Ochrosia kilaueaensis H.St.John (1978:214)
Hōlei
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Ochrosia konaensis H.St.John in Adansonia, n.s., 18: 216 (1978)
Conservation Status
Missing (Wood et al., 2019:11; NatureServe, 2026) or Extinct (Wagner et al., 1999:16; Keir, 2020; Albani Rocchetti et al., 2022; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025; Wagner et al., 2026:14)
Last record: 1927 (Wood et al., 2019:11; Keir, 2020; Christenhusz & Govaerts, 2025; NatureServe, 2026)
IUCN RedList status: Extinct
Distribution & Habitat
Puuwaawaa & Kipuka Puaulu, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
St. John, H. (1978). Ochrosia (Apocynaceae) of the Hawaiian Islands, Hawaiian plant studies 60. Adansonia 18: 199-220.
Other references:
Albani Rocchetti, Giulia, Carta, Angelino, Mondoni, Andrea, Godefroid, Sandrine, Davis, Charles C., Caneva, Giulia, Albrecht, Matthew A., Alvarado, Karla, Bijmoer, Roxali, Borosova, Renata, Bräuchler, Christian, Breman, Elinor, Briggs, Marie, Buord, Stephane, Cave, Lynette H., Da Silva, Nílber Gonçalves, Davey, Alexandra H., Davies, Rachael M., Dickie, John B., Fabillo, Melodina, Fleischmann, Andreas, Franks, Andrew, Hall, Geoffrey, Kantvilas, Gintaras, Klak, Cornelia, Liu, Udayangani, Medina, Leopoldo, Reinhammar, Lars Gunnar, Sebola, Ramagwai J., Schönberger, Ines, Sweeney, Patrick, Voglmayr, Hermann, White, Adam, Wieringa, Jan J., Zippel, Elke Zippel and Abeli, Thomas. (2022). Selecting the best candidates for resurrecting extinct-in-the-wild plants from herbaria. Nature Plants 8: 1385-1393. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-022-01296-7 [Supplementary Tables S1-S6]
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M. and Govaerts, Rafaël. (2025). Plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 207(3): 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boae045 [Appendix S1]
Fortini, L., Price, J., Jacobi, J., Vorsino, A., Burgett, J., Brinck, K., Amidon, F., Miller, S., Gon II, S., Koob, G. and Paxton, E. 2013. A landscape-based assessment of climate change vulnerability for all native Hawaiian plants. Technical report HCSU-044. Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hawaii.
Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Kartesz, J. T. (1994). A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Keir, M. (2020). Ochrosia kilaueaensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T33562A83804687. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T33562A83804687.en. Accessed on 02 July 2022.
NatureServe. (2026). Ochrosia kilaueaensis: Holei. NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer [web application]. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available at: https://explorer.natureserve.org/ [Accessed on 20 August 2026]
Oldfield, Sara, Lusty, Charlotte and MacKinven, Amy (compilers). (1998). The World List of Threatened Trees. Cambridge, U.K.: World Conservation Press. 650 pp.
POWO. (2024). Plants of the World Online (online resource). Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/ [Accessed 25 August 2024]
Rock, J. F. (1913). The indigenous trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Publ. privately, Honolulu. 512 pp. (Rep., with introduction by S. Carlquist and addendum by D.R. Herbst, 1974, Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland, VT. 548 pp.).
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1996). Recovery plan for the Big Island plant cluster. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2003. Endangered and Threatened Widlife and plants; proposed designation of critical habitat for three threatened mussels and eight endangered mussels in the Mobile River basin; proposed rule. Federal Register, 68 (58). USFWS.
USFWS. (2012). Ochrosia kilaueaensis (Holei): 5-Year Review, Summary and Evaluation.
Wagner, Warren L., Herbst, D. and Sohmer, S. (1990). Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.
Wagner, Warren L., Bruegmann, Marie M., Herbst, Derral M. and Lau, Joel Q. C. (1999). Hawaiian Vascular Plants at Risk: 1999. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 60: 1-58.
Wagner, Warren L., Khan, Nancy R., Lorence, David H., Flynn, Timothy W. and Wood, Kenneth R. (2026). Checklist of native and naturalized Hawaiian vascular plants. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 123: i-xii + 1-96, 3 tables. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.32124043
Walter, Kerry S. and Gillett, Harriet J. (eds.). (1998). 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK: IUCN – The World Conservation Union. lxiv + 862 pp.
Wood, Kenneth R., Oppenheimer, Hank and Keir, Matthew. (2019). A checklist of endemic Hawaiian vascular plant taxa that are considered possibly extinct in the wild. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Technical Report #314.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre. (1998). Ochrosia kilaueaensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T33562A9786858. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33562A9786858.en. Downloaded on 18 November 2016.