Hibiscadelphus giffardianus Rock (1911:10)
Kilauea hau kuahiwi
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Possibly Extinct in the Wild (Wood et al., 2019:8) or Extinct in the Wild (Stone, 1967:235 ["thought to persist in cultivation"]; Humphreys et al., 2019; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2024; PEPP, 2024; POWO, 2024)
Last wild record: 1911 (Wood et al., 2019:8; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2024); 1930 (Degener, 1930, 1932; Degener & Degener, 1977; Lucas & Synge, 1978:321; Smith et al., 2023; NatureServe, 2024)
IUCN RedList status: Critically Endangered
Only ever known in the wild from a single tree discovered in 1911, and which died in 1930 (NatureServe, 2024).
Distribution
Mauna Loa, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Radlkofer, L. and Rock, J. F. (1911). New and noteworthy Hawaiian plants. Hawaii, Board Agric. Forest Bot. Bull. 1: 1-15.
Other references:
Bates, D. M. (1990). Malvaceae, pp. 868-903. In: Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer, Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai`i. Special Publ. Bishop Mus., Honolulu 83: 1-1853.
Champion, Solomon J. (2020). Biogeography and phylogenetics of the Hawaiian endemic Hibiscadelphus, hau kuahiwi (Malvaceae). MSc thesis, University of Hawai'i.
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2023). Uitgestorven. Op plantenjacht rond de wereld: 1-511. Sterck & De Vreese.
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2024). Plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae045 [Appendix S1]
Degener, O. (1930). Ferns and Flowering Plants of Hawaii National Park . Honolulu . p . 211 & t . 58.
Degener, O. (1932). Flora Hawaiiensis. Family 221, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus. Hawaii.
Degener, O. and Degener, I. (1977). Hibiscadelphus number KK-HX-1: an international treasure in Hawaii. Phytologia 35(5): 385-396.
Evenhuis, N. L. and Eldredge, L. G. (eds.). (2012). Records of the Hawaii biological survey for 2011. Part II: plants. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 113: 1-102.
Gill, Nathan S.; Yelenik, Stephanie; Banko, Paul; Dixon, Christopher B.; Jaenecke, Kelly; Peck, Robert. (2018). Invasive rat control is an efficient, yet insufficient, method for recovery of the critically endangered Hawaiian plant hau kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus giffardianus). PLoS ONE 13(11): e0208106.
Humphreys, Aelys M., Govaerts, Rafaël, Ficinski, Sarah Z., Lughadha, Eimear Nic and Vorontsova, Maria S. (2019). Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0906-2 [Supplementary Dataset 1]
Kartesz, J. T. (1994). A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Lucas, Grenville Llewellyn and Synge, Hugh (compilers). (1978). The IUCN Plant Red Data Book. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN. 540 pp. [pp. 321-322]
NatureServe. (2024). NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer [web application]. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available at: https://explorer.natureserve.org/ [Accessed 1 September 2024]
Oldfield, Sara, Lusty, Charlotte and MacKinven, Amy (compilers). (1998). The World List of Threatened Trees. Cambridge, U.K.: World Conservation Press. 650 pp.
PEPP. (2024). Plant Extinction Prevention Program species list, January 2024. Available at: http://www.pepphi.org/pep-species-list.html [Accessed 10 February 2025]
POWO. (2024). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 3 June 2024]
Rock, J. F. (1913). The indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Publ. privately, Honolulu. 512 pp. (Rep., with introduction by S. Carlquist and addendum by D.R. Herbst, 1974, Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, VT. 548 pp.).
Smith, Donal et al. (2023). Extinct in the wild: The precarious state of Earth’s most threatened group of species. Science 379(6634): eadd2889. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.add2889
Stone, Benjamin C. (1967). A review of the endemic genera of Hawaiian plants. Botanical Review (Lancaster) 33(3): 216-259. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4353741
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1996). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; determination of endangered status for thirteen plants from the islands of Hawaii, State of Hawaii. U.S. Federal Register 61(198): 53137-53153.
Wagner, Warren L., Bruegmann, Marie M., Herbst, Derral M. and Lau, Joel Q. C. (1999). Hawaiian Vascular Plants at Risk: 1999. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 60: 1-58.
Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.
Wood, Kenneth R., Oppenheimer, Hank and Keir, Matthew. (2019). A checklist of endemic Hawaiian vascular plant taxa that are considered possibly extinct in the wild. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Technical Report #314.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre. (1998). Hibiscadelphus giffardianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T30396A9536230. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T30396A9536230.en. Downloaded on 30 April 2017.
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