Solanum sandwicense Hook. & Arn. (1832:92)
Hawai'i horsenettle, pōpolo, pōpoloʻaiakeakua
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonyms: Solanum sandwichense Dunal in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(1): 268 (1852); Solanum woahense Dunal in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(1): 268 (1852); Solanum woahense var. erosocrenulatum Dunal in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 13(1): 269 (1852); Solanum sandwicense var. kavaiense A.Gray in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 6: 43 (1862); Solanum kauaiense Hillebr. in Fl. Hawaiian Isl.: 305 (1888); Solanum angustior H.St.John in Phytologia 64: 169 (1988); Solanum honopuense H.St.John in Phytologia 64: 170 (1988)
Conservation Status
Critically Endangered (Keir, 2020) or Extinct in the Wild (Wagner et al., 2026:61)
Distribution & Habitat
Kauai & Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA
Anatomy & Morphology
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Chau M., Chambers T., Weisenberger L., Keir M., Kroessig T., Wolkis D., Kam R., Yoshinaga A. (2019). Seed freeze sensitivity and ex situ longevity of 295 species in the native Hawaiian flora. American Journal of Botany 106(9): 1248-1270.
Gutmanis, June. (1995). Kahuna Laau Lapaau: The Practice of Hawaiian Herbal Medicine. Island Heritage.
Keir, M. (2020). Solanum sandwicense. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T80219724A80219731. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T80219724A80219731.en. Accessed on 05 September 2026.
Krauss, B. H. (1993). Plants in Hawaiian Culture. University of Hawai`i Press, Honolulu, HI.
POWO. (2026). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 5 September 2026]
U. S. Fish and Wildlife. 2009. Solanum sandwicense 5 Year Review Summary and Evaluation. Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1995). Recovery Plan for the Kauai Plant Cluster. Honolulu.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2017). 5-year Review Solanum sandwicense. Honolulu.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). (1998). Kauai II: Addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Kauai Plant Cluster.: 84+ pages.
Wagner, W., Herbst, D. and Sohmer S. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Special Publication 91: 1-1918.
Wagner, Warren L., Khan, Nancy R., Lorence, David H., Flynn, Timothy W. and Wood, Kenneth R. (2026). Checklist of native and naturalized Hawaiian vascular plants. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 123: i-xii + 1-96, 3 tables. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.32124043