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Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach, 1799:697)

Eurasian giant deer (proposed), Giant deer, Irish elk (misnomer), Giant Irish deer (misnomer)

 

 

Taxonomy & Nomenclature

Synonym/s: Alce gigantean Blumenbach, 1799:697; Megaceros giganteus (Blumenbach, 1799:697); Megaceros Hibernicus Owen (year?)

 

Conservation Status

Extinct

Last record: c. 6,000 BC

 

Distribution

Eurasia (Ireland to China)

 

Biology & Ecology

 

 

Hypodigm

Ward (1892:41) lists 7 sets of antlers in various collections, for which he gives measurements.

 

Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa:

LM001261

 

Media

 

 

References

Original scientific description:

Blumenbach, J. F. (1799). Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. Sechste Auflage. Nebst zwey Kupfertafeln. Dieterich, Göttingen.

 

Other references:

Aaris‐Sørensen, Kim and Liljegren, Ronnie. (2004). Late Pleistocene remains of giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus Blumenbach) in Scandinavia: chronology and environment. Boreas 33(1): 61-73. [Abstract]

Azzaroli, A. (1953). The deer of the Weybourn Crag and Forest Bed of Norfolk. The Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 2(1): 3-96.

Barnosky, Anthony D. (1985). Taphonomy and herd structure of the extinct Irish elk, Megaloceros giganteus. Science 228(4697): 340-344.

Barnosky, Anthony D. (1986). "Big Game" Extinction Caused by Late Pleistocene Climatic Change: Irish Elk ([i]Megaloceros giganteus[/i]) in Ireland. Quaternary Research 25: 128-135.

Boev, Zlatozar N. (2019). Fossil record of the Irish Elk (Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach, 1799)) (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in Bulgaria. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum 4: 27-31.

Boger, Ulf et al. (2014). New Insights Gained from the Faunal Material Recovered During the Latest Excavations at Vogelherd Cave. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte 23: 57-81.

Breda, M. (2005). The morphological distinction between the postcranial skeleton of Cervalces/Alces and Megaloceros giganteus and comparison between the two Alceini genera from the Upper Pliocene–Holocene of Western Europe. Geobios 38:151-170.

Caloi, Lucia. (1973). Cranio di Megaceros giganteus (BLUM.) nel Museo del Servizio geologico d’Italia. Bollettino del Servizio geologico d’Italia. 93: 195-221.

Channarayapatna, Sharada, Valensi, Patricia and Hohenstein, Ursula Thun. (2016). Archaeozoological analyses of large mammals from the prehistoric cave site of Lazaret, France: A case study of Archaeostratigraphic Unit 28, pp. 399-407. In: Pérez, Lucía Agudo et al. (eds.). IX Jornadas de Jóvenes en Investigación Arqueológica. Santander 8-11 de junio de 2016.

Charlesworth, J. K. and Erdtman, G. (1935). Postglacial section at Milewater Dock, Belfast. Irish Naturalist J. 5: 234-235.

Chritz, Kendra L. et al. (2009). Palaeobiology of an extinct Ice Age mammal: Stable isotope and cementum analysis of giant deer teeth. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 282: 133-144.

Codrea, Vlad A. and Solomon, Alexandru. (2020). The Giant Deer Megaloceros giganteus (Cervidae, Mammalia) at Seleuș (Mureș District). Marisia 31: 103-107.

Cox, R. (1869). Megaceros Hibernicus, the Gigantic Irish Deer. Geological Magazine 6(65): 523-523.

Croitor, Roman. (2008). Giant deer Megaloceros giganteus (Cervidae: Mammalia) from Late Pleistocene of Moldova. Muzeul Olteniei Craiova. Oltenia. Studii şi comunicări. Ştiinţele Naturii 2008: 262-266.

Croitor, Roman. (2018). Plio-pleistocene deer of western paleartic: Taxonomy, Systematics, Phylogeny. Chişinău: Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. 140 pp.

Croitor, Roman. (2021). Taxonomy, Systematics and Evolution of Giant Deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach, 1799) (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the Pleistocene of Eurasia. Quaternary 4: 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat4040036

Croitor, Roman, Stefaniak, K., Pawłowska, K., Ridush, B., Wojtal, P., and Stach, M. (2014). Giant deer Megaloceros giganteus Blumenbach, 1799 (Cervidae, Mammalia) from Palaeolithic of Eastern Europe. Quaternary International 326-327: 91-104.

Kendra L. Chritz, Gareth J. Dyke, Antoine Zazzo, Adrian M. Lister, Nigel T. Monaghan and Julia D. Sigwart. (2009). Palaeobiology of an extinct Ice Age mammal: Stable isotope and cementum analysis of giant deer teeth. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 282: 133-144.

Daschek, Éva J. and Mester, Zsolt. (2020). A site with mixed occupation: Neanderthals and carnivores at Érd (Hungary). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29: 102116.

Dawkins, William Boyd. (1868). On the Pleistocene Mammals of Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire 4: 502-510.

Dickson, Glenn R. (1992). Bone ultrastructure in the antler of the extinct Giant Irish Deer ([i]Megaceros[/i]). International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2(2): 171-175. [Abstract]

Diedrich, C. (2005). Von oberpleistozänen Fleckenhyänen gesammelte, versteckte, verbissene, zerknackte Knochen und Geweihe des Riesenhirsches Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach, 1799) aus den Perick-Höhlen im Nordsauerland (NW Deutschland). Philippia 12(1): 31-46.

Douw, David S. (2020). Seasonal Migrational Behaviour in Irish Giant Deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach, 1799); An investigation of intra-tooth multi-isotope analysis application in palaeontological migration studies. Masters thesis, Utrecht University. [Abstract]

Douw, David S. et al. (2022). Investigating seasonal mobility in Irish giant deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach, 1799) through strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr) analysis. Journal of Quaternary Science. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jqs.3447

Farina, Simone. (2016). Catalogue of the late Pleistocene-Holocene fossil mammalian collection from “Canale delle Acque Alte (Canale Mussolini)” (Natural History Museum, University of Pisa). Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat., Mem., Serie A, 123: 47-53, 3 figs.

Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe and Antoine, Pierre-Olivier. (2014). La grotte de Fouvent, dit l’Abri Cuvier (Fouvent-le-Bas, Haute-Saône, France): analyse taphonomique d’un repaire d’hyènes du Pléistocène supérieur (OIS 3). PALEO 25: 79-99.

Gallini, V. and Sala, B. (2001). Settepolesini di Bondeno (Ferrara - Eastern Po Valley): the first example of mammoth steppe in Italy, pp. 272-275. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]

Gonzalez, Silvia, Kitchener, Andrew C. and Lister, Adrian M. (2000). Survival of the Irish elk into the Holocene. Nature 405: 753-754.

Gould, Stephen Jay. (1973). Positive Allometry of Antlers in the “Irish Elk”, Megaloceros giganteus. Nature 244: 375-376.

Gould, Stephen Jay. (1974). The origin and function of ‘‘bizarre’’ structures: antler size and skull size in the ‘‘Irish elk’’ Megaloceros giganteus. Evolution 28: 221–231.

Heckeberg, N. S. (2020). The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach. PeerJ 8: e8114.

Hoffecker, J. F., Holliday, V. T., Stepanchuk, V. N., Brugère, A., Forman, S. L., Goldberg, P., Tubolzev, O. and Pisarev, I. (2014). Geoarchaeological and Bioarchaeological Studies at Mira, an Early Upper Paleolithic Site in the Lower Dnepr Valley, Ukraine. Geoarchaeology 29: 61-77.

Hughes S, Hayden TJ, Douady CJ, Tougard C, Germonpré M, Stuart A, Lbova L, Carden RF, Hänni C, Say L. (2006). Molecular phylogeny of the extinct giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 40: 285-291.

Immel, Alexander et al. (2015a). Mitochondrial Genomes of Giant Deers Suggest their Late Survival in Central Europe. bioRxiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/014944

Immel, Alexander et al. (2015b). Mitochondrial Genomes of Giant Deers Suggest their Late Survival in Central Europe. Scientific Reports 5: 10853. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep10853

Johnston, Penny, Kelly, Bernice and Tierney, John. (2006). Megaloceros giganteus on the loose. Seanda 1: 58-59.

Kahlke, R.-D., 1994. Die Entstehungs-, Entwicklungs- und Verbreitungsgeschichte des oberpleistoza¨nen Mammuthus-Coelodonta-Faunenkomplexes in Eurasien (Grosssa¨uger). Abhandlungen des Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 546, 1–164.

Kahlke, R.D., 1999. The history of the origin, evolution and dispersal of the Late Pleistocene Mammuthus-Coelodonta faunal complex in Eurasia (large mammals). Mammoth site of Hot Springs, SD, inc., 219.

Kitchener, A. 1987. Fighting behaviour of the extinct Irish elk. Modern Geology 11: 1-28.

Klinkhamer, A. J. et al. (Accepted). Head to Head: the case for fighting behaviour in Megaloceros giganteus using finite element analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. [Abstract]

Kolb C, Scheyer TM, Lister AM, Azorit C, De Vos J, Schlingemann MAJ, Rössner GE, Monaghan NT, Sánchez-Villagra MR. (2015). Growth in fossil and extant deer and implications for body size and life history evolution. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15: 1-15.

Kolb C, Scheyer TM, Veitschegger K, Forasiepi AM, Amson E, Van der Geer AAE, Van den Hoek Ostende LW, Hayashi S, Sánchez-Villagra MR. (2015) Mammalian bone palaeohistology: a survey and new data with emphasis on island forms. PeerJ 3: e1358.

Kosintsev, Pavel A. et al. (2022). Mammalian fauna of the Late Pleistocene from the Barsuchiy Dol Cave (Southern Urals). Russian J. Theriol. 21(2): 180-191.

Kuehn, R., Ludt, C. J., Schroeder, W. & Rottmann O. (2005). Molecular phylogeny of Megaloceros giganteus-the giant deer or just a giant red deer? Zoolog. Sci. 22: 1031-1044.

Kurtén B. 1968 Pleistocene mammals of Europe. London, AldineTransaction.

Lao, Diego Álvarez. (2020). Los grandes mamíferos del Cuaternariu d’Asturies. Ciencies. Cartafueyos Asturianos De Ciencia Y Teunoloxía10: 4-29.

Lenardić, Jadranka Mauch et al. (2018). Mammoths, Deer, and a Dog: Fossil and (Sub) Recent Allochthonous Remains from the Northeastern Croatia (Podravina Region), with the First Radiocarbon Dating of the Croatian Woolly Mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius). Quaternary 1(2): 11 [15].

Lister, A. M. (1994). The evolution of the giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Societey 112: 65-100.

A. M. Lister, C. J. Edwards, D. A. W. Nock, M. Bunce, I. A. van Pijlen, D. G. Bradley, M. G. Thomas & I. Barnes. (2005). The phylogenetic position of the ‘giant deer’ Megaloceros giganteus. Nature 438(7069):850-3. Epub 2005 Sep 4. doi:10.1038/nature04134.

Lister, Adrian M. and Stuart, Anthony J. (In Press, 2019). The extinction of the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach): New radiocarbon evidence. Quaternary International. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.03.025 [Abstract]

Malikov, Dmitriy and Pyryaev, Alexander. (2021). The paleoecology of large mammals of Minusinsk Depression in Late Pleistocene by stable isotope data, pp. 58-59. In: Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kovalchuk O., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2021 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 119 pp.

Malikov, Dmitriy, Svyatko, Svetlana V. and Pyryaev, Aleksandr N. (In Press, 2023). Paleoecology of the mammoth fauna of Southern Siberia during the last glacial period based on stable isotope data. Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2023.08.004

Marciszak, Adrian, Gornig, Wiktoria and Kropczyk, Aleksandra. (2021). Radochowska Cave (Sudety Mts, SW Poland) – one of the European caves with a bear cult?, pp. 62-63. In: Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kovalchuk O., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2021 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 119 pp.

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Martin, Kevin. (2008). When size matters: Megaloceros giganteus discovered in County Meath. Seanda 3: 19.

Mitchell, G. F. and Parkes, H. M. (1949). The giant deer in Ireland. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 52B: 291-314

Moen, Ron. A, Pastor, John and Cohen, Yosef. (1999). Antler growth and extinction of Irish elk. Evolutionary Ecology Research 1: 235-249.

Moigne, Anne-Marie, Valensi, Patricia, Auguste, Patrick, García-Solano, José, Tuffreau, Alain, Lamotte, Agnès, Barroso, Cecilio and Moncel, Marie-Hélène. (2016). Bone retouchers from Lower Palaeolithic sites: Terra Amata, Orgnac 3, Cagny-l'Epinette and Cueva del Angel. Quaternary International 409: 195-212.

Molyneaux, T. (1697). A discourse concerning the large horns frequently found under ground in Ireland, concluding from them that the great American deer called a moose was formerly common on that island. Philosophical Transactions 29: 485.

Monaghan, Nigel T. (1995). The Irish giant deer or “Irish Elk”. The Geological Curator 6(4): 171-173.

Monaghan, Nigel T. (2019). Megaloceros: the Ice Age giant deer of Ireland and some Dutch connections. Cranium 36(1): 58-66.

Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (2001). Human/carnivore interaction in the Middle Pleistocene of Latium (Central Italy): an open question, pp. 67-75. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]

Nehring, A. (1891). Über eine besondere Riesenhirsche-Rasse aus der Gegen von Kottbus, pp. 151-162. Sitzb. Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde. [description of [i]Megaloceros giganteus ruffii[/i]]

Paunović, Gordana, Bogićević, Katarina and Urošević, Aleksandar. (2020). Intraspecific differentiation and sexual dimorphism in giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus Blumenbach, 1799; Artiodactyla, Cervidae) skulls found in Serbia. Acta Zoologica. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12325 [Abstract]

Pawłowska, Kamilla, Stefaniak, Krzysztof and Nowakowski, Dariusz. (2014). Healed antler fracture from a giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus) from the Pleistocene in Poland. Palaeontologia Electronica Vol. 17, Issue 1;23A; 9p.

Petronio, Carmelo et al. (2014). The Late Pleistocene mammal fauna from Montemerano - Manciano (Grosseto, central Italy). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 38: 103-116. [automatic download]

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Piskoulis, P., Tsiourlini, I. and Tsoukala, E. (2022). The Late Pleistocene micromammalian fauna from Agios Georgios Cave (Kilkis, Central Macedonia, Greece). Preliminary results, pp. 70-71. Proceedings of the Conference “Paleontology and Stratigraphy in Greece in the 21s t century” of the Hellenic Committee for Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Geological Society of Greece.

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Pohlig, H. (1892). Die Cerviden des thüringischen Diluvial-Travertines mit Beiträgen über andere diluviale und über recente Hirschformen. Palaeontographica 39: 215-263. [description of Megaloceros giganteus germaniae and M. g. italiae]

Rey-Iglesia, Alba et al. (2021). Exploring the phylogeography and population dynamics of the giant deer (Megaloceros giganteus) using Late Quaternary mitogenomes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 288(1950): 20201864. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1864 [Abstract]

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http://www.m3motorway.ie/RelatedContent/file,14079,en.pdf

http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/folklore/folklore_survey/chapter17.htm

http://aliisaacstoryteller.com/2014/02/14/the-giant-irish-elk/

https://twilightbeasts.wordpress.com/2015/04/02/the-last-giant-deer/

https://twilightbeasts.wordpress.com/2014/04/30/an-elk-that-wasnt-an-elk/

Extinct, tv show, season 1, episode 3, "The Irish Elk", originally aired 9 October 2001, see here: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0297556/episodes?ref_=tt_ep_epl

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-science-space/irish-elk-0010673

https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fisherman-reels-in-a-buyer-for-11-000-year-old-antlers-m8rgx6n2w

http://extinctanimals.proboards.com/thread/7726/megaloceros-giganteus-irish-elk

https://ibn.idsi.md/vizualizare_articol/163662

 

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