Phyllonycteris major Anthony, 1917:567
Puerto Rican flower bat, Puerto Rican long-tongued bat
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Extinct (Morgan & Czaplewski, 2025:309)
Last record: Late Quaternary (Morgan & Czaplewski, 2025:309)
Distribution & Habitat
Antingua, Guadeloupe (Marie-Galante) & Puerto Rico
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Anthony, H. E. (1917). Two New Fossil Bats from Puerto Rico. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 37: 565-568.
Other references:
Alcover, Josep Antoni et al. (1998). Mammal Species of the World: Additional Data on Insular Mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248, 29 pp., 1 table.
Anthony, H. E. (1918). Mem. Am. Mus. Natl. Hist. n.s. 2(2): 333-435. [incomplete citation]
Cooke, Siobhán B., Dávalos, Liliana M., Mychajliw, Alexis M. Turvey, Samuel T. and Upham, Nathan S. (2017). Anthropogenic Extinction Dominates Holocene Declines of West Indian Mammals. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 48: 301-327. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022754
Day, David. (1981). The Doomsday Book of Animals: A Natural History of Vanished Species. New York, NY: The Viking Press.
Hall, E. R. (1981). The mammals of North America. Second ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1:1-600 + 90, 2:601-1181 + 90.
Morgan, Gary S. (2001). Patterns of extinction in West Indian bats, pp. 369-407. In: Woods, C. A., and Sergile, F. E. (eds.). Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives. Second ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420039481.ch20
Morgan, Gary S. and Czaplewski, Nicholas J. (2025). The North American fossil record of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from cave and karst deposits. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 87(4): 265-313. https://doi.org/10.4311/2024pa0116
Pregill, Gregory K., Steadman, David W. and Watters, David R. (1994). The Quaternary vertebrate fauna of the Lesser Antilles: Historical components of Caribbean biogeography. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 30: 1-51. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.240776
Simmons, N. B., Gunnell, G. F. and Czaplewski, Nicholas J. (2020). Fragments and gaps: the fossil record, pp. 63-86. In: Fleming, T. H., Dávalos, L. M., and Mello, M. A. R. (eds.). Phyllostomid Bats: A Unique Mammalian radiation. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226696263.003.0005
Steadman, David W., Pregill, Gregory K. and Olson, Storrs L. (1984). Fossil vertebrates from Antigua, Lesser Antilles: Evidence for late Holocene human-caused extinctions in the West Indies. Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 4448-4451.
Stoetzel, Emmanuelle, Royer, Aurélien, Cochard, David and Lenoble, Arnaud. (2016). Late Quaternary changes in bat palaeobiodiversity and palaeobiogeography under
climatic and anthropogenic pressure: new insights from Marie-Galante, Lesser Antilles. Quaternary Science Reviews 143: 150-174. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.05.013
Turvey, Samuel T. (2009). Holocene mammal extinctions, pp. 41-61. In: Turvey, Samuel T. (ed.). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford, UK & New York, USA: Oxford University Press. xii + 352 pp.
Turvey, Samuel T. and Fritz, Susanne A. (2011). The ghosts of mammals past: biological and geographical patterns of global mammalian extinction across the Holocene. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 366(1577): 2564-2576. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0020 [Supplementary Information]
Upham, Nathan S. (2017). Past and present of insular Caribbean mammals: understanding Holocene extinctions to inform modern biodiversity conservation. Journal of Mammalogy 98(4): 913-917. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyx079
Wilson, D. E. and Reeder, D. M. (2005). Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
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