Elimia melanoides (Conrad, 1834)
Black mudalia
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Leptoxis melanoides (Contrad, 1834); Leptoxis melanoidus (Conrad, 1834)
Conservation Status
Extinct (see Whelan et al., 2026)
IUCN RedList status: Critically Endangered
Previously considered Rediscovered (Minton et al., 2003), more recent taxonomic work has shown that the extant population belongs to Elimia mintoni sp. nov. (Whelan et al., 2026).
Distribution & Habitat
Alabama, USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (eds). 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. pp. 378. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Bogan, A. E. (1996). Leptoxis melanoides. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. (http://www.iucnredlist.org). Downloaded on 17 July 2013.
Cowie, Robert H., Régnier, Claire, Fontaine, Benoît, and Bouchet, Philippe. (2017). Measuring the Sixth Extinction: what do mollusks tell us? The Nautilus 131(1): 3-41.
Groombridge, B. (ed.). (1994). 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Johnson, P.D., A.E. Bogan, K.M. Brown, N.M. Burkhead,J.R. Cordeiro, J.T. Garner, P.D. Hartfield, D.A.W.Lepitzki, G.L. Mackie, E. Pip, T.A. Tarpley, J.S. Tiemann,N.V. Whelan and E.S. Strong. 2013. Conservation status offreshwater gastropods of Canada and the United States.Fisheries 38: 247–282.
Minton, R. L., Garner, J. T. and Lydeard, C. (2003). Rediscovery, systematic position, and re-description of “Leptoxis” melanoides (Conrad, 1834) (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Pleuroceridae) from the Black Warrior River, Alabama, U.S.A. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 116(3): 531-541.
Régnier, Claire, Fontaine, Benoît and Bouchet, Philippe. (2009). Not Knowing, Not Recording, Not Listing: Numerous Unnoticed Mollusk Extinctions. Conservation Biology 23(5): 1214-1221.
Whelan, Nathan V., Baldwin, Annika, Garner, Jeffrey T., Johnson, Paul D. and Strong, Ellen E. (2026). Molecular data and museum collections reframe Pleuroceridae (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea) diversity and conservation priorities in an overlooked freshwater biodiversity hotspot. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 218: 108556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2026.108556