A catalogue of fossil sites containing the thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus)

The putative extinction of the thylacine (or Tasmanian tiger) means that no further historical specimens are likely to be available to science, with the obvious exception of the potential for newly discovered specimens¹. Unless the species is rediscovered, or cloning is both a) successful and b) produces animals that are not taxonomically distinct from the Tasmanian type population. Both of which are extremely unlikely. On the other hand fossil and subfossil material is both abundant and still waiting to be collected. Moreover, favourable preservation conditions mean that further soft tissue specimens potentially await discovery. At present at least three such specimens have been discovered. The first being a small patch of dried skin attached to the humerus and clavicle of a mostly complete skeleton found in Murra-El-Elevyn Cave in December 1963 or January 1964 by Mr N. Campbell (Partridge, 1967). The second being a complete mummified animal ("Old Hairy") found on 23 October 1966 by Jacky and David Lowry in what would later be known as Thylacine Hole (Lowry & Lowry, 1967). Lastly, a mummified head was found in Murra-El-Elevyn Cave in 1990, the site of the first discovery of dried thylacine tissue.

Collection bias is certainly evident in the known fossil sites that contain thylacine remains, even though all mainland Australian states and territories are represented. Most fossil sites are from the southern half of the continent. This may or may not impact the species' inferred extinction chronology, as there is the potential for northern Australia to have acted as a refugium for the species. Where it may have survived far longer than in areas which have radiocarbon dates associated with them. Future infrastructure may make it logistically and economically more viable to carry out palaeontological excavations in relatively harsh and isolated environs that have so far contributed little to our understanding of the species' prehistoric trends.

While the northern Australian thylacine population is relatively little known, the situation in New Guinea is even less understood. A handful of reports of Thylacinus remains have been made in the literature since the first in 1963 (van Deusen, 1963). Most of these are in obscure, hard to find or otherwise virtually inaccessible publications. As a result the current cataloguing effort is virtually reduced to merely listing references to New Guinea thylacines, as I have never attended university and thus do not have access to many of the research avenues open to scientists.

 

¹ The most recent such find is a remarkably well preserved skin exported to New Zealand and lain unrecognized for decades. It has now been purchased by the National Museum of Australia (press release).

 

Important caveats

The radiocarbon dates given are those reported at the time in the literature cited. Many of these older dates are unreliable and are therefore only given for historical reasons. This includes those dates repeated through citation by later authors past the date at which radiocarbon dates became more reliable (viz. fixation of the carbon curve).

The catalogue itself is very incomplete. The reference list at the end is almost complete, but I have yet to go through every paper and add the relevant information regarding fossil sites, their location, number and age of specimens, etc.

 

Australian Capital Territory

 

 

New Guinea

 

Kiowa Rockshelter

References: van Deusen, 1963; Bulmer, 1964

 

Nombe Rockshelter

References: Mountain, 1990, 1991, (1993?); Prideaux et al., 2022

 

New South Wales

 

Lake Menindee

References: Woodburne, 1967

 

Wee Jasper 99 (WJ99)

References: Cathles et al., 2008; Theden-Ringl, 2018; Theden-Ringl et al., 2018

 

Wellington Caves

Specimens: BMNH Geol. M/10800, BMNH Geol. M/10801 (type specimens of T. spelaeus)

References: Ride, 1964

 

Wombah

References: Mulvaney, 1975 (cited by Howlett, 2012)

 

Yarrangobilly or Cooleman

References: Spate, 2006 (cited in Spate & Baker, 2018)

 

Northern Territory

 

 

Queensland

 

Ellangowan

Specimens: QM F.730 (type specimen of T. rostralis)

References: Ride, 1964

 

Gowrie Creek

Specimens: BMNH 35973 (previously attributed to T. rostralis?)

References: Ride, 1964

 

King's Creek, Clifton

Specimens: QM F.3742 (previously attributed to T. rostralis?)

References: Ride, 1964

 

 

South Australia

 

Allen's Cave

References: Walshe, 1994

 

Black’s Point Sinkhole, Venus Bay

Age: 3254–2925 cal. BP (McDowell, 1997)

References: Medlin, 1996; McDowell, 1997

 

Devon Downs Shelter

References: Smith, 1982

 

Fromm's Landing

References: Macintosh, 1964; Macintosh & Mahoney, 1964; Mulvaney et al., 1964; Wakefield, 1964; Archer, 1971

 

Kangaroo Island

135.4 ± 5.9 kya (Boar Beach locality), fossilized footprints [Camens et al., 2017]
≥ 28.2±2.7 kya (Rocky River homestead locality), osteological specimen [Wells et al., 2006]
14.25-13.8 kya (Kelly Hill Cave K1-P2 L7E locality), osteological specimen [Adams et al., 2016]

 

Tasmania

 

Central Highlands

 

Warragarra rockshelter

References: McWilliams et al. (1999)

 

 

Cave system near Lune River:

Anonymous. (1985). Tasmanian Tiger bones 'fully protected'. The Canberra Times, Friday, 14 June, p. 6.

 

Bass Strait islands

Cave Bay Cave (Hunter Island)

Specimens: a single thylacine molar tooth

Age: dated to roughly 15,400 BP (Bowdler, 1984)

Notes: As far as I am aware, this single tooth is the only record, prehistoric or modern, of the thylacine on the Bass Strait islands

References: Bowdler, 1984

 

 

Victoria

 

Cloggs Cave

References: Flood, 1973, 1974; Delannoy et al., 2020

 

McEachern's Cave

References: Wakefield, 1967

 

Nelson Bay

References: Gerdtz & Archbold, 2003; Piper, 2007

 

Western Australia

 

Avon Region

 

 

Eucla Division

Capstan Cave (N50)

Specimens: WAM 67.11.37

References: Lowry, 1972

 

Horseshoe Cave

Specimens: WAM 72.1.512; WAM 72.1.307 (Archer, 1974)

References: Archer, 1974 (+ 1972?)

 

Murra-El-Elevyn Cave (N47)¹

Specimens: WAM 64.8.1 (soft tissue present around humerus and clavicle); mummified head discovered in 1990 [citation?]

Age: WAM 64.8.1 (3,280 ± 90 yBP (Partridge, 1967))

Notes: ¹ Formerly known as Cocklebiddy Three Mile Cave

References: Gasking, 1965; Partridge, 1967

 

Roaches Rest Cave (N58)

Specimens: WAM 67.3.21 (Juvenile)

Age: no dating seems to have occurred.

References: Lowry, 1972

 

Thylacine Hole (N63)

Specimens: WAM F6353 (nearly complete skeleton); F6354 (nearly complete skeleton); F6355 (nearly complete skeleton); F6356 (partial skeleton, lacks teeth); F6357 (old animal, nearly complete skeleton); F6358 (juvenile; nearly complete skeleton); F6360¹ (pelvis and part of vertebral column only); F6364 (mummified carcass) (see Lowry, 1972).

Age: WAM F6364 (4,650 ± 104 yBP, 4,550 ± 112, 4,650 ± 153 yBP; all dates from (Lowry & Merrilees, 1969))

A mummified dingo found roughly 200 feet closer to the entrace was dated at 2,200 ± 96 yBP (Lowry & Merrilees, 1969). A rabbit carcass was subsequently dated at 180 ± 76 yBP as a "check" on the two previously mentioned dated specimens (Merrilees, 1970).

Vegetation: see (Ingram, 1969)

Comments: All individuals appear to have fallen about 12 metres to the cave floor, although only one individual (F6355) has broken bones, possibly postmortem injuries.

Notes: ¹ Disturbed by water wash (Lowry, 1972), which might explain paucity of remains.

References: Dunkley & Wigley, 1967; Lowry & Lowry, 1967; Lowry & Merrilees, 1969; Merrilees, 1970; Lowry, 1972

 

Webbs Cave (N132)

Specimens: WAM 70.7.52 (Cook, 1963)

Comments: Found in a Tasmanian devil coprolite

References: Cook, 1963,1966; Lowry, 1972

 

Unknown caves

References: Milner et al., 2017

 

Gascoyne Region

Mandu Mandu Creek Rockshelter

Comments: "The jaws of a thylacine...at the base of Square C1"

References: Morse, 1993a; Baynes & Jones, 1993

 

Monajee Cave (CR21/C-21) [ex. WAM Cave 6]

Specimens: "several vertebrae and a single calcanum" (Kendrick & Porter, 1973)

References: Kendrick & Porter, 1973

 

Pilgonaman Creek Rockshelter

References: Morse, 1993b

 

Kimberley Division

Tunnel Creek Cave

Specimens: Archer, 1974: WA 71.12.119 (proximal end, humerus)

Age: 0±80 ¹⁴C BP (Archer, 1974; since rejected), 4074±80 ¹⁴C BP, 4100±67 ¹⁴C BP

References: Archer, 1974; Gale, 2009

 

Widgingarri Shelter 1

Specimens: two fragments

References: O'Connor, 1999:90

 

Windjana Gorge Water Tank Shelter

Specimens: partial molar from Spit 16

References: O'Connor et al., 2008:78 

 

 

Northern Agricultural Region

Geographical extent

"The NAR runs from Gingin in the south to Kalbarri in the north, east to Mullewa, Perenjori and Kalannie along the Local Government Area (LGA) boundaries." (source)

 

"...a skull was collected recently in a Moore River cave, north of Perth (W.A.)."

(Troughton, 1973:44)

 

Fossil sites

Caladenia Cave

"Three specimens of Thylacinus cynocephalus were recovered from the excavation, each at different depths. The chronologically youngest specimen, a right metatarsal III of Thylacinus cynocephalus (WA Museum vertebrate palaeontological collection catalogue number 13.11.364) has an associated charcoal age of 3254–2925 cal. BP. All Thylacinus specimens were originally identifed by Merrilees and confirmed by Thorn with Museum comparative material." (Thorn et al., 2017)

 

Mystery Cave (J-6)

"Thylacine bones {(Thylacinus cynocephalus; 2 individual) jaw found; P. Adamson, August 1986 [L. Hatcher, 1986] & remaining skeleton plus second incomplete skeleton; M. Simpson & L. Hatcher, October 1986 [L. Hatcher, conf.; A. Baynes]} have been recorded from this cave (Hatcher, Unpublished records)." (Susac, 2007:26)

 

Pretty Cave (SH-9)

 

Wedges Cave (SH-14)

Molar (Bridge, 1963a)

 

Yellabidde Cave (E-30)

(Monks, 2016; Monks et al., 2016; Monks, 2018)

"Four Thylacinus specimens were identified, including one adult molar and molars from two young  juveniles (one of which was probably pouch young), all in sediments dating to >5,000 years BP. The presence of the remains of juvenile as well as adult thylacinesin the site suggests that Yellabidde Cave was occasionally used as a den site." (p. 154)

"Thylacine cranial and dental material was recovered from YC...and included edentulous dentary fragments and isolated molars, including one apparently unerupted molar (M¹) cap from a juvenile animal, possibly pouch young." (p. 280)

(both quotes: Monks, 2018)

 

Unknown cave (near Stockyard Cave (E-3))

Bones found by Harry Butler (Bridge, 1963b).

 

Need to find relevant caves

Specimens: WAM 61.2.19-23; WAM 63.7.7 (both mentioned by Lowry, 1972)

 

Perth Region

Murray Cave¹ (Yn52)

Specimens: WA 72.1.1148

Age: 3090±90 ¹⁴C BP

References: Archer, 1974; Murray, 1998

¹ Formerly Murray's Cave (Murray, 1998). See (Archer, 1974) for emandation.

 

Rottnest Island

"In 2011 we surveyed the Tamala Limestone on Rottnest Island that revealed vertebrate trace fossils at 45 different locations around the edge of the island. Traces were exposed on fallen slabs as moulds, on underhangs as casts and in cliff faces as cross-sections... A wide variety of other traces indicate a fauna potentially including larger macropodids, quolls, Tasmanian devils, thylacines, wombats, rodents, emus, oystercatchers and invertebrates... OSL dating of the host sediments at four locations suggests that most of the sediments were deposited during the Last Glacial Maximum (17–24 ka). This is of particular interest as the coast would have been 15–20 km west at this time, indicating extensive dunefields extending > 20 km inland." (Camens et al., 2021:13)

 

Unknown cave (now destroyed) (near Lake Neerabup)

"And in this, at the base of this solution pipe we found a Thylacine skull laying on the surface outside. So it obviously had been in that cave before they destroyed the cave."

(Murray, 1998)

 

 

Pilbara Region

Barrow Island

http://www.news.uwa.edu.au/2019091711614/archaeology/sharing-archaeological-insights-barrow-inslands-workforce

 

Montebello Islands

Morgan's Cave (Campbell Island)

References: Piper & Veth, 2021

 

South West Corner

I take this to encompass Mandurah in the north, southeast to Albany. An idiosyncratic but useful delineation.

 

Devil's Lair

Seven teeth from 5 individuals (Balme et al., 1978)

 

Jewel Cave

At least one skeleton, plus footprints (source; source)

 

Madura Cave

References: Milham & Thompson, 1976; Lundelius & Turnbull, 1989:tbl. 21

 

Mammoth Cave

Specimens: WAM 61.2.26, 61.2.27, 61.2.28 (all Lowry, 1972)

References: Lundelius, 1960; Merrilees, 1968; Lowry, 1972

 

Skull Cave

Age: c.17,500yBP (Porter, 1979)

References: Howlett, 1960, 2012; Porter, 1979

 

Yallingup Cave

References: Merrilees, 1979a

 

 

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Lundelius, Ernest L. Jr. and Turnbull, W. D. (1989). The mammalian fauna of Madura Cave, Western Australia. Part VII: Macropodidae: Sthenurinae, Macropodinae, with a review of the marsupial portion of the fauna. Fieldiana, Geology, new series 17: 1-71.

Lydekker, Richard. (1887). Catalogue of the fossil Mammalia in the British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Road, S. W. Part 5. Containing the Group Tillodontia, the Orders Sirenia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata, and supplement. London, the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), xxxv, 345 pp. ["states that specimen no. 48425, Sarcophilus from Queensland presented by Dr G. Bennett, 1877, is labelled by Owen "Thylacinus major" (Mahoney & Ride, 1975:37); see also (Stephenson, 1963:619) for the same basic conclusion]

Macintosh, N. W. G. (1964). 4 thousand year old thylacine tooth (dasyuridae ) + 3 thousand year old dingo skeleton from D J Mulvaneys archaeological excavations at Fromms Landing Lower Murray River. Journal of Anatomy 98(3): 491-495.

Macintosh, N. W. G. and Mahoney, J. A. (1964). A 4,000 years old thylacine tooth (Dasyuridae) from Shelter 2. Proc. R. Soc. Vic. 77: 507-516.

Macken AC, NR Jankowski, GJ Price, EA Bestland, EH Reed, GJ Prideaux, RG Roberts. (2011). Application of sedimentary and chronological analyses to refine the depositional context of a Late Pleistocene vertebrate deposit, Naracoorte, South Australia deposits in the Naracoorte Caves, South Australia Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 2690-2702.

Macken AC, GJ Prideaux, EH Reed. (2012). Variation and pattern in the responses of mammal faunas to Late Pleistocene climatic change in southeastern South Australia. Journal of Quaternary Science 27(4): 415-424.

Mackness, B. S., Wroe, S., Wilkinson, C. and Wilkinson, D. (2002). Confirmation of Thylacinus from the Pliocene Chinchilla Local Fauna. Australian Mammalogy 24: 237-241.

Mahoney, J. A. and Ride, W. D. L. (1975). Index to the genera and species of fossil Mammalia described from Australia and New Guinea between 1838 and 1968. Western Australian Museum Special Publication 6: 1-250.

Marshall, Larry G. (1974). Late Pleistocene mammals from the "Keilor Cranium Site", southern Victoria, Australia. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 35: 63-86.

Marshall, L. & Hope, J. (1973). A reevaluation of Dasyurus bowlingi Spencer and Kershaw 1910 (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) from King Island, Bass Strait. Proc Royal Soc Vic, 85, 225-236.

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McWilliams, R., Allen, J., Cosgrove, R. and Holdaway, S. (1999). Archaeological database. Report of the Southern Forests Archaeological Project, VOL. 3. CD-ROM (ISBN 1864465034). Bundoora: Archaeological Publications, Department of Archaeology, La Trobe University.

Merrilees, Duncan. (1968). Man the destroyer: late Quaternary changes in the Australian marsupial fauna. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 51: 1-24.

Merrilees, Duncan. (1970). A Check on the Radiocarbon Dating of Dessicated Thylacine (Marsupial "Wolf") and Dog Tissue From Thylacine Hole, Nullarbor Region, Western Australia. Helictite 8(2): 39-42.

Merrilees, Duncan. (1973). Fossiliferous deposits at Lake Tandou, New South Wales, Australia. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 34:177-182.

Merrilees, Duncan. (1979a). Prehistoric rock wallabies (Marsupialia, Macropodidae, Petrogale) in the far south-west of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 61(3): 73-96. [According to J. H. Calaby: "Appendix 1: Canis and Thylacinus in Yallingup Cave"]

Merrilees, Duncan. (1979b). The prehistoric environment in Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 62(3 or 4): 109-128.

Milham, P. and Thompson, P. (1976). Relative Antiquity of Human Occupation and Extinct Fauna at Madura Cave, Southeastern Western Australia. Mankind 10(3): 175-180. [First page]

R. E. Molnar, L. S. Hall, and J. H. Mahoney. 1984. New fossil localities for Macroderma Miller, 1906 (Chiroptera, Megadermatidae) in New South Wales and its past and present distribution in Australia. Australian Mammalogy 7(1-2): 63-73.

Molnar, R. E., and C. Kurz. 1997. The distribution of Pleistocene vertebrates on the eastern Darling Downs, based on the Queensland Museum collections. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 117: 107-134.

Monks, Carly Elizabeth. (2016). Archaeology and palaeontology of Yellabidde Cave (E-30) and Weelawadji Cave (E-24). The Western Caver 56: 40.

Monks, Carly Elizabeth. (2018). Fire and Fauna: Investigating Aboriginal land management in the Northern Sawn Coastal Plain, Western Australia. BA (Hons) thesis, School of Social Sciences, Archaeology, The University of Western Australia. xvii + 346 pp.

Monks, Carly Elizabeth, Dortch, Joe, Jacobsen, Geraldine and Baynes, Alexander. (2016). Pleistocene occupation of Yellabidde Cave in the northern Swan CoastalPlain, southwestern Australia. Australian Archaeology 81: 275-279.

Morse, Kate. (1993b). Who can see the sea? Prehistoric Aboriginal occupation of the Cape Range peninsula. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 45: 227-242.

Mountain, Mary-Jane. (1993). Bones, hunting and predation in the Pleistocene of northern Sahul, pp. 123-130. In: Smith, M., Spriggs, M. and Fankhauser, B. (eds.). Sahul in Review: Pleistocene Archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and Island Melanesia. Canberra: Australian National University.

Mulvaney, D. J., Lawton, G. H., Twidale, C. R., Macintosh, N. W. G., Mahoney, J. A. and Wakefield, N. A. (1964). Archaeological excavation of Rock Shelter No. 6. Fromm's Landing, South Australia. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. 77: 479-516.

Muirhead, J. and Archer, Michael. (1990). Nimbacinus dicksoni, a plesiomorphic thylacine (Marsupialia: Thylacinidae) from Tertiary deposits of Queensland and the Northern Territory. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum (Proceedings of the De Vis Symposium) 28(1): 203-221.

Muirhead, J. and Wroe, S. (1998). The family Thylacinidiae and a description and analysis of a new species: Badjcinus turnbulli gen. et sp. nov. (Thylacinidae: Marsupiala) from the late Oligocene of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 18: 612-626.

Murray, Ian. (1998). Recorded interview, City of Wanneroo Oral History Project: [Ian Murray – 27/01/1998] File # E294. 7 pp.

Murray, P. F. and Megirian, D. (2006). Cranial morphology of the Miocene thylacinid Mutpuracinus archibaldi (Thylacinidae, Marsupialia) and its relationships within the Dasyuromorphia. Alcheringa 1: 229-276.

O’Connor, Sue. (1989). New radiocarbon dates from Koolan Island, West Kimberely, WA. Australian Archaeology 28: 92-104.

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O’Connor, Sue, Aplin, Ken and Collins, S. (2008). A small salvage excavation in Windjana Gorge, Kimberley, Western Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 43(2): 75-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.2008.tb00032.x

Owen, Richard. (1853). Descriptive Catalogue of the Osteological Series Contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Volume 1. Pisces, Reptilia, Aves, Marsupialia. London: Taylor and Francis.

Owen, Richard. (1871). On the fossil mammals of Australia. Part IV. Dentition and mandible of Thylacoleo carnifex with remarks on the arguments for its herbivority. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 161: 213-266.

Owen, Richard. (1877). Researches on the Fossil Remains of the Extinct Mammals of Australia; with a notice of the extinct marsupials of England. (pp. 297-299 Phascolomys) Vol. 1. J. Erxleben: London 522 pp.

Parnaby, Harry, Ingleby, Sandy and Divljan, Anja. (2017). Type specimens of non-fossil mammals in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Records of the Australian Museum 69(5): 277-420.

Partridge, Jeanette. (1967). A 3,300 year old thylacine (Marsupialia: Thylacinidae) from the Nullabor Plain, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 50(2): 57-59.

Piper, Cassia J. and Veth, Peter M. (2021). Palaeoecology and sea level changes: Decline of mammal species richness during late Quaternary island formation in the Montebello Islands, north-western Australia.  Palaeontologia Electronica 24(2): a20. https://doi.org/10.26879/1050

Piper, Katarzyna J. (2007). Early Pleistocene mammals from the Nelson Bay Local Fauna, Portland, Victoria, Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 27(2): 492-503.

Plane, Michael Dudley. (1976). The occurrence of Thylacinus in Tertiary rocks from Papua New Guinea. Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources Journal of Geology and Geophysics 1(1): 78-79.

Pledge, N. (1974). Excavations in the Henschke's Quarry Cave, Naracoorte - a late Pleistocene fauna. Paper presented at the 15th General Meeting of the Australian Mammal Society, Monash University: Melbourner, May 1974.

Pledge, Neville S. (1990). The Upper Fossil Fauna of the Henschke Fossil Cave, Naracoorte, South Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum (Proceedings of the De Vis Symposium) 28(1): 247-262.

Porter, J. K. (1979). Vertebrate remains from a stratified Holocene deposit in Skull Cave, Western Australia, and a review of their significance. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 61(4): 109-117.

Price, Gilbert J. and Sobbe, I. H. (2005). Pleistocene palaeoecology and environmental change on the Darling Downs, southeastern Queensland, Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 51(1): 171-201. [subfossil remains from Darling Downs, Queensland]

Price GJ, Webb GE, Zhao J-X, Feng Y-X, Murray AS Bernard N. Cooke b, Scott A. Hocknull e, Ian H. Sobbe. (2011). Dating megafaunal extinction on the Pleistocene Darling Downs, eastern Australia: the promise and pitfalls of dating as a test of extinction hypotheses. Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 899-914.

Price GJ, Zhao J-X, Feng Y-X, Hocknull SA. (2009). New records of Plio-Pleistocene Koalas from Australia: Palaeoecological and taxonomic implications. Records of the Australian Museum 61: 39-48.

Price GJ, J-X Zhao, Y-X Feng, SA Hocknull Bernard N. Cooke b, Scott A. Hocknull e, Ian H. Sobbe. (2009). New U/Th ages for Pleistocene megafauna deposits of southeastern Queensland, Australia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34: 190-197.

G. J. Prideaux. 2004. Systematics and evolution of the sthenurine kangaroos. In S. W. Awramik, A. Barnosky, J. A. Doyle, M. L. Droser, P. M. Sadler (eds.), UC Publications in Geological Sciences, University of California Press 146:1-623.

Prideaux GJ, GA Gully, AMC Couzens, LK Ayliffe, NR Jankowski, Z Jacobs, RG Roberts, J C Hellstrom, MK Gagan, and LM Hatcher. (2010). Timing and dynamics of Late Pleistocene mammal extinctions in southwestern Australia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107(51): 22157-22162.

Prideaux, G.J., J. A. Long, L. K. Ayliffe, J. C. Hellstrom, B. Pillans, W. E. Boles, M. N. Hutchinson, R. G. Roberts, M. L. Cupper, L. J. Arnold, P. D. Devine, and N. M. Warburton. (2007a). An arid-adapted middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from south-central Australia, Nature 445: 422-425.

Prideaux, G. J., R. G. Roberts, D. Megirian, K. E. Westaway, J. C. Hellstrom, and J. M. Olley. (2007b). Mammalian responses to Pleistocene climate change in southeastern Australia. Geology 35(1): 33-36.

Prideaux, Gavin J. et al. (2022). Re-evaluating the evidence for late-surviving megafauna at Nombe rockshelter in the New Guinea highlands. Archaeology in Oceania. doi:10.1002/arco.5274

Reed, E. H. (2006). In Situ Taphonomic Investigation of Pleistocene Large Mammal Bone Deposits from The Ossuaries, Victoria Fossil Cave, Naracoorte, South Australia. Helictite 39(1): 5-15.

Reed, E. H. and Bourne, S. J. (2000). Pleistocene fossil vertebrate sites of the south east region of South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 124: 61-90.

Ride, W. D. L. (1960). The fossil mammalian fauna of the Burramys parvus breccia from the Wombeyan Caves, New South Wales. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 43: 74-80.

Ride, W. D. L. (1964). A review of Australian fossil marsupials. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 47(4): 97-131.

Robson, S. K. and Young, W. G. (1990). A comparison of tooth microwear between an extinct marsupial predator, the Tasmanian tiger Thylacinus cynocephalus (Thylacynidae) and an extant scavenger, the Tasmanian devil Sarcophilus harrisii (Dasyuridae: Marsupialia). Australian Journal of Zoology 37(5): 575-589.

Rovinsky, Douglass S., Evans, A. R. and Adams, J. W. (2019). The pre-Pleistocene fossil thylacinids (Dasyuromorphia: Thylacinidae) and the evolutionary context of the modern thylacine. PeerJ 7:e7457.

Schrire, C. 1982. The Alligator Rivers: Prehistory and Ecology in Western Arnhem Land. Terra Australis 7. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, ANU. [relevant citation?]

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Smith, M. A. (1977). Devon Downs Reconsidered: An Exercise in Bioarchaeology. Unpublished B.A. (Hons) thesis, Australian National University. [report of Thylacinus cynocephalus from Ngaut Ngaut, South Australia]

Smith, M. A. (1982). Devon Downs reconsidered: changes in site use at a lower Murray Valley rockshelter. Archaeology in Oceania 17: 109-116. [First page]

Smith, Meredith J. (1972). Small fossil vertebrates from Victoria Cave, Naracoorte. South Australia. II. Peramelidae, Thylacinidae and Dasyuridae (Marsupialia). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 96(3): 125-137.

Spate, Andy P. (2006). Cooleman Plains karst assessment. An assessment completed for National Parks and Wildlife Service. Unpublished report.

Spate, Andy P. and Baker, Andrew. (2018). Karst values of Kosciuszko National Park: a review of values and of recent researcht. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 140: 253-264.

Susac, Robert A. J. (2007). A Literature Review & Report of Karst Biodiversity, Palaeontology & Hydrology in the Northern Agricultural Region, Western Australia. Unpublished report to the Department of Environment and Conservation. 82 pp.

Sutton, Alice, Mountain, Mary-Jane, Aplin, Ken, Bulmer, Susan and Denham, Tim. (2009). Archaeozoological records for the highlands of New Guinea: a review of current evidence. Australian Archaeology 69: 41-58.

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Tedford, Richard H. (1967). The fossil Macropodiae from Lake Menindee, New South Wales. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 64: 1-156.

Theden-Ringl, Fenja. (2018). Common cores in the high country: The archaeology and environmental history of the Namadgi Ranges. PhD thesis, Australian National University (ANU). [chapter 6, reprint of Theden-Ringl et al., 2018]

Theden-Ringl, Fenja, Hislop, K., Aplin, Kenneth et al. (2018). The chronology and environmental context of a cave deposit and associated faunal assemblage including megafauna teeth near Wee Jasper, southeastern Australia. Holocene 28(9): 1467-1482.

Theden-Ringl, Fenja et al. (2020). Characterizing Environmental Change and Species’ Histories from Stratified Faunal Records in Southeastern Australia: A Regional Review and a Case Study for the Early to Middle Holocene. Records of the Australian Museum 72(5): 207-223.

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Turney CSM, Bird MI, Fifield LK, Roberts RG, Smith M, Dortch CE, Grün R, Lawson E, Ayliffe LK, Miller GH, Dortch J, Cresswell RG. (2001). Early human occupation at Devil's Lair, Southwestern Australia 50,000 years ago. Quaternary Research 55(1): 3-13.

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Wakefield, N. A. (1963a). Sub-fossils from Mount Hamilton, Victoria. Vict. Nat. 79: 323-330.

Wakefield, N. A. (1963b). Mammal sub-fossils from near Portland, Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 80: 39-45.

Wakefield, N. A. (1967). Preliminary report on McEachern's Cave, S.W. Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 84: 363-383.

Walshe, Keryn A. (1994). A taphonomic analysis of the vertebrate material from Allen's Cave : implications for Australian arid zone archaeology. PhD thesis, The Australian National University. https://doi.org/10.25911/5d77844ea0fd7

Wells, R. T., R. Grün, J. Sullivan, M. S. Forbes, S. N. Dalgairns, E. A. Bestland, E. J. Rhodes, K. E.Walshe, N. A. Spooner, and S. Eggins. (2006). Late Pleistocene megafauna site at Black Creek Swamp, Flinders Chase National Park, Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Alcheringa Special Issue 1: 367-387.

Wells, Rod T., Moriarty, K. and Williams, D. L. G. (1984). The fossil vertebrate deposits of Victoria Fossil Cave Naracoorte: an introduction to the geology and fauna. The Australian Zoologist 21(4): 305-333.

Westaway, Michael C., Price, Gilbert, Miscamble, Tony, McDonald, Jane, Cramb, Jonathon, Ringma, Jeremy, Grün, Rainer, Jones, Darryl and Collard, Mark. (2019). A palaeontological perspective on the proposal to reintroduce Tasmanian devils to mainland Australia to suppress invasive predators. Biological Conservation 232: 187-193.

White, Lauren C., Saltré, Frédérik, Bradshaw, Corey J. A. and Austin, Jeremy J. (2018b). High-quality fossil dates support a synchronous, Late Holocene extinction of devils and thylacines in mainland Australia. Biology Letters 14: 20170642.

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Woodburne, M. O. (1967). The Alcoota Fauna, central Australia. Bulletin of the Bureau of Mineral Resources Geology and Geophysics, Australia 87: 1-187.

Wroe, Stephen. (2001). Maximucinus muirheadae, gen. et sp. nov. (Thylacinidae: Marsupialia), from the Miocene of Riversleigh, north–western Queensland, with estimates of body weights for fossil thylacinids. Australian Journal of Zoology 49: 603-614.

Wroe, Stephen. (2003). Australian marsupial carnivores: Recent advances in palaeontology, pp. 102-123. In: Jones, Menna, Dickman, Chris and Archer, Michael (eds.). Predators with Pouches: The Biology of Marsupial Carnivores. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing.

Wroe, Stephen and Musser, A. (2001). The skull of Nimbacinus dicksoni (Thylacinidae: Marsupialia). Australian Journal of Zoology 49(5): 487-514. [Abstract]

Wylie, John. (2013). Scotchtown Cave North-west Tasmania. Caves Australia 195: 20-25.

Wylie, John. (2018). Discovery of Tasmania’s first cave. Caves Australia 206: 5-11.

Yates, Adam M. (2015). Thylacinus (Marsupialia: Thylacinidae) from the Mio-Pliocene boundary and the diversity of Late Neogene thylacinids in Australia. PeerJ 3: e931.

 

Appendix 1: Publications that report a number of previous dates

Archer, Michael "Mike". (1974). New information about the Quaternary distribution of the Thylacine (Marsupialia: Thylacinidae) in Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 57(2): 43-50.

Gale, S. J. (2009). Event chronostratigraphy: A high-resolution tool for dating the recent past. Quaternary Geochronology 4(5): 391-399. [Abstract]

Howlett, Roger M. (2012). Discovery and Exploration of Thylacine Cave, Nullarbor WA.  Caves Australia 189: 17-19.