Lycium verrucosum Eastw.
San Nicholas Island desert-thorn, San Nicolas Island boxthorn
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Considered a synonym of L. brevipes by (Humphreys et al., 2019).
Conservation Status
Extinct (Rejmánek, 2018; Smith, 2018; Knapp et al., 2020, 2021)
Last record: 1897 (Rejmánek, 2018); 1901 (Philbrick, 1980:184; Smith, 2018; Knapp et al., 2021)
Two specimens were collected in 1897 and 1901 (Philbrick, 1980:184), with (Rejmánek, 2018) seemingly unaware of the latter collection since they give a last record of 1897.
Distribution
San Nicolas Island, Channel Islands, California, USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Known from two specimens (Philbrick, 1980:184).
Media
References
Abrams, L. (1951). Illustrated flora of the Pacific states. Volume III. Geraniaceae to Scrophulariaceae. Stanford University Press, Stanford University, California. 866 p. Described this plant, and stated that it is known only from the type locality on cliffs along an arroyo on San Nicolas Island.
Baldwin, B. G., Goldman, D. H., Keil, D. J., Paterson, R., Rosatti, T. J., & Wilken, D. H. (2012). The Jepson Manual: Vascular plants of California, 2nd ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Chiang-Cabrera, F. (1981). A taxonomic study of the North American species of Lycium (Solanaceae). Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin. 287 pp.
Humphreys, Aelys M., Govaerts, Rafaël, Ficinski, Sarah Z., Lughadha, Eimear Nic and Vorontsova, Maria S. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2 [Supplementary Dataset 1]
Knapp, Wesley M., Frances, Anne, Noss, Reed, Naczi, Robert F. C., Weakley, Alan, Gann, George D., Baldwin, Bruce G., Miller, James, McIntyre, Patrick, Mishler, Brent D., Moore, Gerry, Olmstead, Richard G., Strong, Anna, Gluesenkamp, Daniel and Kennedy, Kathryn. (2020). Regional records improve data quality in determining plant extinction rates. Nature Ecology & Evolution 4: 512-514. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1146-1
Knapp, Wesley M., Frances, Anne, Noss, Reed, Naczi, Robert F. C., Weakley, Alan, Gann, George D., Baldwin, Bruce G., Miller, James, McIntyre, Patrick, Mishler, Brent D., Moore, Gerry, Olmstead, Richard G., Strong, Anna, Kennedy, Kathryn, Heidel, Bonnie and Gluesenkamp, Daniel. (2021). Vascular plant extinction in the continental United States and Canada. Conservation Biology 35(1): 360-368. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13621 [Supporting Information (Appendix S1)]
Le Roux, Johannes J., Hui, C., Castillo, M. L., Iriondo, J. M., Keet, J.-H., Khapugin, A. A., Médail, F., Rejmánek, M., Theron, G. Yannelli, F. A. and Hirsch, H. (2019). Recent Anthropogenic Plant Extinctions Differ in Biodiversity Hotspots and Coldspots. Current Biology 29(17): 2912-2918.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.063
Philbrick, Ralph N.. (1980). Distribution and Evolution of Endemic Plants of the California Islands, pp. 173-187. In: Power, D. M. (ed.). California Islands proceedings. A multidisciplinary symposium. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.
POWO. (2018). Plants of the World online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://e-monocot.org/.
Rejmánek, Marcel. (2018). Vascular plant extinctions in California: A critical assessment. Diversity and Distributions 24(1): 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12665
Smith, James P., jnr. (2018). California vascular plants: are some of them still out there? Botanical Studies 74: 1-4.
U.D.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service (1985). Review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species; notice of review. Federal Register 50(188): 1-39.
Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.
http://vanishingflora.proboards.com/thread/1881/san-nicolas-island-desert-thorn