Pleurobema altum (Conrad, 1854)
Highnut
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Unio altus Conrad, 1854 (basionym); Pleurobema (Pleurobema) alta (Conrad, 1854)
This name is considered a nomen dubium (Williams et al., 2008, 2017; Graf & Cummings, 2021, 2025; MolluscaBase eds., 2025).
Conservation Status
Invalid (nomen dubium) (Williams et al., 2008, 2017; Graf & Cummings, 2021, 2025; MolluscaBase eds., 2025)
Last record: before 1996 (Bogan, 2000b)
IUCN RedList status: Extinct
Was considered Extinct by (Bogan, 2000b; Régnier et al., 2009; Cowie et al., 2017).
Distribution & Habitat
Alabama & Georgia, USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Conrad, T. A. (1854). Descriptions of new species of Unio. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences 2(4): 295-298 + 2 pls.
Other references:
Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (eds). (1996). 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. pp. 378. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Bogan, Arthur E. (Mollusc Specialist Group). (2000a). Pleurobema altum. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. (http://www.iucnredlist.org). Downloaded on 19 July 2013.
Bogan, Arthur E. (Mollusc Specialist Group). (2000b). Pleurobema altum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000: e.T17672A7290168. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17672A7290168.en. Accessed on 20 June 2022.
Cowie, Robert H., Régnier, Claire, Fontaine, Benoît, and Bouchet, Philippe. (2017). Measuring the Sixth Extinction: what do mollusks tell us? The Nautilus 131(1): 3-41.
Frierson, L. S. (1927). A Classified and Annotated Checklist of the North American Niades. Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press. 111 pp.
Graf, Daniel L. and Cummings, Kevin S. (2021). A ‘big data’ approach to global freshwater mussel diversity (Bivalvia: Unionoida), with an updated checklist of genera and species. Journal of Molluscan Studies 87(1): eyaa034 (36 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyaa034
Hilton-Taylor, Craig. (2000). 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Hurd, J. C. (1974). Systematics and zoogeography of the Unionacean mollusks of the Coosa River drainage of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Auburn University. Ph.D. dissertation. 240 pp., 10 tables, 6 fig., + 63 maps.
MolluscaBase eds. (2025). MolluscaBase. Pleurobema altum (Conrad, 1854). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=857356 on 2025-07-05
Régnier, Claire, Fontaine, Benoît and Bouchet, Philippe. (2009). Not Knowing, Not Recording, Not Listing: Numerous Unnoticed Mollusk Extinctions. Conservation Biology 23(5): 1214-1221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01245.x [Appendix S1-S2]
Simpson, Charles Torrey. (1900). Synopsis of the naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 22(1205): 501-1044, pl. 18.
Simpson, Charles Torrey. (1914). A descriptive catalogue of the naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels. Parts I-III. Detroit, Michigan: Bryant Walker. 1540 pp.
Stansbery, D. H. (1976). Naiad mollusks, pp. 42-52. In: Boschung, H. (ed.). Endangered and threatened plants and animals of Alabama. Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History 2: 1-92.
Williams, James D., Bogan, Arthur E., Butler, Robert S., Cummings, Kevin S., Garner, Jeffrey T., Harris, John L., Johnson, Nathan A. and Watters, G. Thomas. (2017). A revised list of the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida) of the United States and Canada. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation 20: 33-58.
Williams, James D., Bogan, Arthur E. and Garner, Jeffrey T. (2008). Freshwater mussels of Alabama and the Mobile Basin in Georgia, Mississippi and Tennessee. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. xv + 908 pp.
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