Mixotoxodon larensis van Frank, 1957
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Extinct
Last record: Late Pleistocene
Distribution
Texas, USA, south to Bolivia
Biology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
van Frank, R. (1957). A fossil collection from northernVenezuela, I. Toxodontidae (Mammalia: Notoungulata). American Museum Novitates 1850: 1-38.
Other references:
Bravo-Cuevas, Victor Manuel and Jiménez-Hidalgo, Eduardo. (2018). Advances on the Paleobiology of Late Pleistocene mammals from central and southern Mexico, pp. 277-313. In: Huard, Gaeten and Gareau, Jeannine (eds.). The Pleistocene: Geography, Geology, and Fauna. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Cisneros, Juan Carlos. (2005). New Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from El Salvador. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 8(3): 239-255.
Ferrusquía-Villafranca I., Arroyo-Cabrales J., Martínez-Hernández E., Gama-Castro J., Ruiz-González J., Polaco O.J., Johnson E. 2010 Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality. Quaternary International 217(1-2): 53-104.
Jasso, Roberto EmmanuelHernández and Piñón, Alberto Blanco. (2020). Late Pleistocene toxodont remains of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Confirmation of the occurrence of Mixotoxodon larensis (Van Frank, 1957) and an analysis of sexual dimorphism. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104: 102849. [Abstract]
Lucas, Spencer G. (2008). Pleistocene mammals from Yeroconte, Honduras, pp. 403-407. In: Lucas, Spencer G. et al. (eds.). Neogene Mammals. New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 41.
Lundelius, E.L., Jr., V.M. Bryant, R. Mandel, K. J.Thies, and A. Thoms. (2013). The first occurrence of a toxodont (Mammalia, Notoungulata) in the United States. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33(1): 229-232. [Abstract]
Lundelius, E.L., Jr. et al. (In Press, 2019). Proboscidea from the Big Cypress Creek Fauna, Deweyville Formation, Harris County, Texas. Quaternary International. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.11.018 [Abstract]
MacFadden B.J. 2005 Diet and habitat of toxodont megaherbivores (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the late Quaternary of South and Central America. Quaternary Research 64(2): 113-124.
Pascual, R. (1957). Sobre la presencia del genero Toxodon Owen en la formación de Chapadmalal. Revista del Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales y Tradicionales de Mar del Plata 1: 19-28.
Víctor Adrián Pérez-Crespo, Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales, Ana Fabiola Guzmán, Pedro Morales-Puente, Edith Cienfuegos-Alvarado, and Francisco J. Otero. (2020). Isotopic paleoecology of a toxodont (Mixotoxodon larensis) from Michoacan, Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist 64(1): 63-66. [Abstract]
Rincón, A. D. (2011). New remains of Mixotoxodon larensis van Frank 1957 (Mammalia: Notoungu-lata) from mene de inciarte tar pit, north-western Venezuela. Interciencia 36(12): 894-899.
Saint-André, P. A. (1999). Les Toxodontidés du Néogénede l’Altiplano bolivien. Paleontographica, Abtei-lung A Pala¨ozoologie–Stratigraphie 251: 79-148.
Smith F.A., Lyons S.K., Ernest S.K.M., Jones K.E., Kaufman D.M., Dayan T., Marquet P.A., Brown J.H., Haskell J.P. 2003 Body mass of late Quaternary mammals. Ecology 84(12), 3403-3403.
Soibelzon L.H., Rincón A.D. 2007 The fossil record of the short-faced bears (Ursidae, Tremarctinae) from Venezuela. Systematic, biogeographic, and paleoecological implications. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen 244(3): 287-298.
Solórzano, Andrés, Rincón, Ascanio D. and McDonald, H. Gregory. (2015). A New Mammal Assemblage from the Late Pleistocene El Breal de Orocual, Northeast of Venezuela, pp. 125-150. In: Harris, John M. (ed.). La Brea and Beyond: The Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas. Los Angeles, California: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series No. 42. 174 pp.
Welker, Frido et al. (2015). Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin’s South American ungulates. Nature 522: 81-84.