Clicky

Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810

European cave lion, Steppe lion

 

 

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Synonym/s: Felis spelaea Goldfuss, 1810; Panthera leo spelaea Goldfuss, 1810; Panthera tigris spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810)

 

Conservation Status

Extinct

Last record: 22.0–21.5 cal kyr BP or later (Marciszak et al., 2022); ca. 12.5 ka (Fosse et al., 2017)

 

Distribution

Eurasia & North America

 

Biology & Ecology

 

 

Hypodigm

 

 

Media

 

 

Literature

Original scientific description:

Goldfuss, G. A. (1810). Die Umgebungen von Muggensdorf. Ein Taschenbuch für Freunde der Natur und Alterumskunde. Erlangen: Palm, J. J.

 

Other references:

Altuna, J. (1981). Fund eines Skelettes des Höhlenlöwen (Panthera leo spelaea Goldfuss) in Arrikrutz, Baskenland. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 32(1-2): 31-46.

Álvarez-Lao, Diego J. et al. (2020). A cave lion (Panthera spelaea) skeleton from Torca del León (NW Iberia): Micromammals indicate a temperate and forest environment corresponding to GI-11 (MIS 3). Quaternary Science Reviews 229: 106123. [Abstract]

Argant, A. (1988). Étude de ‘exemplaire de Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) du gisement Pleistocène moyen recent de la grotte d” Aze (Saone et Loire). Revue de Paléobiologie 7(2): 449-466.

Argant, Alain and Brugal, Jean-Philip. (2017). The cave lion Panthera (Leo) spelaea and its evolution: Panthera spelaea intermedia nov. subspecies. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 60(2): 58-103.

Ballesio, R. (1975). Étude de Panthera (leo) spelaea (Goldfuss) nov. subsp. (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) du gisement du Pleistocène moyen des Abimes de la Fage à Noailles (Corrèze). Nouveaux Archaeologie du Musée Histoire Naturelle Lyon 13: 47-55.

Ballesio, R. (1980). Le gisment pleistocène supérieur de la grotte de Jaurens à Nespouls, Çorrèze, France: Les Carnivores (Mammalia, Carnivora). Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. nat. Lyon, 18: 61-102.

Barnett, Ross, Shapiro B., Barnes I.A.N., Ho S.Y.W., Burger J., Yamaguchi N., Higham T.F.G., Wheeler H.T., Rosendahl W., Sher A.V., et al. (2009). Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity. Molecular Ecology 18(18): 1668-1677.

Barnett, R. et al. (2016). Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810), Resolve its Position within the Panthera Cats. Open Quaternary 2: 4.

Baryshnikov, Gennady F. (2011). Pleistocene Felidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Paleolithic site in Kudaro caves in the Caucasus. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 315(3): 197-226.

Baryshnikov, G. F. and Boeskorov, G. (2001). The Pleistocene cave lion, Panthera spelaea (Carnivora, Felidae) from Yakutia, Russia. Cranium 18: 7-24.

Baryshnikov, G. F. and Petrova, E. (2008). Cave lion (Panthera spelaea) from the Pleistocene of Chuvashiya, European Russia. Russian J. Theriol. 7(1): 33-40.

Baryshnikov, G. and Tsoukala, E. (2010). New analysis of the Pleistocene carnivores from Petralona Cave (Macedonia, Greece) based on the Collection of the Thessaloniki Aristotle University. Geobios 43: 389-402.

Beauval, C. (2004). La faune des niveaux Mousteriens de ‘Chez-Pinaud’ (Jonzac, Charente-Maritime, France). Première analyse. In Le Site Paléolithique de Chez-Pinaud à Jonzac, Charente-Maritime, Préhistoire du Sud Ouest, Supplement (ed. Airvaux, J.) (Association Préhistoire du Sud-Ouest).

Blasco, R. et al. (2013). Environmental availability, behavioural diversity and diet: A zooarchaeological approach from the TD10-1 sublevel of Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain) and Bolomor Cave (Valencia, Spain). Quat. Sci. Rev. 70: 124-144.

Bocherens, Hervé. (2015). Isotopic tracking of large carnivore palaeoecology in the mammoth steppe. Quaternary Science Reviews 117: 42-71. [Abstract]

Bocherens, H., Baryshnikov, G., Van Neer, W. (2014). Were bears or lions involved in salmon accumulation in the Middle Palaeolithic of the Caucasus? An isotopic investigation in Kudaro 3 cave. Quaternary International 339-340: 112-118.

Bocherens, Hervé et al. (2011). Isotopic evidence for dietary ecology of cave lion (Panthera spelaea) in North-Western Europe: prey choice, competition and implications for extinction. Quaternary International 245(2): 249-261.

Boeskorov, Gennady G. et al. (2021). The Preliminary Analysis of Cave Lion Cubs Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from the Permafrost of Siberia. Quaternary 4(3): 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat4030024

Boev, Zlatozar N. (2018). Fossil and subfossil record of vertebrate animals (Vertebrata J.-B. Lamarck, 1801) along the Western Black Sea Coast (Bulgaria). Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, Suppl. 11: 105-110.

Boger, Ulf et al. (2014). New Insights Gained from the Faunal Material Recovered During the Latest Excavations at Vogelherd Cave. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte 23: 57-81.

Bonifay, M. F. (1971). Carnivores quaternaires du sud-est de la france. Mem. Mus. Hist.. Nat. Paris 21, Heft 2: 43-377.

Burger, J., Rosendahl, W., Loreille, O., Hemmer, H., Eriksson, T., Götherstrom, A., Hiller, J., Collins, M. J., Wess, T. & Alt, K. W. (2004). Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30(3): 841-849.

Chernova, O. F. et al. (2016). Morphological and genetic identification and isotopic study of the hair of a cave lion (Panthera spelaea Goldfuss, 1810) from the Malyi Anyui River (Chukotka, Russia). Quaternary Science Reviews 142: 61-73. [Abstract]

Chernova, O. F. et al. (2020). First Description of the Fur of Two Cubs of Fossil Cave Lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) Found in Yakutia in 2017 and 2018. Dokl. Biol. Sci. 492(1): 93-98. [Abstract]

Choe, R. S., Han, K. S., Kim, S. C., U, C., Ho, C. U., Kang, I. (2020). Late Pleistocene fauna from Chongphadae Cave, Hwangju County, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Quaternary Research [2020]: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.9 [Abstract]

Coss, Richard G. (2020). The Influence of Image Salience on the Artistic Renditions of Cave Lions in the Early Upper Paleolithic, pp. 185-212. In: Carroll J., Clasen M., Jonsson E. (eds.). Evolutionary Perspectives on Imaginative Culture. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46190-4_10 [Abstract]

Cueto, M., Camarós, E., Castaños, P., Ontañón, R. and Arias, P. (2016). Under the Skin of a Lion: Unique Evidence of Upper Paleolithic Exploitation and Use of Cave Lion (Panthera spelaea) from the Lower Gallery of La Garma (Spain). PLoS ONE 11(10): e0163591. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163591

Daschek, Éva J. and Mester, Zsolt. (2020). A site with mixed occupation: Neanderthals and carnivores at Érd (Hungary). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29: 102116.

Dawkins, William Boyd. (1868). On the Pleistocene Mammals of Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire 4: 502-510.

Demay, Laëtitia and Obadă, Theodor. (2021). Complementary analyses of the faunal remains of the lower level of Climăuţi II (Republic of Moldova). Arheologia Moldovei 44: 251-272.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2007). Upper Pleistocene Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) skeleton remains from Praha-Podbaba and other lion finds from loess and river terrace sites in Central Bohemia (Czech Republic). Bulletin of Geosciences 82(2): 99-117.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2008a). The rediscovered holotypes of the Upper Pleistocene spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss,1823) and the steppe lion Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss 1810) and taphonomic discussion to the Zoolithen Cave hyena den at Geilenreuth (Bavaria, South-Germany). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society London 154(4): 822-831.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2008b). Upper Pleistocene Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) remains from an open air loess bone accumulation and human campsite in Freyburg a. d. U. (Saxony-Anhalt). Jahresschrift für Mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte 92: 9-24.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2009a). Steppe lion remains imported by Ice Age spotted hyenas into the late Pleistocene Perick caves hyena den in Northern Germany. Quaternary Research 71(3): 361-374. [Abstract]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2009b). Upper Pleistocene Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) remains from the Bilstein Caves (Sauerland Karst) and contribution to the steppe lion taphonomy, palaeobiology and sexual dimorphism. Annales de Paleontologie 95(3): 117-138.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2011a). Late Pleistocene steppe lion Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) footprints and bone remains from open air sites in northern Germany - Evidence of hyena-lion antagonism in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 30(15-16): 1883-1906. [Abstract]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2011b). Pleistocene Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) remains from the Balve Cave (NW Germany) - a cave bear, hyena den and Middle Palaeolithic human cave, and review of the Sauerland Karst lion sites. Quaternaire 22(2): 105-127.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2011c). The largest european lion Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) population from the zoolithen cave, germany: specialised cave bear predators of Europe. Historical Biology 23(2-3): 271-311.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2011d). A diseased Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) lioness from a forest elephant graveyard in the Late Pleistocene (Eemian) interglacial lake at Neumark-Nord, central Germany. Historical Biology 23(2-3): 195-217.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2011e). Late Pleistocene Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) skeletons from the Czech Republic (centeral Europe); their pathological cranial features and injuries resulting from intraspecific fights, conflicts with hyenas, and attacks on cave bears. Bulletin of Geosciences 86(4): 817-840.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2012a). Late Pleistocene Eemian Ice Age spotted hyena feeding strategies and steppe lions on their largest prey – Palaeoloxodon antiquus Falconer and Cautley 1845 at the straight-tusked elephant graveyard and Neandertalian site Neumark-Nord Lake 1, Central Germany. Historical Biology. [incomplete citation]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2012b). Tracking Late Pleistocene steppe lion predation in a mammoth steppe near a spotted hyena open air den of Northwestern Germany – comparisons to modern African lion trackways – new picture of top predator prey specializations, and global Pleistocene megafauna track site review. Ichnos. [incomplete citation]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2012c). Cave bear killers and scavengers from the last ice age of central Europe: Feeding specializations in response to the absence of mammoth steppe fauna from mountainous regions. Quaternary International, special issue Mammoths and Their Relatives 1: Biotopes, Evolution and Human Impact V International Conference, Le Puy-en-Velay, 2010 255: 59-78. [Abstract]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2014). Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey. Paleontology Journal 2014: 106203, 34 pp.

Diedrich, Cajus G. and Rathgeber, T. (2012). Late Pleistocene steppe lion Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss 1810) skeleton remains of the Upper Rhine Valley (SW Germany) and contributions to their sexual dimorphism, taphonomy and habitus. Historical Biology 24(1): 1-28.

Döppes, Doris et al. (2021). The late pleistocene cave bear fauna of the Torrener Bärenhöhle in the northern alps (Salzburg, Austria). Historical Biology. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1849175 [Abstract]

Ersmark, E, Orlando, L, Sandoval-Castellanos, E, Barnes, I, Barnett, R, Stuart, A J, Lister, A M and Dalen, L (2015). Population demography and genetic diversity in the Pleistocene cave lion. Open Quaternary 1: 1-15.

Fadeeva, Tatyana Fadeeva, Gimranov, Dmitriy and Kosintsev, Pavel. (2021). Pleistocene small mammal faunas of the Imanay Cave, pp. 25-26. In: Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kovalchuk O., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2021 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 119 pp.

Filhol E. & Filhol H. 1871. — Description des ossements de Felis spelaea découverts dans la caverne de l'Herm (Ariège). Ed. Masson, Paris, 120 p.

K. Fischer, “Neufunde von jungpleistozänen Höhlenlöwen Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) in Rübeland, Harz,” Braunschweiger Naturkundliche Schriften, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 455–471, 1994.

Fosse, P., Madelaine, S., Oberlin, C., Cretin, C. and Bonnet-Jacquement, P. (2017). Un lion des cavernes (Panthera (Leo) spelaea) exploité au Dryas récent : les données du gisement du Peyrat (Saint-Rabier, Dordogne, France). PALEO 28: 91-115. https://doi.org/10.4000/paleo.3098

Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe and Antoine, Pierre-Olivier. (2014). La grotte de Fouvent, dit l’Abri Cuvier (Fouvent-le-Bas, Haute-Saône, France): analyse taphonomique d’un repaire d’hyènes du Pléistocène supérieur (OIS 3). PALEO 25: 79-99.

Gardeisen, A. (1999). Middle palaeolithic subsistence in the west cave of “Le portel” (Pyrénées, France). J. Archaeol. Sci. 26: 1145-1158.

Gatta, Maurizio et al. (2022). The faunal assemblage from La Sassa cave (Latium, Italy): Environmental perspective of a Late Pleistocene cave hyena – Brown bear den. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 46: 103691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103691

Ghezzo, Elena. (2018). Evolution and presence of genus Panthera in the Pleistocene of Europe, pp. 237-275. In: Huard, Gaeten and Gareau, Jeannine (eds.). The Pleistocene: Geography, Geology, and Fauna. New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Ghezzo, Elena, Palchetti, Alessandro and Rook, Lorenzo. (2014). Recovering data from historical collections: stratigraphic and spatial reconstruction of the outstanding carnivoran record from the Late Pleistocene Equi cave (Apuane Alps, Italy). Quaternary Science Reviews 96: 168-179.

Gimranov, D. and Kosintsev, P. (2020). Quaternary large mammals from the Imanay Cave. Quaternary International 546: 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.01.014

Gimranov, D. O. et al. (2018). A Mass Burial of Fossil Lions (Carnivora, Felidae, Panthera (Leo) ex gr. fossilis-spelaea) from Eurasia. Doklady Biological Sciences 482(1): 191-193. [Abstract]

De Giuli C. (1983) - Le faune pleistoceniche del Salento. 1. La fauna di San Sidero 3. Quaderni del Museo Comunale di Paleontologia di Maglie, 1, 45-84.

Gnoske, T. and Kerbis Peterhans, J. (2000). Cave lions: The truth behind biblical myths. In the Field 71: 2–6.

Groiss, J.Th. (1996). Der Höhlentiger Panthera tigris spelaea (Goldfuss). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Mh. 7: 399-414.

Gross, C. (1992). Das Skelett des Höhlenöwen (Panthera leo spelaea Goldfuss 1810) aus Siegsdorf/Ldkr. Traunstein im Vergleich mit anderen Funden aus Deutschland und den Niederlanden. Dissertations- und Fotodruck Frank GmbH, München.

Guthrie, R. D. (1990). Frozen Fauna of the Woolly Mammoth Steppe: The Story of Blue Babe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 323 pp.

G. Gužvica, “Panihera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from North-Western Croatia,” Geologia Croatica, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 59–73, 1998.

Hemmer, H. (1974). Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae), Teil III: Zur Artgeschichte des Lowen Panthera (Panthera) leo (Linnaeus 1758). Ver € offentlichun- € gen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen 17, 167–280.

Hemmer, H. (2011). The story of the cave lion — Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfüss, 1810)—a review. Quaternaire Hors-Série 4: 201-208.

Jackson, Alexander. (2014). Using mammalian assemblages to reconstruct past climate: a study of four Late Pleistocene sites in Suffolk. Suffolk Natural History 50: 76-80.

Kirillova, I. V. et al. (2015). On the discovery of a cave lion from the Malyi Anyui River (Chukotka, Russia). Quaternary Science Reviews 117: 135-151. [Abstract]

Kirillova, I. V., Borisova, O. K., Chernova, O. F., Haynes, G., Narina, N. V., Panin, A. V., Zanina, O. G., Zazovskaya, E. P., Zhuravlev, A. Y. and Zvyagin, V. N. (2021). Nonpyrogenic charring of Late Pleistocene large mammal remains in northeastern Russia. Boreas 51(2): 481-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12569

Koenigswald, W. von, Walders, M., and Sander, M., 1994, Recent discoveries - the tracksite Bottrop-Welheim: European Quaternary Mammal Research Association Newsletter v. 1, p. 58-59.

Koenigswald, W. von, Walders, M., and Sander, M., 1995, Jungpleistozane tierfahrten aus der Emscher-Niederterrasse von BottropWelheim: Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abdhandlungen, v. 27, p. 5-50.

Kurtén, B (1985). The Pleistocene Lion of Beringia. Annales Zoologici Fennici 22: 117–121.

Kurtén B., Anderson E. 1980 Pleistocene Mammals of North America. New York, Columbia University Press.

Lao, Diego Álvarez. (2020). Los grandes mamíferos del Cuaternariu d’Asturies. Ciencies. Cartafueyos Asturianos De Ciencia Y Teunoloxía10: 4-29.

Lorblanchet, M. (1995). Les Grottes Ornees de la Prehistoire. Errance, Paris. [art inspired by the Cave lion]

Malikov, Dmitriy and Pyryaev, Alexander. (2021). The paleoecology of large mammals of Minusinsk Depression in Late Pleistocene by stable isotope data, pp. 58-59. In: Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kovalchuk O., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2021 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 119 pp.

Malikov, Dmitriy, Svyatko, Svetlana V. and Pyryaev, Aleksandr N. (In Press, 2023). Paleoecology of the mammoth fauna of Southern Siberia during the last glacial period based on stable isotope data. Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2023.08.004

Marciszak, Adrian, Gornig, Wiktoria and Kropczyk, Aleksandra. (2021). Radochowska Cave (Sudety Mts, SW Poland) – one of the European caves with a bear cult?, pp. 62-63. In: Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kovalchuk O., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2021 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 119 pp.

Marciszak, Adrian, Ivanoff, Dmitry V. et al. (2022). The Quaternary lions of Ukraine and a trend of decreasing size in Panthera spelaea. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-022-09635-3

Marciszak, Adrian, Lipecki, Grzegorz et al. (In Press, 2020). The Pleistocene lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from Poland – A review. Quaternary International. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.12.018 [Abstract]

Marciszak, Adrian, Schouwenburg, Charles and Darga, Robert. (2014). Decreasing size process in the cave (Pleistocene) lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) evolution – A review. Quaternary International 339-340: 245-257. [Abstract]

Marciszak, Adrian, Schouwenburg, Charles et al. (2019). Morphometric comparison of Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from Poland with the lion remains from Eurasia over the last 700 ka. Quaternary Science Reviews 223: 105950. [Abstract]

Marciszak, Adrian, Talamo, Sahra et al. (2020). The history of lions in Ukraine, pp. 76. In: Sobczyk A., Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kasprzak M., Kotowski A., Marciszak A., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2020 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 124 pp.

Markova A.K., Puzachenko A.Y., van Kolfschoten T. 2010 The North Eurasian mammal assemblages during the end of MIS 3 (Brianskian–Late Karginian–Denekamp Interstadial). Quaternary International 212(2), 149-158.

Markova A.K., Simakova A.N., Puzachenko A.Y. 2009 Ecosystems of Eastern Europe at the time of maximum cooling of the Valdai glaciation (24–18 kyr BP) inferred from data on plant communities and mammal assemblages. Quaternary International 201(1–2), 53-59.

Martin, R. (1968). Les Mammifères fossiles du gisement quartenaire de Villereversure (Ain). Étude des Carnivores, des Cervidés et des Equidés.- Doc. Lab. Géol. Fac. Sei. Lyon, 27: 1-153.

Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (2001). Human/carnivore interaction in the Middle Pleistocene of Latium (Central Italy): an open question, pp. 67-75. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]

Nagel, Doris. (1997). Panthera pardus und Panthera spelea (Felidae) aus der Höhle von Merkenstein/Niederösterreich. Wiss. Mitt. Niederösterr. Landesmuseum 10: 215-224.

Nagel, Doris et al. (2018). Subtropical steppe inhabitants in the Late Pleistocene cave faunas of eastern Middle Europe. Slovenský Kras Acta Carsologica Slovaca 56(1): 99-110.

Niven, L. et al. (2012). Neandertal mobility and large-game hunting: The exploitation of reindeer during the Quina Mousterian at Chez-Pinaud Jonzac (Charente-Maritime, France). J. Hum. Evol. 63: 624-635.

Novik, Anastasia and Shpansky, Andrey. (2021). Mathematical methods in the study of cave lions in the Pleistocene of the West Siberian Plain, pp. 77-78. In: Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kovalchuk O., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2021 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 119 pp.

Packer, C. and Clotte, J. (2000). When lions ruled france. Natural History 109: 52-57.

Petronio, Carmelo et al. (2014). The Late Pleistocene mammal fauna from Montemerano - Manciano (Grosseto, central Italy). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 38: 103-116. [automatic download]

Prat-Vericat, Maria et al. (2022). Middle Pleistocene Steppe Lion Remains from Grotte de la Carrière (Têt Valley, Eastern Pyrenees). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-022-09600-0

Puzachenko, Andrey Yu. and Baryshnikov, Gennady F. (2023). Geographical, temporal variability and sexual size dimorphism of mandible in cave lion (Panthera spelaea) across Northern Eurasia. Historical Biology. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2023.2214578

Reynolds, Ashley R., Seymour, Kevin L. and Evans, David C. (2019). Late Pleistocene records of felids from Medicine Hat, Alberta, including the first Canadian record of the sabre-toothed cat Smilodon fatalis. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences56(10): 1052-1060. [Abstract]

Roblíčková, Martina et al. (2017). The mammalian fauna of Barová Cave (Moravian Karst, the Czech). Fossil Imprint 73(3-4): 515-532.

Robu, Marius. (In Press, 2015). The assessment of the internal architecture of a MIS 3 cave bear bone assemblage. Case study: Urşilor cave, Western Carpathians, Romania. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.12.012 [Abstract]

Rosendahl, Wilfried and Darga, R. (2004). Homo sapiens neanderthalensis et Panthera leo spelaea—du nouveau a propos du site de Siegsdorf (Chiemgau), Baviere/Allemagne. Rev. Palaeobiol. 3: 2.

Rosendahl, Wilfried, Darga, Robert and Döppes, Doris. (2021). Mammuthus-Coelodonta faunal complex from Siegsdorf (Chiemgau, Germany) – overview and new analyses. In: Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S. and Jöris, O. (eds.). The Beef behind all Possible Pasts. The Tandem-Festschrift in Honour of Elaine Turner and Martin Street. Monographien des RGZM 157 (Mainz 2021). doi:10.11588/propylaeum.868.c11312

B. M. Rothschild and C. Diedrich. (2012). Comparison of pathologies in the extinct Pleistocene Eurasian steppe lion Pantherea leo spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) to those in the modern lion, Panthera leo—results of fights with hyenas, bears and lions and other ecological stress. International Journal of Paleopathology. [incomplete citation]

Russo, Gabriele et al. (2023). First direct evidence of lion hunting and the early use of a lion pelt by Neanderthals. Scientific Reports 13: 16405. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42764-0

Sablin, M. V. and Iltsevich, K. Yu. (2021). Remains of large mammals from the Epigravettian site of Yudinovo. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 325(1): 71-81.

Sabol, Martin Gullár, Juraj and Horvát, Ján. (2018). Montane record of the late Pleistocene Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss, 1810) from the Západné Tatry Mountains (northern Slovakia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38(3): e1467921.

Sabol, Martin, Tomašových, Adam and Gullár, Juraj. (2022). Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy. Palaeontologia Electronica 25(2): a26. https://doi.org/10.26879/1175

Scheer, A. (2001). The utilisation of mammoth remains as raw material and its importance for the Gravettian people of the German Danube, pp. 455-459. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]

Schnitzler, A. E. (2011). Past and present distribution of the North African-Asian lion subgroup: a review. Mammal Review 41(3): 220-243.

Scott, Katharine. (2018). The large vertebrates from Picken's Hole, Somerset. Proc. Univ. Bristol Spelaeol. Soc. 27(3): 267-313.

Shchetnikov, A. A. et al. (2015). Large mammals from the Upper Neopleistocene reference sections in the Tunka rift valley, southwestern Baikal Region. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 23(2): 214-236. [Abstract]

Sherani, Shaheer, Perng, Liongvi and Sherani, Maryam. (2022). Evidence of cave lion (Panthera spelaea) from Pleistocene Northeast China. Historical Biology. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2022.2071711

Smith F.A., Lyons S.K., Ernest S.K.M., Jones K.E., Kaufman D.M., Dayan T., Marquet P.A., Brown J.H., Haskell J.P. 2003 Body mass of late Quaternary mammals. Ecology 84(12), 3403-3403.

Sotnikova, M. and Nikolskiy, P. (2006). Systematic position of the cave lion Panthera spelaea (Goldfuss) based on cranial and dental characters. Quaternary International 142-143: 218-228.

Stanton, David W. G. et al. (2020). Early Pleistocene origin and extensive intra-species diversity of the extinct cave lion. Scientific Reports 10: 12621.

Stewart J.R. 2007 Neanderthal extinction as part of the faunal change in Europe during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia - Series A: Vertebrata 50(1-2), 93-124.

Stuart, Anthony J. and Lister, Adrian M. (2011). Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea. Quaternary Science Reviews 30(17-18): 2329-2340. [Abstract]

Suire, C. (1970). Contribution à l'étude des dents de «Felis spelaea» Goldf. Bulletin de l'Association française pour l'Étude du Quaternaire 4: 243-252.

G. Tichy, “Über der Fund eines Höhlenlöwen (Panthera felis spelaea Goldfuss) aus dem Tennengebirge bei Salzburg,” Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Salzburger Landeskunde, vol. 125, pp. 845–864, 1985.

Turner, A. (1984). Dental sex dimorphism in European lions (Panthera leo L.) of the Upper Pleistocene: palaeoecological and palaeoethological implications. Armales Zoologici Fennici 21: 1-8.

Valensi, P. and Psathi, E. (2004). Faunal exploitation during the Middle Palaeolithic in South-eastern France and North-western Italy. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 14: 256-272.

Vereshchagin, N K (1971). Cave lions of Holarctics [in Russian]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 49: 123-199.

Villaluenga, Artiza. (2022). Biogeographical analysis of Upper Pleistocene felid (Felis, Lynx and Panthera) remains in archaeological sites on the Iberian Peninsula, pp. 79-98. In: Conard, Nicholas J., Hassmann, Henning, Hillgruber, Kurt Felix, Serangeli, Jordi and Terberger, Thomas (eds.). The Homotherium Finds from Schöningen 13II-4. Man and Big Cats of the Ice Age. Forschungen zur Urgeschichte aus dem Tagebau von Schöningen 4.

von Buol, P. (2000). ‘Buffalo lions’: A feline missing link? Swara 23: 20-25.

Weinstock, Jaco. (1999). The Upper Pleistocene mammalian faunafrom the Große Grotte near Blaubeuren (southwestern Germany). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 277: 49pp., 13 figs., 32 tabs.

Wojtal, Piotr et al. (In Press, 2016). The scene of a spectacular feast (part II): Animal remains from Dolní Věstonice II, the Czech Republic. Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.03.022 [Abstract]

Wojtal, Piotr et al. (2020). Carnivores in the everyday life of Gravettian hunters-gatherers in Central Europe. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 59: 101171.

Wojtusiak K. 1953. Szczatki lwa jaskiniowego (Felis spelaea Goldf.) z jaskini “Wierzchowskiej Gornej”. Acta Geológica Polonica III: 573–592.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3875552/Did-Stone-Age-man-hunt-CAVE-LIONS-fur-Killing-predators-pelts-led-extinction.html

http://www.newsweek.com/ice-age-cave-lion-remains-found-siberian-coalmine-778106

http://extinctanimals.proboards.com/thread/11053/panthera-spelaea-european-cave-lion

 

<< Back to the Carnivora database