Bison priscus priscus (Bojanus, 1825)
Steppe bison, Steppe wisent
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Synonym/s: Bison priscus (Bojanus, 1827); Bison priscus longicornis W. Grom. (year?); Bison priscus deminutus W. Grom (year?); Bison priscus mediator Hilz (year?); Bison crassicornis Richardson 1854; Superbison crassicornis Richardson 1854; Bison geisti Skinner and Kaisen 1947; Bison praeoccidentalis Skinner and Kaisen 1947; Bison preoccidentalis Skinner and Kaisen 1947; Bison willistoni Martin 1924
Conservation Status
Extinct
Last record: ~ 5,400 years ago (Zazula et al., 2017)
Distribution
Eurasia and North America
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Bojanus, Ludwig Heinrich. (1825). De uro nostrato ejusque sceleto commentatio, Bovis primigenii sceleto aucta. Palaeontology Library of Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris.
Other references:
Abramova, Z. A. (1979). Paleolit Eniseia - Kokorevskaia kul'tura - Nauka, Novosibirsk.
Agadjanian, A. K. and Shunkov, M. V. (2019). Late Pleistocene Mammals of the Northwestern Altai: Report 2. Charysh Basin. Paleontological Journal 52(12): 1461-1472. [Abstract]
Alroy, J. 2001 A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction. Science 292, 1893-1896.
van Asperen, Eline N. and Kahlke, Ralf-Dietrich. (2017). Dietary traits of the late Early Pleistocene [i]Bison menneri[/i] (Bovidae, Mammalia) from its type site Untermassfeld (Central Germany) and the problem of Pleistocene ‘wood bison’. Quaternary Science Reviews 177: 299-313. [Abstract]
Irena Axmanová, Jan Robovský, Lubomír Tichý, Jiří Danihelka, Elena Troeva, Albert Protopopov and Milan Chytrý. (2020). Habitats of Pleistocene megaherbivores reconstructed from the frozen fauna remains. Ecography 43: 1-11.
Baigusheva, V.S., Titov, V.V., Timonina, G.I., Simakova, A.N., Tesakov, A.S., and Plikht, I., Dokl. Akad. Nauk 454(6): 680-682.
Bate, Dorothea M. A. (1937). Note on recent finds of [i]Dama clactoniana[/i] (Cervus browni auctt.) in London and Swanscombe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 3(1-2): 460-463. [First page]
Bedetti C., Pavia M., Sardella R. (2004) - Nuovi dati sull'associazione a vertebrati fossili del Pleistocene superiore di San Sidero, Maglie (Puglia, SE Italia). IV giornate di Paleontologia (2004), 21-23 maggio 2004, Bolzano, 12.
Emilie Berlioz, Eugénie Capdepon, Emmanuel Discamps. Dental microwear texture analysis of deer and large bovids from Combe Grenal (Dordogne, France): what does it tell us about Neandertal subsistence strategies?. AWRANA, Apr 2022, Barcelona, Spain. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03671741
Bestwick, Jordan and Smith, Adam S. (2015). Creswell Crags fossil material in the Nottingham Natural History Museum, Wollaton Hall, UK. The Geological Curator 10(4): 181-192.
Boeskorov, Gennady G. et al. (2014). Preliminary analyses of the frozen mummies of mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), bison (Bison priscus) and horse (Equus sp.) from the Yana-Indigirka Lowland, Yakutia, Russia. Integrative Zoology 9: 471-480.
Boeskorov, Gennady G. et al. (In Press, 2016). The Yukagir Bison: The exterior morphology of a complete frozen mummy of the extinct steppe bison, [i]Bison priscus[/i] from the early Holocene of northern Yakutia, Russia. Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.084 [Abstract]
P. Bologna and C. Petronio, “The first occurrence of Bison priscus Bojanus in the Melpignano area (Lecce, southern Italy,” Bollettino—Societa Paleontologica Italiana, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 275–278, 1994.
Bologna P., Di Stefano G., Manzi G., Petronio C., Sardella R., Squazzini E. (1994) - Late Pleistocene mammals from the Melpignano (LE) «Ventarole»: preliminary analysis and correlations. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 33(2): 265-274.
Bona, Fabio, Baioni, Marco and Cilli, Elisabetta. (2023). Paleoclimate and paleoenvironment in north-western Italy (Southern Alps) during the Last Glacial Stage: the small-mammal record from the Buco del Frate Cave (Prevalle – Brescia). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy) 129(1): 79-90.
Brugal J-P. Étude de populations de grands Bovidés européens : intérêt pour la connaissance des comportements humains au Paléolithique. In: Brugal J-P, David F, Enloe JG, Jaubert J, editors. Le bison : gibier et moyen de subsistance des hommes du Paléolithique aux Paléoindiens des Grandes Plaines. Antibes: Éditions APDCA; 1999. p. 85-104.
Carrillo-López, R. et al. (2023). New records of Bison (Mammalia: Bovidae) from Southern Mexico and some comments on their distribution and biochronology. PalZ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-023-00665-7
Chen, Xi, Wu SM, Wang P, et al. (2020). A report on the Late Pleistocene vertebrate fossils from the Zhangshan locality, Suqian, Jiangsu Province. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 39(2): 319-331.
Dalquest, W. W. and Schultz, Gerald E. (1992). Ice Age Mammals of Northwestern Texas. Midwestern State Univ. 309 pp.
Daszkiewicz, Piotr and Samojlik, Tomasz. (2018). Corrected date of the first description of aurochs Bos primigenius (Bojanus, 1827) and steppe bison Bison priscus (Bojanus, 1827). Mammal Research. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-018-0389-6
Dawkins, William Boyd. (1868). On the Pleistocene Mammals of Yorkshire. Proceedings of the Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Riding of Yorkshire 4: 502-510.
Decker JE, Pires JC, Conant GC, McKay SD, Heaton MP, Chen K, et al. (2009). Resolving the evolution of extant and extinct ruminants with high-throughput phylogenomics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106: 18644-18649.
Demay, Laëtitia and Obadă, Theodor. (2021). Complementary analyses of the faunal remains of the lower level of Climăuţi II (Republic of Moldova). Arheologia Moldovei 44: 251-272.
Diana, Pushkina et al. (2020). Stable isotopic and mesowear reconstructions of paleodiet and habitat of the Middle and Late Pleistocene mammals in south-western Germany. Quaternary Science Reviews 227: 106026. [Abstract]
Douw, D. S., van Rijssen, B. E. I., Fraaije, R. H. B. and Wallaard, J. J. W. (2021). Analysis of Late Pleistocene megafauna and puparia from the Lent dredging site, province of Gelderland (the Netherlands). Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 100: e10. https://doi.org/10.1017/njg.2021.7
Dumitraşcu, Valentin and Vasile, Ştefan. (2018). Steppe bison hunting in the Gravettian of Buda (lower Bistriţa Valley, eastern Romania). L'Anthropologie 122(2): 166-182. [Abstract]
Ermolova, N. M. (1978). Teriofauna doliny Angary v pozdnem antropogene - Nauka, Novosibirsk.
Fernández-García, Mónica et al. (2023). Ecological evolution in northern Iberia (SW Europe) during the Late Pleistocene through isotopic analysis on ungulate teeth, Biogeosciences Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-128, in review, 2023.
Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe and Antoine, Pierre-Olivier. (2014). La grotte de Fouvent, dit l’Abri Cuvier (Fouvent-le-Bas, Haute-Saône, France): analyse taphonomique d’un repaire d’hyènes du Pléistocène supérieur (OIS 3). PALEO 25: 79-99.
C. Frick. 1937. Horned ruminants of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 69:1-669.
Funck, Juliette et al. (2020). A detailed life history of a pleistocene steppe bison (Bison priscus) skeleton unearthed in Arctic Alaska. Quaternary Science Reviews 249: 106578. [Abstract]
Galindo-Pellicena, M.Á., Arsuaga, J.L., Laplana, C., De Gaspar, I., Álvarez-Lao, D., Pérez-González, A. & Baquedano, E. (2019). Distinguishing between Bos and Bison petrous bones. A case study: bovines from the Des-Cubierta Cave (Pinilla del Valle, Madrid). [Discriminación taxonómica de Bison priscus y Bos primigenius a partir de la morfología del hueso petroso, en el yacimiento de Cueva Des-Cubierta (Pinilla del Valle, Comunidad de Madrid, España)]. Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 34(2): 257-268.
Gallini, V. and Sala, B. (2001). Settepolesini di Bondeno (Ferrara - Eastern Po Valley): the first example of mammoth steppe in Italy, pp. 272-275. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]
Gee, H. (1993). The distinction between postcranial bones of Bos primigenius Bojanus, 1827 and Bison priscus Bojanus, 1827 from the British Pleistocene and the taxonomic status of Bos and Bison. Journal of Quaternary Science 8(1): 79-92.
Geist, Valerius. (1971). The relation of social evolution and dispersal in ungulates during the Pleistocene, with emphasis on the Old World deer and the genus Bison. Quaternary Research 1: 285-315.
Guil-Guerrero, José L. et al. (2015). The PUFA-Enriched Fatty Acid Profiles of some Frozen Bison from the Early Holocene found in the Siberian Permafrost. Scientific Reports 5(7926): 1-8.
Guthrie, R. D. (1966). Bison horn cores: character choice and systematics. Journal of Paleontology 40(3):738-740
Guthrie, R. D. (1990). Frozen Fauna of the Woolly Mammoth Steppe: The Story of Blue Babe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 323 pp.
Harrington, C. R. (2011). Pleistocene vertebrates of the Yukon Territory. Quaternary Science Reviews 30(17-18): 2341-2354. [Abstract]
Harris, Arthur H. (1993). Quaternary vertebrates of New Mexico, pp. 179-197. In: Vertebrate Paleontology in New Mexico, New Mexico Museum of Natural History, Bulletin 2:i-vii, 1-338.
Jackson, Alexander. (2014). Using mammalian assemblages to reconstruct past climate: a study of four Late Pleistocene sites in Suffolk. Suffolk Natural History 50: 76-80.
Kelly, Abigail et al. (2021). Dietary paleoecology of bison and horses on the mammoth steppe of eastern Beringia based on dental microwear and mesowear analyses. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 572: 110394. [Abstract]
Kierdorf, Uwe, Meng, Stefan and Kahlke, Ralf-Dietrich. (In Press, 2016). Resorptive depressions on a horn core of Late Pleistocene (MIS 3) [i]Bison priscus[/i] (Bovidae, Mammalia) from northeastern Germany. International Journal of Paleopathology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2016.08.006 [Abstract]
Kirillova, Irina Vladimirovna. et al. (2013). The first finding of a frozen Holocene bison (Bison priscus Bojanus, 1827) carcass in Chukotka. Doklady Biological Sciences 452(1): 296-299. [Abstract]
Kirillova, Irina Vladimirovna. et al. (2015). An ancient bison from the mouth of the Rauchua River (Chukotka, Russia). Quaternary Research 84(2): 232-245.
Kirillova, Irina Vladimirovna. (Accepted, 2018). The metapodials of ancient bison ([i]Bison priscus[/i] Boj.) of North‐Eastern Russia: “stress markers”, sex and withers height. Intergrative Zoology. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12356 [Abstract]
Klein, Janet R. and Reger, Richard D. (2015). A late Pleistocene megafauna, Kenai Peninsula, southcentral Alaska. Alaska Journal of Anthropology 13(1): 57-68.
Kosintsev, Pavel A. et al. (2022). Mammalian fauna of the Late Pleistocene from the Barsuchiy Dol Cave (Southern Urals). Russian J. Theriol. 21(2): 180-191.
Oleksandr Kovalchuk, Leonid Rekovets, Aleksander Tsvelykh, Vadym Yanenko, Valery Manko & Svetlana Tajkova (2020). Living in a time of change: Late Pleistocene/Holocene transitional vertebrate fauna of Grot Skeliastyi (Crimea, Ukraine), Historical Biology. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1769094
Kruytzer, E. M. (1956). Schedel met hoornpitten van Bison priscus longicornis Grom.- Natuurhistorisch Maandblad 45(11/12): 120.
Kurtén, Björn. (1968). Pleistocene Mammals of Europe. Chicago: Aldine Transaction. viii + 320 pp.
Kurtén, Björn and Anderson, Elaine. (1980). Pleistocene Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press. 442 pp.
Kuznetsova, T. V., Sulerzhitsky, L. D. and Siegert, Ch. (2001). New data on the “Mammoth” fauna of the Laptev Shelf Land (East Siberian Arctic), pp. 289-292. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]
Lao, Diego Álvarez. (2020). Los grandes mamíferos del Cuaternariu d’Asturies. Ciencies. Cartafueyos Asturianos De Ciencia Y Teunoloxía10: 4-29.
Ma, Jiao et al. (2020). The Mammuthus-Coelodonta Faunal Complex at its southeastern limit: A biogeochemical paleoecology investigation in Northeast Asia. Quaternary International. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.12.024 [Abstract]
MacPhee RDE, Tikhonov AN, Mol D, de Marliave C, van der Plicht H, Greenwood AD, Flemming C, and Agenbroad L (2002) Radiocarbon chronologies and extinction dynamics of the late Quaternary mammalian megafauna of the Taimyr Peninsula, Russian Federation. Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 1017–1042.
Malikov, Dmitriy and Pyryaev, Alexander. (2021). The paleoecology of large mammals of Minusinsk Depression in Late Pleistocene by stable isotope data, pp. 58-59. In: Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kovalchuk O., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2021 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 119 pp.
Malikov, Dmitriy, Svyatko, Svetlana V. and Pyryaev, Aleksandr N. (In Press, 2023). Paleoecology of the mammoth fauna of Southern Siberia during the last glacial period based on stable isotope data. Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2023.08.004
Markova, A. K. et al. (In Press, 2015). Changes in the Eurasian distribution of the musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) and the extinct bison (Bison priscus) during the last 50 ka BP. Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.020. [Abstract]
Marsolier-Kergoat M-C, Palacio P, Berthonaud V, Maksud F, Stafford T, Bégouën R, et al. (2015). Hunting the Extinct Steppe Bison (Bison priscus) Mitochondrial Genome in the Trois-Frères Paleolithic Painted Cave. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0128267.
Martin T, 1990. Jungpleistozäne und holozäne skelettfunde von Bos primigenius und Bison priscus aus Deutschland. Eiszeitalt Ggw, 40: 1–19.
C. E. McClung. 1905. The fossil bison of Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 19:157-159.
J. N. McDonald. 1981. North American Bison: Their Classification and Evolution. University of California Press. 350 pp.
Murchie, Tyler J. et al. (2022). Pleistocene mitogenomes reconstructed from the environmental DNA of permafrost sediments. Current Biology 32(4): 851-860.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.023
Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (2001). Human/carnivore interaction in the Middle Pleistocene of Latium (Central Italy): an open question, pp. 67-75. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]
Orlińska, Dorota et al. (2020). Preliminary morphometric comparison of molar teeth and their enamel thickness in two bovids, Bison and Bos, based on remains found in Polish caves, pp. 93. In: Sobczyk A., Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kasprzak M., Kotowski A., Marciszak A., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2020 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 124 pp.
Parfitt, Simon A. (2022). A Middle Pleistocene Butchery Site at Great Yeldham, Essex, UK: Identifying Butchery Strategies and Implications for Mammalian Faunal History. Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology 5: 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-022-00122-y
Pilowsky, Julia A. et al. (2022). Range and extinction dynamics of the steppe bison in Siberia: A pattern-oriented modelling approach. Global Ecology and Biogeography. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13601
Plasteeva, N. A. et al. (2020). Holocene Distribution and Extinction of Ungulates in Northern Eurasia. Biology Bulletin 47: 981-995. [Abstract]
Prat F, Delpech F, Cancel N et al., 2003. Le bison des steppes, Bison priscus Bojanus, 1827, de la grotte d’Habarra à Arudy (Pyrénées-Atlantiques). Paleo 15: 1-102.
Ratajczak-Skrzatek, Urszula et al. (2021). Quaternary remains of Bovidae Gray, 1821 from Cave Emine Bair Khosar (Crimea), pp. 97. In: Ratajczak-Skrzatek U., Kovalchuk O., Stefaniak K. (eds.). Proceedings of INQUA SEQS 2021 Conference, Wrocław, Poland. University of Wrocław & Polish Geological Society. 119 pp.
Ratajczak-Skrzatek, Urszula et al. (In Press, 2022). Upper Pleistocene remains of Bison priscus Bojanus, 1827 from Biśnik Cave (Middle Palaeolithic) and their significance for stratigraphy and palaeoecology. Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2022.01.001
Ridush, Bogdan et al. (In Press, 2020). Quaternary megafauna from the Dnieper alluvium near Kaniv (central Ukraine): Implications for biostratigraphy. Quaternary International. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.11.010 [Abstract]
Rosendahl, Wilfried, Darga, Robert and Döppes, Doris. (2021). Mammuthus-Coelodonta faunal complex from Siegsdorf (Chiemgau, Germany) – overview and new analyses. In: Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S. and Jöris, O. (eds.). The Beef behind all Possible Pasts. The Tandem-Festschrift in Honour of Elaine Turner and Martin Street. Monographien des RGZM 157 (Mainz 2021). doi:10.11588/propylaeum.868.c11312
Scott, K. (2001). Late Middle Pleistocene Mammoths and Elephants of the Thames Valley, Oxfordshire, pp. 247-254. In: Cavarretta, C., Gioia, P., Mussi, M. and Palombo, M. R. (eds.). The World of Elephants – International Congress, Rome. Proceedings of the 1st international congress – Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, Rome. [automatic download]
Scott, Katharine. (2018). The large vertebrates from Picken's Hole, Somerset. Proc. Univ. Bristol Spelaeol. Soc. 27(3): 267-313.
Shpansky, Andrey V. et al. (2016). Records of Bison priscus Bojanus (Artiodactyla, Bovidae) skeletons in Western Siberia. Russian J. Theriol. 15(2): 100-120.
Skinner, Morris F. and Kaisen Ove C. (1947). The fossil bison of Alaska and preliminary revision of the genus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 89(3): 123-256, text figures 1-5, plates 8-26, tables 1-25, maps 1-3.
Soubrier, Julien et al. (2016). Early cave art and ancient DNA record the origin of European bison. Nature Communications 7: 13158.
Stoetzel, Emmanuelle et al. (In Press, 2016). New data on Late Pleistocene small vertebrates from northern France. Comptes Rendus Palevol. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2015.12.003 [Abstract]
Stronen, Astrid Vik et al. (2018). Genomic variability in the extinct steppe bison ([i]Bison priscus[/i]) compared to the European bison (Bison bonasus). Mammal Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-018-0387-8 [Abstract]
Terlato, Gabriele et al. (2019). Large bovids on the Neanderthal menu: Exploitation of Bison priscus and Bos primigenius in northeastern Italy. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 25: 129-143. [Abstract]
Turvey, Samuel T. (2009). Holocene mammal extinctions, pp. 41-61. In: Turvey, Samuel T. (ed.). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford, UK & New York, USA: Oxford University Press. xii + 352 pp.
Turvey, Samuel T. and Fritz, Susanne A. (2011). The ghosts of mammals past: biological and geographical patterns of global mammalian extinction across the Holocene. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 366(1577): 2564-2576. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0020 [Supplementary Information]
Ursachi, Laurențiu, Venczel, Márton and Codrea, Vlad. (2018). Additional upper Pleistocene mammals at Movileni (Vaslui County, Romania). Muzeul Olteniei Craiova. Oltenia. Studii şi comunicări. Ştiinţele Naturii. Tom. 34(1): 7-14.
Vasiliev S K, 2008. Late Pleistocene bison (Bison p. priscus Bojanus, 1827) from the southeastern part of western Siberia. Arch Ethnol Anthropol Euras 34(2): 34-56.
Vershinina, Alisa. (2020). Evolutionary history of Early-Middle and Late Pleistocene equids, revealed by analysis of their paleogenomes. UC Santa Cruz. ProQuest ID: Vershinina_ucsc_0036E_12016. Merritt ID: ark:/13030/m5mw7ssd. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2dn2j38w [Abstract]
Wang, Yucheng et al. (2021). Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x
Wang, Xiaomin. (2013). Late Pleistocene Bison priscus from Dabusu in Qian’an County, Jilin, China. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 32(4): 485-502.
Grant Zazula, Elizabeth Hall, P. Greg Hare, Christian Thomas, Rolf W. Mathewes, Catherine La Farge, André L Martel, Peter Heintzman and Beth Shapiro. (2017). A middle Holocene steppe bison and paleoenvironments from the Versleuce Meadows, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. doi: https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0100 . [Abstract]
Zazula, Grant D.; MacKay, Glen; Andrews, Thomas D.; Shapiro, Beth; Letts, Brandon; Broc, Fiona. (2009). A late Pleistocene steppe bison (Bison priscus) partial carcass from Tsiigehtchic, Northwest Territories, Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews 28 (25-26): 2734-2742. [Abstract]
Zver, Lars et al. (In Press, 2021). Phylogeny of Late Pleistocene and Holocene Bison species in Europe and North America. Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2021.04.022 [Abstract]
http://www.livescience.com/48645-bison-mummy-photos.html
http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/cloning-ancient-extinct-bison-sounds-like-sci-fi-scientists-hope-succeed-within-years-1594574
https://twilightbeasts.wordpress.com/2014/08/14/the-deadliest-twilight-beast/
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=44526
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/ice-age-steppe-bison-skull-found-near-tuktoyaktuk-n-w-t-1.4515820
http://extinctanimals.proboards.com/thread/13432/steppe-bison-priscus