Glaucopsyche xerces (Boisduval, 1852)
Xerces blue
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Glaucopsyche lygdamus xerces Boisduval, 1852
Conservation Status
Extinct
Last record: 1942 or 1943; early 1940's (World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1996)
IUCN RedList status: Extinct
Distribution
San Francisco, California, USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Boisduval, J. A. (1852). Lépidoptères de la Californie. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 10: 275-324.
Other references:
American Museum of Natural History and Levon Biss (photographer). (2023). Extinct & Endangered: Insects in Peril. ABRAMS. 144 pp.
Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (eds). 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. pp. 378. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Emmel, T.C. and Emmel, J. F. (1993). The xerces blue, Glaucopsyche xerces (Boisduval). Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission; Conservation biology of Lycaenidae (butterflies). 137-138.
Grewe, Felix, Kronforst, Marcus R., Pierce, Naomi E. and Moreau, Corrie S. (2021). Museum genomics reveals the Xerces blue butterfly (Glaucopsyche xerces) was a distinct species driven to extinction. Biol. Lett. 17: 20210123. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0123
Groombridge, B. (ed.). (1994). 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Henning, Graham. (2014). Lepidoptera Conservation in South Africa–Part 1. Babbel Blues 2(Spring): 17-24.
IUCN. (1990). IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Lalueza-Fox C , de-Dios T , Fontsere C , Renom P , Stiller J , Llovera L , Uliano-Silva M , Wright C , Lizano E , Navarro A , Robbins R , Blaxter M , Marquès-Bonet T , Vila R. (2024). Whole-genomes from the extinct Xerces Blue butterfly reveal low diversity and long-term population decline. Authorea Preprints. https://doi.org/10.22541/au.170669351.10063278/v1
NatureServe. (2011). NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer (Accessed: September 17, 2011).
Renom, Pere. (2023). Understanding evolution through genomic analysis of extinct species. PhD thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida.
Seddon, Philip J., Moehrenschlager, Axel and Ewen, John. (In Press, 2014). Reintroducing resurrected species: selecting DeExtinction candidates. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. [Abstract]
World Conservation Monitoring Centre. (1996a). Glaucopsyche xerces. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1. (http://www.iucnredlist.org). Downloaded on 17 September 2011.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre. (1996b). Glaucopsyche xerces. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996: e.T9244A12971422. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9244A12971422.en. Downloaded on 27 June 2021.
https://extinctandendangered.com/gallery/glaucopsyche-xerces
https://www.extinction.photo/species/xerces-blue/