Pleurobema avellanum Simpson, 1900
Hazel pigtoe
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Now considered a synonym of Pleurobema rubellum (Williams et al., 2017; Graf & Cummings, 2021, 2025; MolluscaBase eds., 2025).
Conservation Status
Invalid (synonym of Pleurobema rubellum) (Williams et al., 2017; Graf & Cummings, 2021, 2025; MolluscaBase eds., 2025)
IUCN RedList status: Extinct
Was previously considered Extinct by (Bogan, 2000b; Régnier et al., 2009; Cowie et al., 2019).
Distribution & Habitat
Alabama, USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Simpson, Charles Torrey. (1900a). New and unfigured Unionidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 52: 74-86.
Other references:
Baillie, J. and Groombridge, B. (eds). (1996). 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Bogan, Arthur E. (Mollusc Specialist Group). (2000a). Pleurobema avellanum. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. (http://www.iucnredlist.org). Downloaded on 19 July 2013.
Bogan, Arthur E. (Mollusc Specialist Group). (2000b). Pleurobema avellanum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000: e.T17673A7292223. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17673A7292223.en. Accessed on 01 July 2022.
Cowie, Robert H., Régnier, Claire, Fontaine, Benoît, and Bouchet, Philippe. (2017). Measuring the Sixth Extinction: what do mollusks tell us? The Nautilus 131(1): 3-41.
Graf, Daniel L. and Cummings, Kevin S. (2021). A ‘big data’ approach to global freshwater mussel diversity (Bivalvia: Unionoida), with an updated checklist of genera and species. Journal of Molluscan Studies 87(1): eyaa034 (36 pp.). https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyaa034
Graf, Daniel L. and Cummings, Kevin S. (2025). The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves). MUSSEL Project Web Site, https://www.mussel-project.net/. Accessed 5 July 2025.
Hilton-Taylor, Craig. (2000). 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
MolluscaBase eds. (2025). MolluscaBase. Pleurobema avellanum (C. T. Simpson, 1900). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=857873 on 2025-07-05
Régnier, Claire, Fontaine, Benoît and Bouchet, Philippe. (2009). Not Knowing, Not Recording, Not Listing: Numerous Unnoticed Mollusk Extinctions. Conservation Biology 23(5): 1214-1221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01245.x [Appendix S1-S2]
Simpson, Charles Torrey. (1900b). Synopsis of the naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 22(1205): 501-1044, pl. 18.
Simpson, Charles Torrey. (1914). A descriptive catalogue of the naiades, or pearly fresh-water mussels. Parts I-III. Detroit, Michigan: Bryant Walker. 1540 pp.
Williams, James D., Bogan, Arthur E., Butler, Robert S., Cummings, Kevin S., Garner, Jeffrey T., Harris, John L., Johnson, Nathan A. and Watters, G. Thomas. (2017). A revised list of the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida) of the United States and Canada. Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation 20: 33-58.
Williams, James D., Bogan, Arthur E. and Garner, Jeffrey T. (2008). Freshwater mussels of Alabama and the Mobile Basin in Georgia, Mississippi and Tennessee. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. xv + 908 pp.
https://extinctanimals.proboards.com/thread/10352/pleurobema-avellanum-hazel-pigtoe
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