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Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823)

Cave hyena

 

 

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Synonym/s: Hyäna spelaea Goldfuss, 1823 (original combination); Hyaena crocuta spelaea Goldfuss, 1823; Crocuta spelaea Goldfuss, 1823

 

Conservation Status

Extinct

Last record: Late Pleistocene

 

Distribution

Europe

 

Biology

 

 

Hypodigm

 

 

Media

 

 

References

Original scientific description:

Goldfuss, G. A. (1823). Osteologische Beiträge zur Kenntnis verschiedener Säugethiere der Vorwelt. VI. Ueber die Hölen-Hyäne (Hyäna spelaea). Nova Acta PhysicoMedica Academiea Caesarae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum 3(2): 456-490.

 

Other references:

BARLOW, A. , WESTBURY, M., HARTMANN, S., PREICK, M., RIDUSH, B., NAGEL, D., RATHGEBER, T., ZIEGLER, R., BARYSHNIKOV, G., SHENG, G., LUDWIG, A., WIESEL, I., DALEN, L., BIBI, F., WERDELIN, L., HELLER, R. and HOFREITER, M., 2019. Hyena palaeogenomes reveal a complex evolutionary history of cross-continental gene flow between spotted and cave hyena. Science Advances. [Abstract]

Baryshnikov, G. (1999). Chronological and geographical variability of Crocuta spelaea (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) from the Pleistocene of Russia, pp. 155-174. In: Haynes, G., Klimovicz, J. and Reumer, J. W. F. (eds.). Mammoths and the mammoth fauna: studies of an extinct ecosystem. Natural History Museum, Rotterdam.

Baryshnikov, G. F. (1999). Chronological and geographical variability of Crocuta spelaea (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) from the Pleistocene of Russia. Deinsea 6: 155-174.

Boger, Ulf et al. (2014). New Insights Gained from the Faunal Material Recovered During the Latest Excavations at Vogelherd Cave. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte 23: 57-81.

Bon C, Berthonaud V, Maksud F, Labadie K, Poulain J, Artiguenave F, Wincker P, Aury JM, Elalouf JM. (2012). Coprolites as a source of information on the genome and diet of the cave hyena. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279(1739): 2825-2830. [Abstract]

Bona, Fabio, Baioni, Marco and Cilli, Elisabetta. (2023). Paleoclimate and paleoenvironment in north-western Italy (Southern Alps) during the Last Glacial Stage: the small-mammal record from the Buco del Frate Cave (Prevalle – Brescia). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy) 129(1): 79-90.

Bonfiglio, Laura, Mangano, Gabriella, Marra, Antonella Cinzia and Masini, Federico. (2001). A new late Pleistocene vertebrate faunal complex from Sicily (S. Tedoro Cave, North-Eastern Sicily, Italy). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 40(2): 149-158.

Boule, M. (1887). Ours et hyènes Quaternaires. Le Naturaliste revue illustrée des sciences naturelles (2) 5: 53-54.

Carrión, J. S. et al. (2018). Last Neanderthals in the warmest refugium of Europe: Palynological data from Vanguard Cave. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.09.007 [Abstract]

Daschek, Éva J. and Mester, Zsolt. (2020). A site with mixed occupation: Neanderthals and carnivores at Érd (Hungary). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29: 102116.

Dawkins, William Boyd. (1868). On the Pleistocene Mammals of Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire 4: 502-510.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2004). Oberpleistozäne fleckenhyänenreste (Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823)) aus flussterrassenablagerungen in der münsterländer bucht (NW Deutschland). Philippia 11(3): 227-234.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2005). Eine oberpleistozäne Population von Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) aus dem eiszeitlichen Fleckenhyänenhorst Perick-Höhlen von Hemer (Sauerland, NW Deutschland) und ihr Kannibalismus. Philippia 12(2): 93-115.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2006a). The Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) population from the early Upper Pleistocene hyena open air prey deposit site Biedensteg near Bad Wildungen (Hess, NW Germany) and the contribution to their phylogenetic position, coprolites and prey. Cranium 23(2): 39-53.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2006b). By ice age spotted hyenas protracted, cracked, nibbled and chewed skeleton remains of Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach, 1807) from the Lower Weichselian (Upper Pleistocene) open air prey deposit site Bad Wildungen-Biedensteg (Hessia, NW Germany). Journal of Taphonomy 4(4): 173-205.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2006c). Ice age spotted hyenas ?hunting or only scavenging on a cave bear Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller at the Ice Age spotted hyena freeland den and prey deposit site Bad Wildungen-Biedensteg (Hessia, Germany). Scientific Annals, School of Geology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), special volume 98: 193-199.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2007a). The Upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) population and its prey from the gypsum karst den site Westeregeln near Magdeburg (Middle Germany). Abhandlungen und Berichte für Naturkunde 30: 57-83.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2007). Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss 1823) remains from the Upper Pleistocene hyaena Teufelskammer Cave den site near Hochdahl in the Neander valley (NRW, NW Germany). Cranium 24(2): 39-44.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2008a). Late Pleistocene hyenas Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) from Upper Rhine valley open air sites and the contribution to skull shape variability. Cranium 25(2): 31-42.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2008b). The rediscovered holotypes of the Upper Pleistocene spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss,1823) and the steppe lion Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss 1810) and taphonomic discussion to the Zoolithen Cave hyena den at Geilenreuth (Bavaria, South-Germany). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society London 154: 822-831.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2009a). Steppe lion remains imported by Ice Age spotted hyenas into the late Pleistocene Perick caves hyena den in Northern Germany. Quaternary Research 71(3): 361-374. [Abstract]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2009b). Cave bear killers, scavengers between the Scandinavian and Alpine Ice shields – the last hyenas and cave bears in antagonism – and the reason why cave bears hibernated deeply in caves. Stalactite 58(2): 53-63.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2009c). Late Pleistocene Hystrix (Acanthion) brachyura Linnaeus, 1758 from the Fuchsluken cave at the Rote Berg near Saalfeld (Thuringia, Germany) - a porcupine and hyena den and contribution to their palaeobiogeography. The Open Palaeontological Journal 2008(1): 33-41.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2010a). The Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) population and its prey from the late Pleistocene Teufelskammer cave hyena den besides the famous Paleolithic Neanderthal cave (NRW, NW Germany). Historical Biology 23(2-3): 237-270.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2010b). Specialized horse killers in Europe e foetal horse remains in the Late Pleistocene Srbsko Chlum-Komín Cave hyena den in the Bohemian Karst (Czech Republic) and actualistic comparisons to modern African spotted hyenas as zebra hunters. Quaternary International 220(1-2): 174-187.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2011a). The Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) population and its prey from the Late Pleistocene teufelskammer Cave hyena den besides the famous Paleolithic Neandertal Cave (NRW, NW Germany). Historical Biology 23(2-3): 237-270.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2011b). The Late Pleistocene spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) population from the Zoolithen Cave at Gailenreuth (Bavaria, South Germany) a hyena cub raising den of specialized cave bear scavengers in Boreal Forest environments of Central Europe. Historical Biology 23(4): 335-367.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2011c). Periodical use of the Balve Cave (NW Germany) as a Late Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) den: hyena occupations and bone accumulations vs. human Middle Palaeolithic activity. Quaternary International 233(2): 171-184.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2011d). A clan of Late Pleistocene hyenas, Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss 1823), from the Rösenbeck Cave (Germany) and a contribution to cranial shape variability. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society London 103(1): 191-220. [Abstract]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2011e). Seltene Freilandfunde der späteiszeitlichen Fleckenhyäne Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) in Sachsen-Anhalt und Beitrag zu Horsttypen der letzten Hyänen im Jung-Pleistozän von Mitteldeutschland. Zeitschrift für Mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte 93. [incomplete citation]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2012a). The Late Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) population from the Emscher River terrace hyena open air den Bottrop and other sites in NW-Germany - woolly rhinoceros scavengers and their bone accumulations along rivers in lowland mammoth steppe environments. Quaternary International 276-277: 93-119. [Abstract]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2012b). The Ice Age spotted Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) population, their excrements and prey from the Late Pleistocene hyena den Sloup Cave in the Moravian Karst; Czech Republic. Historical Biology 24(2): 161-185.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2012c). Europe's first Upper Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) skeleton from the Koněprusy Caves: a hyena cave prey depot site in the Bohemian Karst (Czech Republic). Historical Biology 24(1): 63-89. [Abstract]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2012d). Late Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) clans as prezewalski horse hunters and woolly rhinoceros scavengers at the open air commuting den and contemporary Neanderthal camp site Westeregeln (central Germany). Journal of Archaeological Science 39(6): 1749-1767.

Diedrich, C. (2012e). The largest Late Pleistocene hyena population from the Srbsko Chlum-Komín Cave (Czech Republic) and its prey in a commuting and prey depot cave den of Central Europe. Historical Biology. [incomplete reference]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2012f). Late Pleistocene Eemian Ice Age spotted hyena feeding strategies and steppe lions on their largest prey – Palaeoloxodon antiquus Falconer and Cautley 1845 at the straight-tusked elephant graveyard and Neandertalian site Neumark-Nord Lake 1, Central Germany. Historical Biology. [incomplete citation]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2012g). Typology of Ice Age spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss 1823) coprolite aggregate pellets from the European Late Pleistocene and their significance at dens and scavenging sites. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 57: 369-377.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2012h). Late Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss 1823) clans as prezewalski horse hunters and woolly rhinoceros scavengers at the open air commuting den and contemporary Neanderthal camp site Westeregeln (central Germany). Journal of Archaeological Science 39(6): 1749-1767.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2012i). Cave bear killers and scavengers from the last ice age of central Europe: Feeding specializations in response to the absence of mammoth steppe fauna from mountainous regions. Quaternary International, special issue Mammoths and Their Relatives 1: Biotopes, Evolution and Human Impact V International Conference, Le Puy-en-Velay, 2010 255: 59–78. [Abstract]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2013). The Late Pleistocene spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) open air birth and communal den site Bad Wildungen-Biedensteg (Hesse, NW Germany)—woolly rhinoceros killers and scavengers in a mammoth steppe environment of Europe—recycling of badger/fox burrows in loess by hyenas in the Ice Age. Journal of Geological Research 276-277: 93-119.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2014a). Palaeopopulations of Late Pleistocene Top Predators in Europe: Ice Age Spotted Hyenas and Steppe Lions in Battle and Competition about Prey. Paleontology Journal 2014: 106203, 34 pp.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (In Press, 2014b). Cannibalism and inter-/intraspecies fight pathologies within Late Pleistocene spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) populations of Europe. Pal Arch.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (In Press, 2014c). The Late Pleistocene Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) population and its prey from the Fuchsluken Cavities near Saalfeld (Thuringia, Central Germany)—a specialized bovid and equuid hunters commuting and cub raising hyena and porcupine overlapping den site. Pal Arch.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2014d). Ice Age Spotted hyaena feeding behavior on Neanderthals in Europe–impact on burial destructions. Chronicles of Science 1(1): 1-34.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2015a). ‘Neanderthal bone flutes’: simply products of Ice Age spotted hyena scavenging activities on cave bear cubs in European cave bear dens. R. Soc. open sci. 2: 140022.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2015b). Late Pleistocene spotted hyena den sites and specialized rhinoceros scavengers in the karstified Zechstein areas of the Thuringian Mountains (Central Germany). E&G Quaternary Science Journal 64(1): 29-45.

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2016). Late Pleistocene hyena skeleton remains of a communal/prey depot cave den in the Bohemian Mountains (Czech Republic) – Its osteology, taphonomy and palaeoecology. Acta Zoologica. DOI: 10.1111/azo.12152 [Abstract]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2020). Eating head first—When European Ice Age spotted hyenas crushed their own to pieces. Acta Zoologica. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12323 [Abstract]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (2021). Thick skin cutters of Siberian frozen mummies—The coevolutionary adaptation of Eurasian Ice Age spotted hyenas. Acta Zoologica. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12366 [Abstract]

Diedrich, Cajus G. (year?). Recycling of badger/fox burrows in Late Pleistocene loess by hyenas at the den site Bad Wildungen-Biedensteg (NW Germany) – woolly rhinoceros killers and scavengers in a mammoth steppe environment of Europe. [incomplete citation]

Diedrich, Cajus G., Weber, T. (In press). The Neanderthal artefacts and bone assemblage from an overlapping Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthal camp and hyena open air den gypsum karst site in Westeregeln Germany, Saxony Anhalt (Central Germany). Journal of Archaeological Science.

Diedrich, Cajus G. and Žák, K. (2006). Upper Pleistocene hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfuss, 1823) prey deposit and den sites in horizontal and vertical caves of the Bohemian Karst (Czech Republic). Bulletin of Geosciences 81(4): 237-276.

Dockner, Martin. (2006). Comparison of Crocuta crocuta crocuta and Crocuta crocuta spelaea through computer tomography. Ph.D. Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Geosciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, 68 pp.

Falci, Danielle C. (2023). Paleoenvironments in Late Pleistocene Sicily. Honors Scholar Theses. 938. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses/938

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Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste. (2008). Étude paléontologique et taphonomique des vestiges osseux d'une tanière d'hyène tachetée fossile (Crocuta crocuta spelaea) du Pléistocène Supérieur: Conives (Indre, France). Université de Toulouse, Mémoire de Maîtrise, unpublished, 135 p.

Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe and Antoine, Pierre-Olivier. (2014). La grotte de Fouvent, dit l’Abri Cuvier (Fouvent-le-Bas, Haute-Saône, France): analyse taphonomique d’un repaire d’hyènes du Pléistocène supérieur (OIS 3). PALEO 25: 79-99.

Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe and Antoine, Pierre-Olivier, « The Cave of Fouvent, also called Abri Cuvier (Fouvent-le-Bas, Haute-Saône, France): Taphonomical analysis of a Late Pleistocene Hyena Den (OIS3) », PALEO [En ligne], 25 | 2014, mis en ligne le 01 juin 2016, consulté le 10 juin 2016. URL : http://paleo.revues.org/3010

Gatta, Maurizio. (2014). Understanding Late Pleistocene landscapes of Central Italy: a multidisciplinary approach. The Post Hole 41: 12-17.

Gatta, Maurizio et al. (In Press, 2016). Pollen from Late Pleistocene hyena (Crocuta crocuta spelaea) coprolites: An interdisciplinary approach from two Italian sites. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2016.07.005 [Abstract]

Gatta, Maurizio et al. (2018). The Late Pleistocene faunal assemblage from Cava Muracci (Latium, Italy): Palaeoenvironmental implications for coastal central Italy during MIS 3. Comptes Rendus Palevol. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2018.04.006 [Abstract]

Gatta, Maurizio et al. (2022). The faunal assemblage from La Sassa cave (Latium, Italy): Environmental perspective of a Late Pleistocene cave hyena – Brown bear den. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 46: 103691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103691

Gatta, Maurizio, Kotsakis, Tassos et al. (2019). The Late Pleistocene faunal assemblage from Cava Muracci (Latium, Italy): Palaeoenvironmental implications for coastal central Italy during MIS 3. Comptes Rendus Palevol 18: 51-71.

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Jimenez, Elodie-Laure et al. (2021). New insights into cave hyena ethology and the implications for territorial competition with hominins in Late Pleistocene north-west Europe: the case of Caverne Marie-Jeanne (Belgium). Journal of Quaternary Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3404

Kalmykov, N. P. and Kobylkin, D. V. (2017). The first find of the cave hyena (Crocuta crocuta spelea) on the Oka plateau (Eastern Sayan). Doklady Earth Sciences 477(1): 1247-1250. [Abstract]

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Mangano, G. (2011). An exclusively hyena-collected bone assemblage in the Late Pleistocene of Sicily: taphonomy and stratigraphic context of the large mammal remains from San Teodoro Cave (North-Eastern Sicily, Italy). Journal of Archaeological Science 38(12): 3584-3595.

Markova A.K., Puzachenko A.Y., van Kolfschoten T. 2010 The North Eurasian mammal assemblages during the end of MIS 3 (Brianskian–Late Karginian–Denekamp Interstadial). Quaternary International 212(2): 149-158. 

Marom, Nimrod et al. (2022). The Late Middle Pleistocene mammalian fauna of Oumm Qatafa Cave, Judean Desert: taxonomy, taphonomy and palaeoenvironment. Journal of Quaternary Science. DOI: 10.1002/jqs.3414

Mashkour M., Monchot H., Trinkaus E., Reyss J.L., Biglari F., Bailon S., Heydari S., Abdi K. 2009 Carnivores and their prey in the Wezmeh Cave (Kermanshah, Iran): a Late Pleistocene refuge in the Zagros. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 19(6), 678-694.

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Ochando, J. et al. (2020). Palynology and chronology of hyaena coprolites from the Piñar karstic Caves Las Ventanas and Carihuela, southern Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 552: 109771. [Abstract]

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Piskoulis, P., Tsiourlini, I. and Tsoukala, E. (2022). The Late Pleistocene micromammalian fauna from Agios Georgios Cave (Kilkis, Central Macedonia, Greece). Preliminary results, pp. 70-71. Proceedings of the Conference “Paleontology and Stratigraphy in Greece in the 21s t century” of the Hellenic Committee for Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Geological Society of Greece.

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Sanchis, Alfred et al. (In Press, 2018). Neanderthal and carnivore activities at Llonin Cave, Asturias, northern Iberian Peninsula: Faunal study of Mousterian levels (MIS 3)Activités de Néandertaliens et carnivores dans la grotte de Llonin, Asturies, Nord de la péninsule Ibérique : étude de la faune des niveaux moustériens (MIS 3). Comptes Rendus Palevol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2018.06.001 [Abstract]

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