Trichechus manatus bakerorum Domning, 2005

 

 

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Synonym/s: Trichecus manatus bakerorum Domning, 2005

 

Conservation Status

Extinct

Last record: Late Pleistocene

 

Distribution

North America

 

Biology

 

 

Hypodigm

Holotype: UF 123652.

 

Media

 

 

References

Original scientific description:

Domning, Daryl P. (2005). Fossil sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region. VII. Pleistocene Trichecus manatus Linnaeus, 1758. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(3): 686-693. [Abstract]

 

Other references:

Bell, Christopher J., Godwin, William, Jenkins, Kelsey M., and Lewis, Patrick J. (2020). First fossil manatees in Texas, USA: Trichechus manatus bakerorum from Pleistocene beach deposits along the Gulf of Mexico. Palaeontologia Electronica, 23(3):a47. https://doi.org/10.26879/1006

 

<< Back to the Sirenians database

Hydrodamalis gigas (Zimmerman, 1780:426)

Steller's sea cow, Northern sea-cow

 

 

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Synonym/s: Rhytina stelleri Zimmermann, 1780:426; Hydrodamalis stelleri Zimmerman, 1780:426; Hydromalis gigas Zimmerman, 1780:426

 

Conservation Status

Extinct

Last record: 1768 (Goodwin & Goodwin, 1973Fisher & Blomberg, 2012)

IUCN status: Extinct

 

Steller's sea cow is one of the most famous recently extinct species, on account of both it's huge size (said to grow to 7m) and the speed with which it was driven to extinction (c.27 years, 1741-1768). However, there have been numerous reports of the species during the 19th and 20th centuries in Russian waters (Bord & Bord, 1989:300-301; Shuker, 1999:82-84). And although the species is unlikely to persist, these individual reports (Raynal, undated; Klumov, 1962; Berzin et al. 1963; Fairley & Welfare, 1987:104-105) are still interesting.

 

Distribution

Bering Island, Commander Islands (= Kommandorskiye Islands), Russia

 

Biology & Ecology

 

 

Hypodigm

Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology:

MCZ 59412

 

Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington D. C.:

USNM 21966
USNM 218376
USNM 170761
USNM 181752
USNM 186807
USNM 23211

USNM 35638 (Pyenson et al., 2022)

USN218380 (Pyenson et al., 2022)

USNM 21258 (Pyenson et al., 2022)

 

Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, Seattle:

UWBM61309 (right rib)

 

Rosensteinmuseum, Stuttgart:

SMNS 31812
SMNS 31814

 

The University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, Alaska:

UAM Mamm 63998

 

Royal Museum, Edinburgh:

NMSZ1956.57.1 (composite skeleton)

 

Natural History Museum, London:

ZD 1984.2092 (composite skeleton)
C.1947.10.21.1 (two skulls)

 

For an excellent and very detailed list of material held in various collections around the world see Hans Rothauscher's website.

 

Media

Source: Wikimedia Commons.

 

References

Original scientific description:

Zimmermann, E. A. (1790). Geographische Geschichte des Menschen und der Allgemein vernreiteten vierfüssigen Thiere, II. Weygandschen Buchhandlung, Leipzig. 432 pp.

 

Other references:

Anderson, Paul K. (1995). Competition, predation, and the evolution and extinction of Steller's sea cow, Hydrodamalis gigas. Marine Mammal Science 11(3): 391-394.

Anderson, Paul K. (2002). Habitat, niche, and evolution of Sirenian mating systems. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 9(1-2): 55-98.

Anderson, Paul K. and Domning, D. P. (2002). Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas), 1178-1181. In: Perrin, W. F., Wursig, B. and Thiewissen, J. G. M. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. San Diego: Academic Press. 1414 pp.

Anonymous. (1964). A preliminary list of rare mammals including those believed to be rare but concerning which detailed information is still lacking. IUCN Bulletin 11(Special Supplement): 4 pp.

Author? (1969). Somebody’s Sea-Cow. Pursuit 5: 13-14.

Author? (1985). Steller Idea. ISC Newsletter 4(3): 9-10.

Baer K. E. von (1840) Untersuchungen ber die ehemalige Verbreitung und die gänzliche Vertilgung der von Steller
beobachteten nordischen Seekuh (Rytina Ill.). Mém. Acad. Sc. St.-Pétersbourg (6) 3: 53-80

Berzin, A. A., Tikhomirov, E. A. and Troinine, V. I. (1963). Has Steller's Sea Cow Disappeared? Priroda Magazine1963(8): 73-75. [in Russian]

Birula, A. (1928). Notes about the pelvic bones of Rhyina stelleri. [incomplete citation]

Brandt, J. F. (1833a). Ueber den Zahnbau der Steller'schen Seekuh (Rhytina stelleri), nebst Bemerkungen zer Characteristik der in zwey Unterfamilien zu zerfallenden Familie der pflanzenfressenden Cetaceen. Mem. Acad. Sci. St.-Petersbourg 17(7): 1-28.

Brandt J.F. (1833b). Ueber den Zahnbau der Stellerschen Seekuh (Rytina stelleri) nebst Bemerkungen zur Characteristik der in zwei Unterfamilien zu zerfällenden Familie der pflanzenfressenden Cetaceen. Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, ser. 6, Sc. Math. Phys. Nat. Vol 2: 103-118.

Brandt J.F. (1845) Observationes ad structuram cranii Rhytinae Stelleri spectantes. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg vol 4 (8-9): 135-138.

Brandt J.F. (1846) Symbolae sirenologicae, quibus praecipue Rhytinae historia naturalis illustratur. Mém. Acad. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg (6) 5: 1-160.

Brandt J.F. (1847) Bericht über neuerdings von dem Präparatoren des Zoologischesn Museums Ilia Wosnesenski von der Behrings-Insel eingesandte Skeletreste der nordischen Seekuh (Rhytina borealis seu Stelleri). Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg vol. 6 (2-3): 46-48.

Brandt J.F. (1867) Ergänzende Mittheilungen zur Erläuterung der ehemaligen Verbreitung und Vertilgung der Stellerschen Seekuh. Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 445-452.

Brandt J.F. (1868). Symbolae sirenologicae. Fasc. II et III. Mém. Acad. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg (7) 12 (1): 1-384.

Brandt A (1871) Ueber die Haut der nordischen Seekuh. Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, (7) 17 (7) : 1-28.

Büchner E. (1891) Die Abbildungen der nordlischen Seekuh (Rhytina gigas Zimm.). Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung neu aufgefundener handschriftlicher Materialen in Seiner Majestät Höchst Eigen Bibliothek zu Zarskoje. Mém. Acad. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, (7), 38(7): 1-24.

Bullen, Cameron David. (2020). A marine megafaunal extinction and its consequences for kelp forests of the North Pacific. Thesis, The University of British Columbia.

Bullen, Cameron David, Campos, A. A., Gregr, E. J., McKechnie, I. and Chan, K. M. A. (2021). The ghost of a giant — six hypotheses for how an extinct megaherbivore structured kelp forests across the North Pacific Rim. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 30: 2101-2118.

Burdin, Alexander, Potgieter, Brooke and O'Corry-Crowe, Gregory. (2012). Climate change: a view through the prism of Steller’s sea cow extinction. Unpublished?

Campos, A.A., Bullen, C.D., Gregr, E.J. et al. (2022). Steller’s sea cow uncertain history illustrates importance of ecological context when interpreting demographic histories from genomes. Nat Commun 13: 3674. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31381-6

Carlton, J. T., Geller, J. B., Reaka-Kudla, M. L. and Norse, E. A. (1999). Historical extinctions in the sea. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 525–538.

Chelnokov, F. G. (1969). Ostatki skeleta morskoi korovy. Priroda 1: 71-73.

Clark J.W. (1889) On the skeleton of Rhytina gigas lately acquired fort he Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy: with some account of the history and extinction of the animal. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 6(6): 340-342.

Claudius, M. (1867). Das Gehörorgan von Rytina stelleri. Mém. Acad. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, (7), 11(5): 1-14.

Clementz, M. T., Koch, P. L. and Beck, C. A. (2007). Diet induced differences in carbon isotope fractionation between sirenians and terrestrial ungulates. Mar. Biol. 151: 1773-1784.

CORBETT, D. G., D. CAUSEY, M. CLEMENTZ, P. L. KOCH, A. DOROFF, C. LEFEVRE AND D. WEST. 2007. Aleuts, sea otters, and sea cows: 3,000 years of interactions in the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Pages 56-92 in J. Erlandson and T. Rick, eds. Human impacts on ancient marine environments. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Crerar, Lorelei D. (2012). Genetics of the Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas): A Study of Ancient Bone Material. Dissertation. 193 pp.

Crerar, Lorelei D., Crerar, Andrew P., Domning, Daryl P. and Parsons, E. C. M. (2014). Rewriting the history of an extinction—was a population of Steller's sea cows (Hydrodamalis gigas) at St Lawrence Island also driven to extinction? Biology Letters 10(11): 20140878.

Crerar, Lorelei D., Freeman, Elizabeth W., Domning, Daryl P. and Parsons, E. Christien M. (2016). Illegal trade of marine mammal bone exposed: simple test identifies bones of “mermaid ivory” or Steller’s sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas). Front. Mar. Sci.. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00272 [Abstract]

Crerar, L.D., Parsons, E.C.M. and Domning, D.P. 2016. Serendipity in research investigation into illegal wildlife trade discovers a new population of Steller's sea cows: a reply to Pyenson et al. (2016). Biology Letters (Royal Society) 12.

Csorba, G., Buzázs, B. and Farkas, B. (2004). A previously undescribed skull of Steller's sea cow, Hydrodamalis gigas (Mammalia, Sirenia) in the Hungarian Natural History Museum. Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hungarici 96: 317-320.

Day, David. (1981). The Doomsday Book of Animals: A Natural History of Vanished Species. New York, N.Y.: The Viking Press.

del Monte-Luna, P, Lluch-Belda, D, Serviere-Zaragoza, E, Carmona, R, Reyes-Bonilla, H, Aurioles-Gamboa, D, Castro-Aguirre, JL, del Próo SA, G, Trujillo-Millán, O and Brook, BW (2007) Marine extinctions revisited. Fish and Fisheries 8(2), 107–122.

del Monte-Luna, Pablo et al. (2023). A review of recent and future marine extinctions. Cambridge Prisms: Extinction 1: e13. https://doi.org/10.1017/ext.2023.11

Dollmann, J. Guy. (1937). Mammals which have recently become extinct and those on the verge of extinction. J. Soc. Preserv. Fauna Empire n. s. 30: 67-74.

Domning, D. P. (1972). Steller’s sea cow and the origin of North Pacific aboriginal whaling. Syesis 5: 187-189.

Domning, D. P. (1976). An ecological model for late Tertiary sirenian evolution in the North Pacific Ocean. Syst. Zool. 25: 352-362.

Domning, D. P. (1978). Sirenian evolution in the North Pacific Ocean. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 118: xi + 176 pp.

Domning, D. P. (1987). Sea cow family reunion. Natural History 96(4): 64-71.

Domning, D. P. 1996. Bibliography and index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia. Smithsonian Institution
Press, Washington, D.C., 611 pp.

Domning, D. 2016. Hydrodamalis gigas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T10303A43792683. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10303A43792683.en. Accessed on 19 June 2022.

Domning, D. P. and Furusawa, H. (1995). Summary of taxa and distribution of Sirenia in the North Pacific Ocean. Island Arc 3: 506-512.

Domning, D. P., Thomason, J. and Corbett, D. G. (2007). Steller’s sea cow in the Aleutian Islands. Marine Mammal Science 23(4): 976-983. [automatic download]

Domning, D., Anderson, P.K. & Turvey, S. (2008). Hydrodamalis gigas. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. (http://www.iucnredlist.org). Downloaded on 08 April 2012.

Dulvy, Nicholas K., Pinnegar, John K. and Reynolds, John D. (2009). Holocene extinctions in the sea, pp. 129-150. In: Turvey, Samuel T. (ed.). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford, UK & New York, USA: Oxford University Press. xii + 352 pp.

Dulvy, NK, Sadovy, Y and Reynolds, JD (2003) Extinction vulnerability in marine populations. Fish and Fisheries 4(1), 25–64.

Dybowski, Benedykt. (1883). Notice sur la différence sexuelle entre les crânes de la Rhytina stelleri. Proc. of the Zool. Soc. of London 1883: 72-73.

Dybowski, Benedykt. (1885). Wyspy Komandorskie. Kosmos 10: 1-30.

Ellis, Richard. (2004). No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species. New York City: Harper Perennial. p. 113.

Estes, James A., Burdin, Alexander and Doak, Daniel F. (2016). Sea otters, kelp forests, and the extinction of Steller’s sea cow. PNAS 113(4): 880-885. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502552112

Estes, J. A., Duggins, D. O. and Rathbun, G. B. (1989). The ecology of extinctions in kelp forest communities. Conservation Biology 3: 252-264.

Evermann, B. W. (1893). A skeleton of Steller’s sea cow. Science 522: 59.

Fairley, John and Welfare, Simon. (1987). Arthur C. Clarke's Chronicles of the Strange and Mysterious. London: William Collins. [p. 104-105 in particular]

Feiler, A. (1999). Ausgestorbene Säugetiere, Typusexemplare und bemerkenswerte Lokalserien von Säugetieren aus der Sammlung des Staatlichen Museums fr Tierkunde Dresden (Mammalia). Zool. Abh. Staatl. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden 50(2)(21): 401-414. ["Engl. summ. Lists the elements making up a partial composite skeleton of Hydrodamalis gigas in Dresden." (source)]

Fischer, G. (1831). Rapport aux Membres de la Société sur quelques faits nouveaux en Zoologie. Bjulletenʹ Moskovskogo Obščestva Ispytatelej Prirody 3: 1-151. [p. 48]

Fisher, Diana O. and Blomberg, Simon P. (2012). Inferring Extinction of Mammals from Sighting Records, Threats, and Biological Traits. Conservation Biology 26(1): 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01797.x

Fisher, Diana O. and Humphreys, Aelys M. (2024). Evidence for modern extinction in plants and animals. Biological Conservation 298: 110772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110772

Forsten, Ann and Youngman, Phillip M. (1982). Hydrodamalis gigas. Mammalian Species 165: 1-3.

Frost, O.W. (1986) Steller’s sea cow. Alaska Fish and Game: 8-9, 20-21 (Jan.-Febr.).

Furusawa, H. (1995). Steller's sea-cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) in the Bering Island, Kamschatka. Fossils (Palaeont. Soc. Japan) No. 58: 1-9. [In Japanese; Engl. summ. Reports new specimens collected on Bering Is.]

Furusawa, H. (2004). A phylogeny of the North Pacific Sirenia (Dugongidae: Hydrodamalinae) based on a comparative study of endocranial casts. Paleontological Research 8(2): 91-98. https://doi.org/10.2517/prpsj.8.91

Gard, L. M. Jr, Lewis, G. E. and Whitmore, F. C. Jr. (1972). Steller’s sea cow in Pleistocene interglacial deposits on Amchitka, Aleutian Islands. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 83(3): 867-869.

Geist, O. and Rainey, F. G. (1936). Archaeological Excavations at Kukulik, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Misc. Pub. Univ. Alaska 2. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Gibson, J. R. (1999). De bestis marinis: Steller’s sea cow and Russian expansion from Siberia to America, 1741–1768. In Bolkhovitinov NN, ed., Pycc?a? Amepu?a 1799–1867, pp. 24–44. Institut Vseobshchey Istorii RAN, Moscow.

Gibson, J. R. (2002). Die Stellersche Seekuh und das russische Vordringen von Sibirien nach Amerika 1741 bis 1768. In E. Donnert (Ed.), Europa in der Frühen Neuzeit (pp. 963-977). Köln: Böhlau Verlag.

Goodwin, Harry A. and Goodwin, J. M. (1973). List of mammals which have become extinct or are possibly extinct since 1600. Int. Union Conserv. Nat. Occas. Pap. 8: 1-20.

Grekov, V. I. (1958). Izvestia Akademii Nauk Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik Seriya Geograficheskaya [New information on the geographic distribution of the extinct sea cow]. 1958: 95-100. [In Russian]

Grevé, C. (1905). Was wissen wir über Stellers Seekuh? Korrespondenzblatt des Naturforscher-Vereins zu Riga 48: 145-156.

Haffner, K. von. (1957a). Konstruction und Eigenschaft der Haut der von Jahren ausgerotteten Steller'schen Seekuh (Rhytina stelleri Retz). Verh. Deutschland Zool. Ges. Zool. Anzeiger, Suppl. Band 20: 312-316.

Haffner K. von (1957b) Bau, Eigenschaften und ehemalige Verwendung der Haut der seit 1768 ausrotteten Steller’schen Seekuh (Rhytina stelleri Retz.) Mitt. Hamburg zool. Mus. 55: 107-136

Haley, Delphine. (1978). Saga of Steller’s Sea Cow. Natural History 87: 9-17.

Haley. Delphine. (1980). Great northern sea cow. Oceans 13: 7-11.

Heptner, V. G. (1965). Jesce raz o Stellerovoy korove. Priroda 54 (7): 91-94.

Heptner, V. G. and Naumov, N. P. (1967). Mlekopitayushchie Sovetskovo Soyuza. Vol. 2, part 1: Morskie korovy i khishchye. Vysshaya Shkola, Moskva.

Heritage, S. and Seiffert, E. R. (2022). Total evidence time-scaled phylogenetic and biogeographic models for the evolution of sea cows (Sirenia, Afrotheria). PeerJ 10: e13886. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13886

Heuvelmans, Bernard. (1968). In the Wake of the Sea-Serpents. New York: Hill and Wang.

Hoyt, E. (1995). One last song for the sirenian: the brief "return" of the Steller's sea cow. Nature Canada 24(1): 60-61.

Isakova, L.F. (2002). The fragments of Marine Cow in the Funds of Irkutsk Provincial Museum.

Jones, R. E. (1967). A Hydrodamalis skull fragment from Monterey Bay, California. J. Mamm. 48: 143-144.

Jones, Ryan Tucker. (2014). Empire of Extinction: Russians and the North Pacific's Strange Beasts of the Sea, 1741-1867. Oxford University Press. 320 pp.

Kaiser, H. E. (1974). Morphology of the Sirenia: a macroscopic and X-ray atlas of the osteology of recent species. Basel: S. Karger. 75 pp.

Kamiya, T. (1994). [Steller's sea cow.] Toba Super Aquarium No. 12: 14-15. [In Japanese.]

Kleinschmidt, A. (1951). Über ein Skelet und eine Rekonstruktion des ausseren Habitus der Riesenseekuh, Rhytina gigas Zimmermann 1780. Zool. Anzeiger 146(9-10): 292-314.

Kleinschmidt, A. (1982) Wissenswertes über die Säugerordnung der Seekühe (Sirenia). Braunschweiger Naturkundliche Schriften 1(3): 367-418.

Kleinschmidt, A. (1983) Notiz zu weiterem Skelet-Material der Stellerschen Riesenseekuh Rhytina gigas (Sirenia, Mammalia). Braunschweiger Naturkundliche Schriften 1(4): 763-765.

Klumov, S. K. (1962). Do large unknown animals still exist on the earth? Priroda Magazine 1962(8): 65-75. [in Russian]

Le Duc, Diana et al. (2022). Genomic basis for skin phenotype and cold adaptation in the extinct Steller’s sea cow. Science Advances 8(5): eabl6496. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abl6496

Lee, T. E., Fisher, D. O., Blomberg, S. P. and Wintle, B. A. (2017). Extinct or still out there? Disentangling influences on extinction and rediscovery helps to clarify the fate of species on the edge. Global Change Biology 23(2): 621-634. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13421

Leung Y-M. 1967. An illustrated key to the species of whale-lice (Amphipoda, Cyamidae), ectoparasites of Cetacea, with a guide to the literature.Crustaceana 12:279–91 [Cyamus rhytinae; see Carlton et al., 1999]

Lorenz, L. von (1904) Das Becken der Stellerschen Seekuh. Abh. Geol. Reichsanst. Wien 19(3): 1-11.

Lucas, F. A. (1891). The Rhytina or Arctic sea cow. Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus. Washington 1889: 623-627.

Mackal, Roy P. (1980). Searching for Hidden Animals. Garden City: Doubleday.

Manocha, Abhed. (2020 or 2021). The survival and extinction of Steller’s sea cow, pp. 27-31. In: Shrestha, Ankit Wenju and Bajracharya, Jenish Raj (eds.). Survival Stories: From the Mountain Tops to the Ocean Floor. Ashoka University.

Marsh, Helene; O'Shea, Thomas J.; Reynolds, John E., III. (2012). Ecology and Conservation of the Sirenia: Dugongs and Manatees. Conservation Biology 18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [p. 19]

Mattioli, Stefano. (2004). Scientific Literature on Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas). Unpublished?

Mattioli, Stefano and Domning, D. P. (2006). An annotated list of extant skeletal material of Steller's sea cow (Hydromalis gigas) (Sirenia: Dugongidae) from the Commander Islands. Aquatic Mammals 32(3): 273-288.

McKenna, M. C., and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of mammals above the species level. Columbia
University Press, New York, 631 pp.

Mohr, E. (1950). Ein Hautstück der Stellerschen Seekuh, Rhytina gigas Zimm. 1780. Zool. Anz. 145: 181-185.

Newsome, S. D., Clementz, M. T. and Koch, P. L. (2010). Using stable isotope biogeochemistry to study marine mammal ecology. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 26: 509-572.

Nordenskiöld, A. E. (1881). The Voyage of the Vega round Asia and Europe. London: Macmillan.

Nordmann, A. von. (1861-63). Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Knochen-baues der Rhytina stelleri. Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicae
7: 1-33.

O'Clair, R. M., O'Clair CE. 1998. Southeast Alaska’s Rocky Shores. Animals. Auke Bay, Alaska: Plant Press. 564 pp. [states that the parasite Sirenocyamus rhytinae hasn't been seen since 1768, and was possibly host-specific]

Ozawa, T., S. Hayashi, and V.M. Mikhelson. (1997). Phylogenetic position of mammoth and Steller's sea cow within Tethytheria demonstrated by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Jour. Molec. Evol. 44(4): 406-413.

Palmer, T. S. (1895). The earliest name for Steller's sea-cow and dugong. Science 2: 449-450.

Papastavrou, V. (1995). Gentle giant's furry fate: why the Steller's sea cow died out. BBC Wildlife 13(11): 26.

Pilleri, G. (1988). Recent Sirenia in Swiss collections with special reference to osteology and comparative neurology. Brain Anatomy Institute 61 pp.

Podgorny, Irina. (2016). Las extinciones históricas: la vaca marina de Steller, el poder de las imágenes y el problema de la evidencia en la zoología del siglo XIX / Historical extinction: Steller’s sea cow, the power of images and the problem of evidence in nineteenth century zoology. Uberlândia 18(32): 25-40.

Pyenson ND, Al-Ansi M, Fieseler CM, Al Jaber KH, Klim KD, LeBlanc J, Mohamed AMD, Al-Shaikh I, Marshall CD. 2022. Fossil Sirenia from the Pleistocene of Qatar: new questions about the antiquity of sea cows in the Gulf Region. PeerJ 10: e14075. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14075

Pyenson, Nicholas D., Parham, James F. and Velez-Juarbe, Jorge. (2016). The dilemma of trade samples and the importance of museum vouchers—caveats from a study on the extinction of Steller's sea cow: a comment on Crerar et al. (2014). Biology Letters 12(2): 20150149.

Rainey, W. E., J. M. Lowenstein, V. M. Sarich, and D. M. Magor. (1984). Sirenian molecular systematics -- including the extinct Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas). Naturwissenschaften 71: 586-588.

Raynal, Michel. (1987). Does the Steller's Sea Cow Still Survive? INFO Journal 51: 15-19, 37.

Renshaw, Graham. (1905). More Natural History Essays. London: Sherratt and Hughes.

Ricqlès, A. de and Buffrénil, V. de. (1995). Sur la présence de pachyostéosclerosis chez la rhytine de Steller (Rhytina (Hydrodamalis) gigas), sirénian rézent éteint. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Paris, 13e Série 16: 47-53.

Robineau, D. (1965). Les osselets de l’ouie de la Rhytine. Mammalia 29: 412-425.

Roopnarine, P. D., Banker, R. M. W. and Sampson, S. D. (2022). Impact of the extinct megaherbivore Steller’s sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) on kelp forest resilience. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.983558

Rothauscher, Hans. (2008). Die Stellersche Seekuh: Monografie der ausgestorbenen Nordischen Riesenseekuh (2nd edition?). BoD - Books on Demand GmbH. 88 pp.

Rothauscher, Hans. (2011). Die Stellersche Seekuh. H. Rothauscher, Bülkau.

Sarich, Vincent, Rainey, W. E., Lowenstein, J. M. and Magor, D. M. (1984). Sirenian macromolecular systematics - including the extinct Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas). Naturwissenschaften 71: 586-588.

Savinetsky A.B. 1992. The centuries dynamics of Steller’s sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) in the late Holocene. Reports of Academy of Sciences. V. 326 # 3. P.570-572 (In Russian).

Savinetsky, A.B. 1995. Ancient population dynamics of the sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas, Zimm. 1780) in the late Holocene. Doklady: Biological Sciences 320 (1-6): 403-405.

Savinetsky, Arkady B., N. K. KISELEVA AND B. F. KHASSANOV. 2004. Dynamics of sea mammal and bird populations of the Bering Sea region over the last several millennia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeocology 209: 335-352.

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Scheffer, Victor B. (1973), The last days of the sea cow. Smithsonian Mag. 3(10): 64-67.

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http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/stellersseacow.htm

http://www.hans-rothauscher.de/steller/seacow.htm

http://io9.com/megalodon-molar-discovered-in-santa-cruz-mountains-1675420387

https://twilightbeasts.wordpress.com/2015/03/25/overkill/

http://www.mnr.gov.ru/news/detail.php?ID=343860

http://www.newsweek.com/massive-headless-skeleton-extinct-20-foot-sea-cow-unearthed-remote-siberian-714544

https://www.vcreporter.com/2018/12/how-now-sea-cow-scientists-recently-dig-into-the-history-of-ancient-treasures-on-santa-rosa-island/

https://extinctanimals.proboards.com/thread/7653/hydrodamalis-gigas-stellers-seacow

 

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