Deparia kaalaana (Copel.) M.Kato (1984:400)
Serpent fern
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Athyrium kaalaanum Copel. in Philipp. J. Sci., C 9(5): 438 (1914); Diplazium kaalanum (Copel.) C.Chr. in Index Filic., Suppl. 2, 12 (1917)
Conservation Status
Possibly Extinct in the Wild (Wood et al., 2019:7) or Extinct in the Wild (Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2024)
Last record: November 1909 (Oppenheimer & Bustamente, 2014:103)
Rediscovered on 10 April 2013 (Oppenheimer & Bustamente, 2014:107)
Last wild record: 2016 (Wood et al., 2019:7; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2024)
Distribution
Hawai'i, Kaua'i & Maui (eastern), Hawaiian Islands, USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2024). Plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae045 [Appendix S1]
Hassler, Michael. (2004-2023). World Ferns. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Version 17.2; last update Oct. 18th, 2023. Available at: https://www.worldplants.de/ferns/https://www.worldplants.de/ferns/ [Accessed 21 October 2023]
Hillebrand, W. F. (1888). Flora of the Hawaiian Islands: a description of their phanerogams and vascular cryptogams. Facsimile ed., 1981. Lubrecht & Cramer, Monticello, NY. 673 pp.
Kartesz, J. T. (1994). A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Kato, M. (1984). A Taxonomic Study of the Athyrioid Fern Genus Deparia with Main Reference to the Pacific Species. J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 13(4): 375-430.
Oppenheimer, Hank L. and Bustamente, Keahi. (2014). Rediscovery, Ecology, and Habitat of Deparia kaalaana (Copel.) M.Kato (Athyriaceae). American Fern Journal 104(2): 103-107.
Palmer, Daniel Dooley. (2002). Hawaiʻi's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press.
POWO. (2023). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 21 October 2023]
Roskov Y. et al. (eds.) (2018). World Ferns: Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). (2014). Review of Native Species That Are Candidates for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions. Federal Register 79(234): 72450-72497.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). (2015). Endangered Status for 49 Species From the Hawaiian Islands. Federal Register 80(189): 58820-58909.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). (2016). Endangered Status for 49 Species From the Hawaiian Islands. Final rule. Federal Register 81(190): 67786-67860.
Wagner, Warren L., Bruegmann, Marie M., Herbst, Derral M. and Lau, Joel Q. C. (1999). Hawaiian Vascular Plants at Risk: 1999. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 60: 1-58.
Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.
Wood, Kenneth R., Oppenheimer, Hank and Keir, Matthew. (2019). A checklist of endemic Hawaiian vascular plant taxa that are considered possibly extinct in the wild. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Technical Report #314.
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