not-so-different/

http://extinctanimals.proboards.com/thread/12263/neanderthals-homo-neanderthalensis

http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/18092018

https://www.heritagedaily.com/2018/07/neanderthals-could-make-fire-just-like-our-modern-ancestors/121030

https://www.isba8.de/fileadmin/congress/media/isba2018/druckelemente/ISBA2018%20Programm.pdf

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2019/02/13/footprint-last-neanderthals-discovered-gibraltar/

https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/found-neanderthal-tooth-cave-iran

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/neanderthals-may-have-been-more-sensitive-pain-most-humans-180975424/

https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/news/2021/february/most-southerly-evidence-of-neanderthals-revealed.html

https://iris.unife.it/handle/11392/2437760#.YGlgdx8zb0M

https://www.academia.edu/44743281/La_Pasiega_Panel_78_A_Possible_Neanderthal_Magdalenian_Palimpsest_Depicting_Waterfalls_at_the_Head_of_the_As%C3%B3n_Valley?email_work_card=title

https://www.visit-andalucia.com/neanderthals-in-andalucia/

https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/112547/1/MPRA_paper_112547.pdf

https://prizedwriting.ucdavis.edu/sites/prizedwriting.ucdavis.edu/files/sitewide/pastissues/03%E2%80%9304%20DIAMOND.pdf

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03709379/

https://iris.uniroma1.it/handle/11573/1669918

 

<< Back to the Primates database