Ginkgo biloba L. (1771:313)
Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree, Bai Guo, Yinxing
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Homotypic synonyms (taken from POWO, 2023):
Pterophyllus salisburiensis J.Nelson in Pinaceae: 163 (1866), nom. illeg.; Salisburia adiantifolia Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 3: 330 (1797), nom. illeg.; Salisburia biloba (L.) Hoffmanns. in Verz. Pfl.-Kult.: 109 (1824); Salisburia ginkgo Rich. in Comm. Bot. Conif. Cycad.: 133 (1826), nom. illeg.
Heterotypic synonyms (taken from POWO, 2023):
Ginkgo biloba f. adiantifolia Sprecher ex Tobler in Ber. Deutsch. Bot .Ges. 58: 363 (1940); Ginkgo biloba f. aurea (J.Nelson) Beissn. in Handb. Conif.: 47 (1887); Ginkgo biloba var. aurea (J.Nelson) A.Henry in H.J.Elwes & A.Henry, Trees Great Britain 1: 58 (1906); Ginkgo biloba aureovariegata Sénécl. in Conifères: 81 (1868); Ginkgo biloba var. epiphylla Makino in J. Jap. Bot. 6: 5 (1929); Ginkgo biloba var. fastigiata A.Henry in H.J.Elwes & A.Henry, Trees Great Britain 1: 58 (1906); Ginkgo biloba f. fastigiata (A.Henry) Rehder in Bibliogr. Cult. Trees: 1 (1949); Ginkgo biloba var. laciniata (Carrière) Carrière in Traité Gén. Conif., ed. 2: 712 (1867); Ginkgo biloba f. laciniata (Carrière) Beissn. in Handb. Conif.: 24 (1887); Ginkgo biloba var. latifolia L.Henry in Rev. Hort. (Paris), n.s., 11: 83 (1911); Ginkgo biloba var. longifolia L.Henry in Rev. Hort. (Paris), n.s., 11: 82 (1911); Ginkgo biloba f. macrophylla (Hartw. & Rümpler) Sprecher in Ginkgo biloba: 178 (1907); Ginkgo biloba var. macrophylla Hartw. & Rümpler in Bäume Sträucher: 664 (1875); Ginkgo biloba macrophylla-laciniata Sénécl. in Conifères: 81 (1868); Ginkgo biloba f. microsperma Sugim. in J. Geobot. 24: 61 (1977); Ginkgo biloba f. parvifolia Sugim. in J. Geobot. 24: 61 (1977); Ginkgo biloba var. pendula (Van Geert) Carrière in Traité Gén. Conif., ed. 2: 713 (1867); Ginkgo biloba f. pendula (Van Geert) Beissn. in Handb. Conif.: 24 (1887); Ginkgo biloba var. triloba A.Henry in H.J.Elwes & A.Henry, Trees Great Britain 1: 58 (1906); Ginkgo biloba var. variegata (Carrière) Carrière in Traité Gén. Conif., ed. 2: 712 (1867); Ginkgo biloba f. variegata (Carrière) Beissn. in Handb. Conif.: 25 (1887); Ginkgo macrophylla K.Koch in Dendrologie 2(2): 108 (1873); Pterophyllus salisburiensis aurea J.Nelson in Pinaceae: 164 (1866); Salisburia adiantifolia var. laciniata Carrière in Rev. Hort. (Paris), sér. 4, 3: 412 (1854); Salisburia adiantifolia var. pendula Van Geert in Nursery Cat. (Auguste Van Geert) 1862: 62 (1862); Salisburia adiantifolia var. variegata Carrière in Rev. Hort. (Paris), sér. 4, 3: 412 (1854); Salisburia macrophylla Reyn. in Cat. Sénécl.: 40 (1854)
Conservation Status
Extinct in the Wild (Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2024) or Rediscovered in the Wild (Tang et al., 2012)
Last wild record: uncertain (Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2024)
IUCN RedList status: Endangered (1998)
Distribution
Zhejiang province, China
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
Above: young Ginkgo biloba growing at a nursery in Carabooda, Western Australia. Photo ©2022 Branden Holmes.
Above: bonsai specimen of Ginkgo biloba for sale (Australian dollars) ['gingko' (sic)]. Photo ©2022 Melody Daniels. Reproduced with permission.
Above: young Ginkgo biloba cv. 'Lemonlime Spire' PBR being grown at a nursery in Carabooda, Western Australia, Australia. ©2022 Branden Holmes.
Above: the leaves of a nursery grown Ginkgo biloba cv. 'Lemonlime Spire' PBR. ©2022 Branden Holmes.
References
Original scientific description:
Linneaus, Carl. (1771). Mantissa Plantarum: Generum Editionis VI. et Specierum Editionis II. Mantissa Altera. Stockholm: L. Salvius. 584 pp.
Other references:
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Bidak, Laila M. et al. (2022). Sustainability potential for Ginkgo biloba L. plantations under climate change uncertainty: An ex-situ conservation perspective. Acta Ecologica Sinica 42(2): 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2021.09.012
Boateng, isaac Duah and Yang, Xiao-Ming. (2021). Do non-thermal pretreatments followed by intermediate-wave infrared drying affect toxicity, allergenicity, bioactives, functional groups, and flavor components of Ginkgo biloba seed? A case study. Industrial Crops and Products 165: 113421. [Abstract]
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Chi, Xiulian et al. (2020). Old ginkgo trees in China: Distribution, determinants and implications for conservation. Global Ecology and Conservation 24: e01304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01304
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2024). Plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae045 [Appendix S1]
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National Environment Protection Bureau. (1987). The list of rare and endangered plants protected in China. Botanical Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Academy Press, Beijing.
Ni, H. F. et al. (2021). [Rapid determination of active components in Ginkgo biloba leaves by near infrared spectroscopy combined with genetic algorithm joint extreme learning machine]. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi = China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 46(1): 110-117. [Abstract]
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Steinthorsdottir, M. et al. (2022). Key traits of living fossil Ginkgo biloba are highly variable but not influenced by climate – Implications for palaeo-pCO2 reconstructions and climate sensitivity. Global and Planetary Change 211: 103786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.103786
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https://vanishingflora.proboards.com/thread/3054/ginkgo-biloba
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/jmf.2020.4852