Spizaetus grinnelli Miller, 1911
Grinnell’s crested eagle, Grinnell's hawk-eagle
Taxonomy & Nomenclature
Conservation Status
Extinct
Last record: Late Pleistocene
Distribution & Habitat
USA
Biology & Ecology
Hypodigm
Media
References
Original scientific description:
Miller, L. (1911). A series of eagle tarsi from the Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bull. Depart. Geol. 6: 305-316.
Other references:
Becker, J. J. (1985). A late Pleistocene (Wisconsinanan) avifauna from West Palm Beach, Florida. Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club 105: 37-40.
DeAnda, Erin, Prothero, Donald R. and Marriott, Katherine. (2022). How did Grinnell's hawk-eagle (Spizaetus grinnelli) from La Brea Tar Pits respond to climate change? In: Morgan, Gary S. et al. Late Cenozoic Vertebrates from the American Southwest: A Tribute to Arthur H. Harris. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 88: 155-160.
Emslie, Steven D. (1998). Avian community, climate, and sea-level changes in the Plio-Pleistocene of the Florida Peninsula. Ornithological Monographs, No. 50: iii + 113 pp.
Faurby, Søren, Matthews, Tom J., Triantis, Kostas A. and Sayol, Ferran. (2026). Quantifying the unrecorded loss of avian phylogenetic diversity. Ecography 2026: e08267. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08267
Guthrie, D. A. 2009. An updated catalogue of the birds from the Carpinteria Asphalt, Pleistocene of California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 108(2):52-62.
Hertel, Fritz. (1995). Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behavior in recent and fossil raptors. The Auk 112(4): 890-903.
Howard, H. (1932). Eagles and eagle-like vultures of the Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea. Contrib. Palaeontol. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 429: 1-82.
Jefferson, G. T. (1991). A catalogue of Late Quaternary vertebrates from California. Part one; nonmarine lower vertebrate and avian taxa. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Technical Reports 5: 1-60.
Matthews, Thomas J., Triantis, Kostas A., Wayman, Joseph P., Martin, Thomas E., Hume, Julian P., Cardoso, Pedro, Faurby, Søren, Mendenhall, Chase D., Dufour, Paul, Rigal, François, Cooke, Rob, Whittaker, Robert J., Pigot, Alex L., Thébaud, Christophe, Jørgensen, Maria Wagner, Benavides, Eva, Soares, Filipa C., Ulrich, Werner, Kubota, Yasuhiro, Sadler, Jon P., Tobias, Joseph A. and Sayol, Ferran. (2024). The global loss of avian functional and phylogenetic diversity from anthropogenic extinctions. Science 386(6717): 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adk7898 [Supplementary Materials; Dryad dataset; Zenodo codeset]
Matthews, Thomas J., Wayman, Joseph P., Cardoso, Pedro, Sayol, Ferran, Hume, Julian P., Ulrich, Werner, Tobias, Joseph A., Soares, Filipa C., Thébaud, Christophe, Martin, Thomas E. and Triantis, Kostas A. (2022). Threatened and extinct island endemic birds of the world: Distribution, threats and functional diversity. Journal of Biogeography 49(11): 1920-1940. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14474 [Appendix S1 (.docx); Appendix S2 (.pdf)]
Sayol, Ferran, Steinbauer, Manuel J., Blackburn, Tim M., Antonelli, Alexandre and Faurby, Søren. (2020). Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds. Science Advances 6(49): eabb6095. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb6095 [Supplementary Material (Data File S1)]
Stock, Chester and Harris, J. M. (1992). Rancho La Brea: A Record of Pleistocene Life in California. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series no. 37, 7th ed.: i-xiv + 1-113.
Tyrberg, Tommy. (2008). The Late Pleistocene Continental Avian extinction – an evaluation of the fossil evidence. Oryctos 7: 249-269.