Fregilupus varius Boddaert, 1783:43
Réunion starling, Réunion crested starling, Bourbon crested starling, Hoopoe starling, Huppe
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Upupa varia Boddaert, 1783:43
Recent molecular evidence suggests that the Réunion starling belonged to a lineage that had been isolated for some 4 million years before it became extinct (Zuccon et al., 2008).
Conservation Status
Last record: 1837? 1838 (Tyrberg, 2009:103); 1850's (Cheke & Hume, 2008; Kittelberger et al., 2024)
IUCN RedList status: Extinct
Distribution
Réunion, Mascarene Islands
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
NRM 523079
[url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/naturalis/detail.php?lang=uk&id=31]RMNH 110.050[/url]
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Boddaert, P. M. (1783). Table des planches enluminées d’histoire naturelle de M. d’Aubenton. Utrecht. 58 pp. [p. 43]
Other references:
Angelini, G. (1911). Ancora sui resti del Fregilupus varius Bodd. Riv. Ital. Orn. Bologna 1: 262-267.
Berger, A. J. (1957). On the anatomy and relationships of Fregilupus varius, an extinct starling of the Mascarene Islands. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 113(3): 225-272. [automatic download; WARNING: 42MB file]
BirdLife International. (2012). Fregilupus varius. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. (http://www.iucnredlist.org). Downloaded on 23 May 2013.
BirdLife International. 2016. Fregilupus varius. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22710840A94263439. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710840A94263439.en. Accessed on 01 July 2022.
Brooks, T. 2000. Extinct species. In: BirdLife International (ed.), Threatened Birds of the World, pp. 701-708. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona and Cambridge, U.K.
Cheke, A. S. (1987). An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates. In: Diamond, A.W. (ed.), Studies of Mascarene island birds, pp. 5-89. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Cheke, Anthony S. (2013). Extinct birds of the Mascarenes and Seychelles - a review of the causes of extinction in the light of an important new publication on extinct birds. Phelsuma 21: 4-19.
Cheke, Anthony S. and Hume, Julian Pender. (2008). Lost Land of the Dodo: An Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 464 pp.
Day, David. (1981). The Doomsday Book of Animals: A Natural History of Vanished Species. New York, N.Y.: The Viking Press.
Fuller, Errol. (1988). Extinct Birds. New York: Facts on File Publications. 256 pp.
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.
Hume, Julian Pender. (2013). A synopsis of the pre-human avifauna of the Mascarene Islands, pp. 195-237. In: Göhlich, U.B. & Kroh, A. (eds.). Proceedings of the 8th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution. Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien.
Hume, Julian Pender. (2014). Systematics, morphology, and ecological history of the Mascarene starlings (Aves: Sturnidae) with the description of a new genus and species from Mauritius. Zootaxa 3849 (1): 1-75. [Abstract]
Jouanin, Christian. (1962). Inventaire des oiseaux éteints ou en voie d’extinction conservés au Muséum de Paris. Terre et Vie 109: 275-301.
Kittelberger, Kyle D., Tanner, Colby J., Buxton, Amy N., Prewett, Amira and Şekercioğlu, Çağan Hakkı. (2024). Correlates of avian extinction timing around the world since 1500 CE. Avian Research 15: 100213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100213 [Supplementary data (List of 216 taxa)]
Knox, Alan G. and Walters, Michael P. (1994). Extinct and endangered birds in the collections of The Natural History Museum. British Ornithologists' Club Occasional Publications 1: 1-292. [p. 268]
Legendre, M. (1929). La Huppe de la Réunion (Fregilupus varius Boddaert). Ois., 10: 645-654, 729-743.
Miller, Malcolm R. (1941). Myology of Fregilupus Varius in Relation to its Systematic Position. Auk 58(4): 586-587.
Millon, P. (1951). Note sur l'avifaune actuelle de l'île de la Réunion. Terre et Vie, 1951 : 129-178. [relevant citation?]
Mourer-Chauviré, C., Bour, R., Ribes, S. & Moutou, F. (1999). The Avifauna of Réunion Island (Mascarene Islands) at the time of the arrival of the first Europeans. In: Olson, S. (ed): Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington, D.C., 4-7 June 1996. Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 89: 1-38.
Murie, J. (1874). On the skeleton and lineage of Fregilupus varius. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1874, 474-488, pll. LXI–LXII.
Renshaw, Graham. (1905). The Réunion starling. The Zoologist, ser. 4, 9: 418-422.
Rothschild, Lionel Walter. (1907). Extinct birds: an attempt to write in one volume a short account of those birds which have become extinct in historical times, that is within the last six or seven hundred years: to which are added a few which still exist, but are on the verge of extinction. London: Hutchinson & Co. XXIX + 243 pp. [p. 3-4, pl. 1]
Sayol, Ferran, Steinbauer, Manuel J., Blackburn, Tim M., Antonelli, Alexandre and Faurby, Søren. (2020). Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds. Science Advances 6(49): eabb6095. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb6095 [Supplementary Material (Data File S1)]
Tyrberg, Tommy. (2009). Holocene avian extinctions, pp. 63-106. In: Turvey, Samuel T. (ed.). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford, UK & New York, USA: Oxford University Press. xii + 352 pp.
Vargas, Pablo. (2023). Exploring ‘endangered living fossils’ (ELFs) among monotypic genera of plants and animals of the world. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 11: 1100503. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1100503
Violani, C., Barbagli, F. and Zava, B. (1999). The Réunion crested starling Fregilupus varius in the Italian Museums. Avocetta 23: 174.
Zuccon, Dario, Pasquet, Eric and Ericson, Per. G. P. (2008). Phylogenetic relationships among Palearctic–Oriental starlings and mynas (genera Sturnus and Acridotheres: Sturnidae). Zoologica Scripta, 37(5): 469-481.